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英国文学史及作品选读教案Lecture 5(09级)

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Lecture5
The18thCentury:JonathanSwift
ⅠTeachingContent
Briefintroductionofthe18thcentury;JonathanSwift
ⅡTimeAllotment
2periods
ⅢTeachingObjectivesandRequirements
1Helpthestudentsknowsomeinformationaboutthe18thcentury.2MakethestudentshaveagoodunderstandingofJonathanSwift.
3MakesurethestudentshaveabetterunderstandingofGulliver’sTravels.
ⅣKeyPointsandDifficultPointsinTeaching
1JonathanSwift2Gulliver’sTravels
ⅤTeachingMethodsandMeans
Lecture;Discussion;Multi-media
ⅥTeachingProcess
1Briefintroductionofthe18thcentury
1.1Thehistoricalbackgroundofthe18thcentury(SeeChangYaoxin,97-98●Athome:◆WiththeestablishmentofconstitutionalmonarchyinEngland,theauthoritative
powerfellintothehandsofparliament,whichleadstoaspeedydevelopmentoftheEnglishsociety.◆Ineconomy,theindustrialrevolutionforceitswayintoEngland.Enclosureof
land,whichwaslegalized,sweptonanunexampledscaleoverthewholecountry.Consequently,thelandlord,thecapitalistandthelikewereenrichedwithenormousprofits,whilethousandsofpeasantswereexpropriatedofftheland.◆Inpolitics,thereappearedtwohostileparties:theliberalWhigsandTories.
Besides,therewasathirdparty—Jacobins,thesupporterofJamesII,aimingtobringtheStuartsbacktothethrone.◆Withthedevelopmentofthesociety,bothineconomyandpolitics,sociallife
wasneverasithadbeenbefore.
●Abroad◆ThedevelopmentofEnglishcapitalismwasalsowitnessedintherapidly
increasingcolonialexpansion.VictoriesofwarsincreasedthelandsofBritishEmpireanditscommercialexpansioniseverywherethroughouttheworld.◆ThentherecametheoutbreakofAmericanRevolutionin1776,andtheFrench
Revolutionin1789,whichwithLiberty,EqualityandFraternityasits

watchwords,awoketheoppressedpeopleaswellasthepoor,andinspiredthemtostriveforanidealsociety.Thus,therearosetheEnlightenmentbothinEnglandandinotherlandsinWesternEuropeinthe18thcentury.
Enlightenmentisaprogressiveintellectualmovement,theexpressionofstruggleoftheprogressivebourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.TheEnlightenersfoughtagainstclassinequality,stagnation,prejudiceandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.Theywelcomereligiousintolerance,fiercelyattackthechurchpower,calledonthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandfreedomofpoliticsandacademicthinking,havingthegreatestesteemforreasonwhichtheybelieved,shouldbetheonlybasisofone’sthinkingandaction.ThepeoplewhogreatlyexertedinfluenceupontheenlightenmentareJohnLocke,Newton(inEnglandVoltaire,Rousseau,Montesquieu(inFrance.
1.2Literatureoftheperiod
Itisdifficulttosummarizetheliteratureofthisage,ortogroupsuch.Generallyspeaking,theliteratureofthiscenturymaybedividedintothreeperiodsaccordingtothedevelopmentoftheEnlightenmentfromitsearlystagetoitseventualcrisis.●Thefirstperiod(1700-1745:neoclassicism◆Thisperiodcoversthefirst4decades,anditischaracterizedbyneo-classicism
anditsfineexpressionisinpoetryandtheninprose-periodicals.TherepresentativesareJosephAddition,RichardSteel,andPope.Thepoetryofthisperiodischieflyaliteratureofwit,concernedwithcivilization,withmaninhissocialrelationshipsandconsequentlyitiscriticalandinsomedegreemoralandsatirical.Themajorformofpoetryisheroiccouplet.Thefirsttwodecadesofthe18thc.sawthatEnglishperiodicalsweremushrooming,thegrowthofwhichpromotedthedevelopmentofEnglishliterature,esp.thenovel.InthefieldofPeriodicals,DanielDefoeeditedandpublishedthefirstEnglishperiodical“TheReview”in1704-1713.AfewyearslatertherecameAdditionandSteel,whosemasterlyeditorshipof“Thetattler”and“TheSpectator”madethemwell-knownastwoessayistsandcoauthors.◆Neoclassicism:
▼Itwasthedominantliterarytheoryofthelate17thandearly18thcenturyEngland.
▼Itwasareactionagainsttheintricacyandoccasionalobscurity,boldnessandtheextravaganceofEuropeanliteratureofthelateRenaissance,asseenintheworksofthemetaphysical,infavorofsimplicity,clarity,restraint,regularity,andgoodsense.
▼InEngland,neoclassicismwasinitiatedbyDryden,culminatedinPoeandContinuedbySamuelJohnson.
▼Thegeneraltendencyofneoclassicalliteraturewastolookatsocialandpoliticallifecritically,toemphasizeintellectratherthanimagination,theformratherthanthecontentofasentence.
▼Writersintendtorepressmuchoftheirpersonalemotionandenthusiasmandtousepreciseandelegantmethodsofexpression.◆CharacteristicsofNeoclassicLiterature:
▼Thewritersmanifestedastrongtraditionalism,whichwasclearlyshownintheirimmenserespectforclassicalwriters.
▼Theneoclassicistsbelievedliteraturewasprimarily“art”,whichmustbepreferredbylongstudyandpractice.

