高中英语语法通霸2：简单句的五种基本结构
主谓宾 主系表 双宾语 复合宾语
正确的英语句子都要符合一定的语法结构要求。英语句子的结构可以归纳成五种基本句型。英语句子都可以看作是这五种句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装构成的。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础，也是学好其他语法知识的前提。
英语五种基本句型结构如下：
主语 谓语
用符号表示为：
① Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）② Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾） ③ Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）④ Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）⑤ Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
主语（subject） 谓语（predicate）宾语（object） 定语（attribute）状语 (adverbial) 补语（complement）表语（predicative）
考点1. 基本句型一：Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语。如:
It is raining now. (Ｓ Ｖ)
We’ve worked for 5 hours. (Ｓ Ｖ)
The meeting lasted half an hour. (Ｓ Ｖ)
Time flies. (Ｓ Ｖ)
练习1. 分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。
1. Dark clouds hung overhead. ( )
2. Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ( )
3. He is smiling all over his face. ( )
4. I did well in English. ( )
5. He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ( )
考点2. 基本句型三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。
She likes English.
We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.
练习2. 分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。
1. People all over the world speak English.
2. Jim cannot dress himself.
3. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.
4. He did not know what to say.
5. He just wanted to stay at home.
6. He practices speaking English every day.
考点3. 基本句型四：ＳＶｏＯ(主＋谓＋间宾 ＋直宾）
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give“给”，pass“递”，bring“带”，show“展示”。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。
如：He gave me a cup of tea. (Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ) She bought me some books. (Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ)
若直接宾语为人称代词，通常不能放在后面。如：不能说 Bring me it, please.而要说Bring it to me, please.
有时候为了强调间接宾语，把间接宾语放到后面，于是就构成了：动词 + 直接宾语 + 介词（to或for）+ 间接宾语。He gave a cup of tea to me.She bought some books for me.Show this house to Mr. Smith.
常跟双宾语的及物动词有：
间接宾语放后面时前面要加to的动词：allow, bring, deny, give, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。
间接宾语放后面时前面要加for的动词：buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play(演奏), save, sing, spare等。
一般用to多些，用for的记住常用的三个就行：get, buy, make。
He got an English-Chinese Dictionary for me.She bought a book for John.My uncle made a kite for me.
练习3. 分析下列句子成分，口头说出间接宾语和直接宾语。
1. She ordered herself a new dress.
2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
3. He brought you a dictionary.
4. He denies her nothing.
5. I showed him my pictures.
6. I gave my car a wash.
7. I told him that the bus was late.
8. He showed me how to run the machine.
考点4. 基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
有些动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，宾语后必须加上一个补充成分才能使意思完整。所加的成分就是宾语补足语。
宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。
看下面这句话：
He asked me to lend him some money.他让我借给他一些钱。
“me”是宾语，“to lend him some money”是宾补，宾语和宾补合一起意思为“我借给他一些钱”。从意思上看，这像一句话，“我”是主语，“借给他一些钱”是谓语部分，但在英语原句中，它们却不是真正的主谓关系，而是逻辑上的“主谓关系”，即：从意思上看像主谓关系，而实际上不是。
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练习4. 判断下列句中画线部分是否是宾语补足语。(是的填T，不是的填F)
1. I want him to come at once. ( )
2. He lent me some money. ( )
3. He made the boy cry again. ( )
4. The teacher found him cheating in the exam. ( )
5. Don’t leave the door open at night. ( )
练习5. 分析下列句子并划分成分，在后面的括号内标明是什么充当句子的宾语补足语。
1. They appointed him manager. （ ）
2. They painted the door green. （ ）
3. He pushed the door open. （ ）
4. They found the house deserted. （ ）
5. What makes him think so? （ ）
6. We saw him out. （ ）
7. He asked me to come back soon. （ ）
8. I saw them getting on the bus. （ ）
9. We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （ ）
10. I’ll have my bike repaired. （ ）
11. We elected him monitor. （ ）
12. Don’t keep the lights burning. （ ）
考点5. 基本句型二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
系动词主要是be；但还有一些实义动词候有时候也可作系动词，这类系动词有人称之为半系动词。
A. 如何辨别系动词
有些动词既可作连系动词，又可以作实义动词。如何来辨别呢？有一个最简便的方法，即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词，句子仍然成立且句意变化不大就是连系动词；反之，不能替换的，就是实义动词。如：
1 She looks beautiful. (looks变为is之后，她是美丽的，句意没有大的变化，looks是系动词。) Look at the picture.(look不能换为be, 为实义动词。)
2 He felt the book with his right hand.(feel是“摸”的意思，不能换为was, 是实义动词。) The silk feels soft.(这种丝绸摸起来很柔软，feels换为is之后，句意变化不大，因此是系动词。)
