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A History of Division 32 (Humanistic Psychology) of the American Psychological Association

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Aanstoos,C.Serlin,I.,&Greening,T.(2000.HistoryofDivision32
(HumanisticPsychologyoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.InD.Dewsbury(Ed.,UnificationthroughDivision:Historiesofthe
divisionsoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,Vol.V.Washington,DC:AmericanPsychologicalAssociation.

AHistoryofDivision32(HumanisticPsychologyoftheAmerican
PsychologicalAssociation

ChristopherM.Aanstoos,IleneSerlin,ThomasGreening*

Authors'note:TheauthorsthankCarmiHarari,MyronArons,GloriaGottsegen,MarkStern,AmedeoGiorgi,StanleyKrippnerandAlvinMahrer,allearlyleadersinDivision32shistory.Theirgenerouswillingnesstogivetheirtimetobeinterviewedgreatlyassistedintheresearchthatledtothechapter.Harari'sownwrittencorrespondenceandotherarchivalmaterials,whichhekindlyshared,werealsoindispensable.FurtherthanksareowedtoEleanorCriswell,DavidElkins,KirkSchneider,andMyronArons,withoutwhosesupportiveeffortsthechaptercouldnothavebeencompleted.WealsothankDonaldDewsbury,withoutwhosepatienceandperseverancethischapterwouldnothavereachedafinalpublishableform.

AHistoryofDivision32(HumanisticPsychologyoftheAmerican
PsychologicalAssociation

ChristopherM.Aanstoos,IleneSerlin,TomGreening

Aswithmostcomplexhumanendeavors,thehistoryofAPADivision
2
32,HumanisticPsychology,hasmanyfacetsandlendsitselftomanynarrativesandinterpretations.Presentedhereisoneversion,resultingfromtheinputofthreeauthorsandmanyotherpeople.Readersmaywishtoreadbetweenthelinesorprojectontothetexttheirownversions.Inhumanisticpsychology,inwritingtheDivision'shistory,andindeedinpsychologyitself,therearealwaystextsandsubtexts,andmultiple"stories"andinterpretations.Rightandleftbrainsplaytheirpartsinthemakingofhistory,andintherecordingandinterpretationofit.ThischapterisonehistoryoftheDivision.Otherfascinatingchapterscouldbewrittenaboutthepeopleinvolved,theintellectualandinterpersonalcurrents,andthecreative,sociallyresponsible,andsometimesspontaneousandchaoticeventsthatunderlaythishistory.
PriorHistory:AnEmergentCulturalZeitgeist

HumanisticpsychologyissometimesknownastheThirdForcein
contrasttotwomajororientationsinAmericanpsychology,behaviorismandpsychoanalysis,which,alongwiththebiomedicalmodel,areconsideredbyhumanisticpsychologiststobereductionistic,mechanistic,and
dehumanizinginregardtohumanbeingsaswholepersons.Asonecriticofbehaviorismputit,"Americanpsychologyfirstlostitssoul,thenitsmind,andfinallyitsconsciousness,butitstillbehaved"(Waters,1958,p.278.In

regardtopsychoanalysis,Freud'sownwordspresentthechallengetowhichhumanisticpsychologyresponded:
Themomentamanquestionsthemeaningandvalueoflifeheissick,sinceobjectivelyneitherhasanyexistence;byaskingthisquestiononeismerelyadmittingtoastoreofunsatisfiedlibidotowhichsomethingelsemusthavehappened,akindoffermentationleadingtosadnessanddepression.(Freud,1960,p.436
Manypsychologistswerecrucialinpreparingthegroundforwhat
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emergedashumanisticpsychology'salternative,butthreestandout:AbrahamMaslow,CarlRogers,andRolloMay.MaslowfoundedthepsychologydepartmentatBrandeisUniversityin1951withastronghumanisticorientationevenbeforethemovementwasthusnamed.Originallyworkingwithinexperimentalpsychology,Maslow(1954,developedaresearchprogramandsubsequenthumanistictheoryofmotivation.Hearguedthatpeoplearemotivatednotonlyreactivelybythe"deficiencyneeds"withwhichpsychologyhadhithertobeenconcerned,butalsoproactivelyby"beingneeds,"ultimatelyincludingsuchmotivesasself-actualization.
Rogers(1951soughtwaystofacilitateclients'yearningforself-
actualizationandfully-functioningliving,especiallyviaperson-centeredtherapyandgroupwork.Hewasoneofthefirstresearcherstostudypsychotherapyprocessusingtape-recordingsandtranscripts,andheandhisstudentsalsomadeextensiveuseofQ-sortstostudyself-conceptandchange.Heexploredthenecessaryconditionsfortherapeuticprogressandemphasizedcongruence,presence,andacceptanceonthepartofthetherapist.

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