▼Theyregardedpoetryasimitationofhumanlife—“amirroruptonature”.Artforhumanity’ssakewastheidealofneoclassichumanism.
▼Theneoclassicistsbelievethatthepoetisthe“maker”—themakeroftherepresentativeimagesofhumanactionsandoftheworld,andthepurposeforwhichhemakesthisimageistoteach.
▼Theneoclassicistsdeducedrulesfromthepracticeofearlymastersandinventednewrulesoftheirown.
▼TheneoclassicpoetrydiffersfromthatoftheElizabethanAge,theclimaxofRenaissance,inthreeways:first,itismoreformal,withitsdemandtofollowexactrules;second,itismoreartificial,polished,prosaic,anddullandlacksthecreativevigoroftheElizabethans;third,thechiefpoeticformisheroiccoupletwhichreplacedthevarietyofformsintheElizabethanAge.
▼TheliteratureoftheNeoclassicAge,from1660to1784canconvenientlybeconsideredasfallingintothreelesserperiodsofabout40yearseach:thefirst(TheAgeofDryden,extendingtothedeathofDrydenin1700,maybethoughtofastheperiodinwhichEnglish“neoclassical”literaturecameintobeinganditscriticalprincipleswereformulated;thesecond(TheAgeofPopeorTheAugustanAge,endingwiththedeathofPopein1744andofSwiftin1745,broughttoitsculminationtheliterarymovementinitiatedbyDrydenandhisgeneration;thethird(TheAgeofJohnson,concludingwiththedeathofJonsonin1784andthepublicationofWilliamCowper’sThetaskin1785,wasaperiodinwhichneoclassicalprinciplesgraduallypeteredoutandwerereplacedbytheRomanticMovement.Inthefirstperiod,therepresentativeisDryden.Inthesecondperiod,therepresentativesarePope,Swift,AddisonandSteel.Inthethirdperiod,therepresentativeisSamuelJohnson.
●Thesecondperiod(1740’s-1750’s—theoriginalofrealisticnovel
Thesecondperiodreferstotheyearfrom1740’sto1750’s,whichsawtheearlygrowthofrealisticnovels.ThenovelistsinthisperiodarechieflyDanielDefoe,Swift,SamuelRichardson,HenryFielding,TobiasSmollettandtheirsuccessorsinthelastdecadesofthecentury,suchasLawrenceSterneandOliverGoldsmith.●Thethirdperiod◆The3rdrunsthroughtherestdecadesofthecentury,inwhichthedeclineofthe
greatenlightenmentbroughtaboutsentimentalism(ThomasGray,OliverGoldsmith,LaurenceSterne,SamuelRichardsonandpre-romanticism(WilliamBlakeandRobertBurnsasprotestsagainstthesocialrealityoftheday.◆Sentimentalism
Itisatrendofthoughtbeginningatthesecondhalfof18thcentury,duringthe
ageofEnlightenmentinEngland.ItgainsitsnamefromanEnglishauthorSterne’s“ASentimentalJourney”.Itcarefullydepictsperson’smoodandtheirmiserablelifesoastoarousereaders’sympathy,reflectingthedisdaintowardstheactualworldanddeepsympathytotheordinarypeople.Theauthorsusuallyliketousedeath,dark,loneliness,etc,astheirsubject.Theirworksarealwaysmelancholy,obscure,andfullofpessimism.