可以看出：半系动词后面大部分情况跟形容词作表语。
练习6. 辨别下列斜体动词是系动词还是实义动词。
1. The door stays open at night.
2. He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious.
3. The book still lies open on the desk.
4. What he said proved true.
5. He can’t proved his theory(理论).
B. 常见的系动词
i 状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。如： He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。
ii 持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。如：He kept silent at the meeting. 他开会时保持沉默。 This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。The food stays fresh in the fridge.食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。The house stood empty for years.房子空了数年。He lies awake in bed.他躺在床上，醒着。
iii 表“像”系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。如：Something seems wrong. 好像出差错了。He appears young. 他看起来很年轻。
iv 感官系动词感官系动词主要有look“看起来”，feel“摸起来”, smell“闻起来”, sound“听起来”, taste“尝起来”。This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。
v 变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样。变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。Eggs go bad easily in summer. 蛋夏天容易变坏。His face went red.他的脸变红了。What he had dreamt of came true.他的梦想实现了。Still waters run deep.静水流深。
vi 终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达“证实”，“变成”之意。如：The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong.他预言的结果是错的。
练习7. 用下划线画出下列句中的系动词。
1. His advice proved right.
2. The shop stays open till 8 o’clock.
3. The machine went wrong.
4. All these efforts seem in vain.
5. These words sound reasonable.
6. The room soon became crowded.
7. The days are getting longer and longer.
8. He fell ill yesterday.
9. Trees turn green in spring.
10. What you said sounds great.
C. 系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语
He is a student. (Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ)
Your idea sounds great. (Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ)
D. 在一个英语单句中，一般情况要有谓语动词
要注意：介词短语和形容词不能单独作谓语，要和系动词一起作谓语。
改错：
① Our school very beautiful and we like it very much.
② Your book on the desk.
答案及解析：
Our school is very beautiful and we like it very much. (句中没有谓语动词)
Your book is on the desk.（句中没有谓语动词）
考点6. there be 句型
此句型是由“there + be + 主语 + 状语”构成，用以表达“存在有”。它其实是倒装的一种情况，实义主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词（也有看作形式主语的），并无实际意义。
A. be 要与其后的主语在人称和数上保持一致，如果be后实义主语是多个并列项时，要按就近一致原则，与第一项保持一致。
There is a bird in the tree. (主语a bird是单数，所以用there is)There are many apples on the tree. (主语many apples是复数，所以用there are)
There is a pencil and two rulers on the desk. （第一项是a pencil，单数，所以用there is）There are two rulers and a pencil on the desk.（第一项是two rulers，复数，所以用there are）
B. 可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等词代替be动词。
此时还表示“存在有”，但表意要更具体一些。如：
There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.在山脚下住着一位老人。（不但“有”，而且“住”在那里。）
There exists no air on the moon. 月球上没有空气。（exist是“存在”的意思）
There lies a book on the desk. 课桌上平放着一本书。（不但“有”，而且说明书是“平放”在那里。）
There stands a tree on the hill.山上矗立着一棵树。（不但说明“有”树，而且说明了“树”很挺拔。）
1 ______ a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of the work.A. It existed B. There existed C. They had D. There had
2 ______ a beautiful palace ______ the foot of the hill.A. There stand; at B. There stands; under C. Stands there; under D. There stands; at
答案：B, D
C. there seem/ happen/ used to be及there live/ lie/ stand句型的否定句和疑问句的变法。
根据汉语提示完成句子：
1. 下周将有两场会，不是吗？There ______ going to be two meetings next week, ______ there?