◆CharacteristicsofSentimentalism
▼Appealtoemotion,sentiment,notreason.Theybelieveinsentimentbecausetheythinkthatman’sgoodheartednessorgoodnessdoesnotresultinman’sconsciousactivity,butisalsoofborn.Theybelievethatinfluenceofartliesincultivatingtheman’semotionsfirstly.Thatistosay,theywanttousetheirworkstomovereaders’emotionsoastoletthemsympathizewiththehero,andatthesamethetimetomakethemfeeltheyareinthesameboatwiththehero.Thisbasicallychangesthetrend(toneoftheliterature.Beforealmostalltheworks,poetry,novelsoressaysareironical,satiricandmood.Sotheyemphasizeonthefunctionofsentiment.Theytrytogivedetaileddescriptionofcharacters’inneractionsandsufferingssoastoarousereaders’sympathy.
▼Heroesinsentimentalists’worksareusuallycommonpeople,ortheoppressed.
▼Sentimentalistsusuallyliketoidealizevillageorthecountryside.(Tendencyofreturningtothepast,theyliketopraisepatriarchalismandmedievalismastheiridealization.Thismeanstheirdissatisfactionanddiscontentwiththesocietytheylivedthen.
▼Sentimentalistsoftenturntodescribenature.Perhapsyoucanfindthatnatureanddeatharethethemesofsomeofsentimentalists.◆Theartisticvalueofsentimentalism
▼Pavethewayforromanticism(descriptionaboutnature,andthestrongandexaggeratedexpressionofemotion.
▼Sympathizewiththecommonpeopleandcriticizetherichandthesystem.
2JonathanSwift(1667-17452.1TheworksofSwift’sBickerstaffAlmanacTheBattleoftheBooksTheTaleofaTubTheJournaltoStellaDrapier’sLettersGulliver’sTravelsAModestProposal2.2Gulliver’sTravels
(DiscussthequestionsintheSelectedReadings●Thestory:◆Gulliver’sTravelsrecordsthepretendedfourvoyagesofoneLempelGulliver,
andhisadventuresinfourastoundingcountries.
▼ThefirstbooktellsofhisvoyageandshipwreckinLilliput,wheretheinhabitantsareaboutastallasone’sthumb,andalltheiractsandmotivesareonthesamedwarfishscale.Suchasthestatesmenobtainplaceandfavorbycuttingmonkeycapersonthetightropebeforetheirsovereign,andthetwogreatparties,thelittleendiansandbigendianswhoplungethecountryintocivilwaroverthemomentousquestionofwhetheraneggshouldbebrokenonitsbigoritslittleend,aresatiresonthepoliticsofSwift’sowndayandgeneration.
▼ThesecondvoyageisaboutGulliver’sadventureinBrobdingnag,wheretheinhabitantsaregiants,andeverythingisdoneuponanenormousscale.Themeannessofhumanityseemsallthemoredetestableinviewofthe