2. 不会再有流血冲突，是吗？There will be no blood, ______there?
3. 似乎出了问题，不是吗？There seems to be something wrong, ______ there?
4. 似乎有误解，是吗？There appeared to be a misunderstanding, ______ there?
5. 碰巧那时附近有辆公交车。There ______ （happen） to be a bus nearby at that time.
6. 过去这里有条小河，不是吗？There used to be a river here, ______ there?
7. 过去这个森林里生活着一只老虎，不是吗？There lived a tiger in the forest, ______ there?
答案：① are; aren’t ② won’t ③ doesn’t ④ didn’t ⑤ happened ⑥ didn’t/usedn’t ⑦ didn’t
D. there be 与have 的区别
there be …“某地有某物，某时有某事”；have 表示“某人拥有某物”。
改错：
1 There has a book on the desk.
2 There will have a meeting this evening.
答案：①把has改为is; ②把have改为be。提示：没有there have这种表示“有”的方法。
考点7. 双重谓语(仅供了解)
典型例句：
1 He left this morning very gay.
2 She left a shy girl and returned a young mother.
分析：双重谓语的基本形式是：行为动词+表语，后面的名词或形容词说明主语从事该行为时所处的状态。用作双重谓语的动词多为那些表示位置移动变化的行为动词，如return，leave，go，come，arrive，start等。
句①意为：上午离开时，他很开心。句②意为：她离开时还是一个害羞的女孩，回来时却是一位年轻的母亲。
I. 单句改错
1. 【2007辽宁】Three plates were already on the table when the man closest to me pointing to one plate and asked me the name of the fish on it.
2. 【2005全国Ⅰ】For the most part, students working to earn money for their own use.
3. 【2014大纲卷】So real friendship should able to stand all sorts of tests.
4. 【2008天津】I felt sadly. I learnt a lesson from this experience.
5. 【2013 四川】I’m sorry that I am abroad and can’t send your flowers, so I’m writing to you.
6. 【2008安徽】We thought the biscuits were great. “Let’s got some more,” I said, “They’re cheap and they really taste well.” （两处错误）
7. Others, however, against staying at home.
8. Exams should neither too difficult nor too easy.
9. There are many taxi drivers are women.(可改多处)
10. There has a big tree in front of our school.
11. They often lonely.
12. Eggs go badly easily in summer.
II. 语法填空（每空至多填三词）
13. There ______ (exist) many problems with the project.
14. There ______ (be) going to be three meetings tomorrow.
15. The shop stays ______ (open) at night.
16. My mother bought a birthday cake ______ me.
17. There happened to ______ a bird flying above.
18. There ______ (lie) a swimming pool over there.
19. 【2014湖北】The Public Square is an eye-catching sight of the city. There______(stand) many stone sculptures of famous historical figures.
III. 写作技能提升
A. 不要忘了使用系动词。
20. 那食物很可口，我吃了很多。（the food, delicious）
21. 那个电影好极了。（the movie, fantastic）
22. 不过呢，一些人反对这个计划。（however, against, the plan）
23. 他们的意见如下。（their opinion, as follows）
24. 就我而言，我赞成这个主意。（as far as I’m concerned, in favor of）
B. 活用双宾语句式，用两种方法翻译下列句子。
25. 他给我提了一些建议。（offer, some advice）
26. 我欠他很多钱。（owe）
27. 在我生日那天，母亲给我买了一件很特别的礼物。（buy, a special giftQQ329950885）
28. 他给我做了一个纸飞机。（make, paper plane）
29. 他给我们读了一个有趣的故事。（read, an interesting story）
30. 他的叔叔留给他很多钱。（leave, a lot of money）
31. 他让我们看了一张世界地图。（show）
32. 请把熊猫的照片寄给我一张。（send, a photo of the panda）
C. 正确利用两个“有”there be与have
33. 我有许多好朋友。
34. 今天晚上将有一场电影。
35. 公园内有许多人。
36. 树上有许多小鸟。
一条狗有四条腿和一条尾巴。
答案
高中英语语法通霸2016简单句的五种基本结构
练习1. 分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。
1. Dark clouds hung overhead.(SV)
2. Gradually a smile appeared on her face. (SV)
3. He is smiling all over his face. (SV)
4. I did well in English. (SV)
5. He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. (SV)
练习2. 分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。
1. People all over the world speak English. (SVO)
2. Jim cannot dress himself. (SVO)
3. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. (SVO)
4. He did not know what to say. (SVO)
5. He just wanted to stay at home. (SVO)
6. He practices speaking English every day. (SVO)
练习3. 分析下列句子成分，口头说出间接宾语和直接宾语。QQ329950885
1. She ordered herself a new dress. (SvoO)
2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. (SvoO)
3. He brought you a dictionary. (SvoO)
4. He denies her nothing. (SvoO)
5. I showed him my pictures. (SvoO)
6. I gave my car a wash. (SvoO)
7. I told him that the bus was late. (SvoO)
8. He showed me how to run the machine. (SvoO)
练习4. 判断下列句中画线部分是否是宾语补足语。
1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T
练习5. 分析下列句子并划分成分，在后面的括号内标明是什么充当句子的宾语补足语。
1. They appointed him manager. （名词）
2. They painted the door green. （形容词）
3. He pushed the door open. （形容词）
4. They found the house deserted. （形容词）
5. What makes him think so? （省略to的不定式）
6. We saw him out. （副词）
7. He asked me to come back soon. （动词不定式）
8. I saw them getting on the bus. （现在分词 ）
9. We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here.（名词）
10. I’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词 ）
11. We elected him monitor. （名词 ）
12. Don’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词）
练习6. 辨别下列斜体动词是系动词还是实义动词。
1.系动词 2. 实义动词；连系动词 3.连系动词 4. 连系动词 5.实义动词
练习7. 用下划线画出下列句中的系动词。
1. His advice proved right.
2. The shop stays open till 8 o’clock.
3. The machine went wrong.
4. All these efforts seem in vain.
5. These words sound reasonable.
6. The room soon became crowded.
7. The days are getting longer and longer.
8. He fell ill yesterday.
9. Trees turn green in spring.
10. What you said sounds great.
1. pointing改为pointed; closest to me是形容词短语作the man的后置定语，pointed在这里是谓语。
2. working改为work；work是谓语，后面是目的状语。
3. 在able前加be；should后跟动词原形，而able是形容词，需要和be连用。
4. sadly改为sad；feel是系动词，后跟形容词作表语。
5. you改为your；you“你”，your“你的”；send后跟双宾语。
6. got改为get, 这里是省略to的不定式作宾补；well改为good，taste这里是系动词，后跟形容词作表语。
7. against前面加are；against是介词，不能作谓语。
8. 在should后加be；形容词不能单独作谓语。
9. 去掉There are, many改为大写；一个主谓结构不能有两个谓语。
10. has改为is；存在有用there be句型。
11. 在often前加are；形容词不能单独作谓语。
12. badly改为bad；go是系动词，后跟形容词作表语。
13. exist；后面实义主语是复数。
14. are；后面three meetings是复数。
15. open；stay是系动词“仍然处于”，后跟形容词作表语。
16. for；buy sth. for sb.
17. be；there happen to be，碰巧有。
18. lies；后面是单数。
19. stand；主谓一致看后面名词。
20. The food was delicious and I ate a lot.
21. The movie is fantastic.
22. However, some people are against the plan.
23. Their opinions are as follows.
24. As far as I’m concerned, I am in favor of the plan.
25. He offered me some advice. /He offered some advice to me.
26. I owe him a lot of money. /I owe a lot of money to him.
27. My mother bought me a special gift on my birthday. /My mother bought a special gift for me on my birthday.
28. He made me a paper plane. /He made a paper plane for me.
29. He read us an interesting story. /He read an interesting story to us.
30. His uncle left him a lot of money. /His uncle left a lot of money to him.
31. He showed us a map of the world. /He showed a map of the world to us.
32. Please send me a photo of the panda. /Please send a photo of the panda to me.
33. I have many friends.
34. There is going to be a film tonight.
35. There are a lot of people in the park.
36. There are lots of birds in the tree.
A dog has four legs and a tail.
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