greatnessofthesesuperiorbeings.
▼Inthethirdvoyage,GullivercontinueshisadventuresinLaputa,andthisisasatireuponallthescientistsandphilosophers.Laputaisaflyingisland,heldupintheairbyaloadstone;andalltheprofessorsofthefamousacademyatLagadoareofthesameairyconstitution.
▼InthelastadventuresGullivercametoaplacewhereinhabitantsarethosewisehorses,whilethecreaturesinhumanbeingsarethosecorruptedrace,avarice,degeneratedandmean.◆InthefirstthreevoyagesSwift’spurposeistostripofftheveilofhabitand
custom,withwhichmendeceivethemselves,andshowthecrudevicesofhumanityasSwiftfanciesheseesthem.InthefourthvoyagethemercilesssatireiscarriedouttoitslogicalconclusionwhichbringsustothegreatperplexatSwift’srealintensionincreatingthesuperiorandintelligenthorsesastherulinganimal,whiletheYahoo,afrightfulrace,havingtheformandappearanceofmen,liveinunspeakabledegradation.
●Artisticfeatures:◆Gulliver’sTravelsisSwift’shighestachievement.Itgivesanunparalleled
sarcasticdepictionofallthesocialvicesofhisageandisthereforeasatireonthewholeEnglishsocietyoftheearly18thcentury.Ittouchesuponthepolitical,religious,legal,military,scientific,philosophicalandliteraryinstitutionsandthepeoplewhoworkthere.
▼ItdisclosestheuglyappearancesoftheBritishrulingclassesandexposes
theirhypocrisyandgreed,theirplotsandcorruption,theirferocityanddegradation,theirmercilessoppressionandexploitationofthecommonpeople.
▼Itlashestheunjustwarsandinhumancolonialisminthe18thcenturyand
criticizestheremnantsoffeudalismandthenewevilsappearingintherisingnewcapitalism.
▼Italsomocksatthepredominantmoneyworshipinhumanrelationsatthat
time.Hehadstrongcontemptforalltherulersandsocialevilsandcherishedagreatloveforthecommonpeople.◆Artistically,Gulliver’sTravelsisbothfantasyandarealisticworkoffiction.
Thoughthefourvoyagesareobviouslyfabricated,theyaretoldinavividandconvincingwayandincludesomestraightforwarddescriptionsofmenandthingsinthe18thcenturybesidesthenumerousindirectreferencestosituationsofthewriter’sday.Heinvariablykepthismottoinmind:“Properwordsinproperplaces,makesthetruedefinitionofastyle.”Thereisnoornamentinhiswritings,butitappealsdirectlytotheheartsofthereaders.
2.4AModestProposal
●AModestProposalisthebestandmostfamouspoliticalsatireofSwift,writtenin1829whenhewasDeanofStPatrick’sCathedral,Dublin.
●UnderthecrueloppressionofEnglishgovernmentandIrishlandlords,theIrishpoorthenlivedinextrememisery:beggars,thieves,andstarvingpeoplecouldbefoundeverywhereinthecountry.Inthissituation,variousproposalsweremadebythe“projectors”oftherulingclass,aboutoverpopulation,unemployment,andotherproblems,onlytomakepoorpeople’slifeevenmoremiserable.Inindignation,Swift,intheguiseofaneconomic“projector”wrotethispamphlet,quietlyrecommendingthatitwouldbemorehumanetobreedupthepoor’schildrenasfoodfortherich.ThepamphletsshowedSwift’sstrongsympathyfor

thepoor,hiscondemnationontherulingclassandthelandlords,aswellashismaster-handinwritingsatires.
●Theproposalisamostdevastatingpieceofsarcasm.Thetoneofthearticleisverycold;andit’sfullofironyandsatire.2.5Featuresofhisworks
Swiftisthemostoriginalwriterofhistime,andoneofthegreatestmastersofEnglishprose,andhisundeniabledirectness,vigor,simplicity,marksatireeverypage.Heinsistsonchoosingtherightwordfortherightplacetomakeitdoitsutmostwork.Hislucidandterseprose,notedforitssimplicity,grace,andforcefulness,hascontributednotalittletowardthedevelopmentofthebestEnglishprosetradition.
ⅦReflectionQuestionsandAssignments
1InwhatwaysareYahooscomparabletohumanbeingsinGulliver’sTravels?CommentontheHouyhnhnms’attitudetowardhumanbeings.2DiscusstheartofironyinJonathanSwift’sAModestProposal.
3Pre-readDanielDefoeandHenryFieldinginASurveyofEnglishLiterature.4DiscussthequestionsaboutRobinsonCrusoeintheSelectedReadings.
ⅧMajorReferences
1Abrams,M.H.ed.TheNortonAnthologyofEnglishLiterature,(6thedition,
Norton:1993.
2Baugh,AlbertC.ALiteraryHistoryofEngland.1967.
3Drabble,Margaret.TheOxfordCompaniontoEnglishLiterature.Oxford
UniversityPressandForeignlanguageandResearchPress,1998.4陈嘉.《英国文学史》.北京：商务印书馆，1986.
5陈嘉.《英国文学作品选读》.北京：商务印书馆，1982.
6侯维瑞.《英国文学通史》.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999.7刘炳善.《英国文学简史》.郑州：河南人民出版社，1993.8刘洊波.《英美文学史及作品选读》（英国部分），北京：高等教育出版社，
2001.
9罗经国.《新编英国文学选读》.北京：北京大学出版社，1997.10孙汉云.《英国文学教程》.南京：河海大学出版社，2005.
11王佩兰等.《英国文学史及作品选读》.长春：东北师范大学，2006.12王松年.《英国文学作品选读》.上海：上海交通大学出版社，2002.13吴伟仁.《英国文学史及选读》（第一册）.北京：外语教学与研究出版
社，1990.
14杨岂深，孙铢.《英国文学选读》.上海：上海译文出版社，1981.15张伯香.《英国文学教程》.武汉：武汉大学出版社，2005.
16张伯香.《英美文学选读》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998.
17张定铨.《新编简明英国文学史》.上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002.





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