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发布时间：2019-12-29   来源：文档文库   
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Piezoelectric hydraulic drive design and testing

Jason ・ rand le, Eric ・ Anderson
In mountain view, California, the street 2565 nest, add empty bureau engineering company
MaKeDong ・ raigor Prague
In mountain view, California, the street 2565 nest, the diamond advisory group


This paper introduces the design method of smart material is to build a use of hydraulic fluid dynamic provide the drive. In described drives, hydraulic oil from the hard drive of the frequency of piezoelectric or other intelligent material separation output cylinder of running frequency. This kind of decoupling permitted in high frequency piezoelectric driven by extracting substances, large energy highest in low frequency, and hydraulic cylinder driving provide long stroke. However, due to follow the compressibility of fluid and structural, basic impedance matching and fluid piezoelectric hard to energy conversion between pressurized piezoelectric hydraulic overflows into. In materials, mechanical design, and fluid mechanical interface field of basic design weigh and important technical problems is debatable. Puts forward prototype equipment and components measurement. Introduce test methods, test quantitative pump, pressure and flow out power and speed. A series of experiments show that by intelligent materials with powerful long stroke drive the possibility of the device.

Keywords: piezoelectric, intelligent materials, piezoelectric hydraulic, drive, power wires, pumps




introduction

Intelligent piezoelectric materials, such as magnetic limit and electric limited in precise control long-term use. Because of its deformation ability is limited, these materials are usually not used for large linear motion drive. The last decades appear relied on various techniques to increase from the driving force of smart material core design. One common is the mechanical amplifier or transformation, such as those who are using the lever and the fulcrum, and repeat types, such as step, peristalsis. Recently, researchers have realized integrated intelligent materials and liquid, make a fundamental part of the pump to the possibility of using linear driver. This new method to realize long stroke high power drive.

And includes regular servo hydraulic and various electromagnetic type, compared to other types of drive, piezoelectric hydraulic drive has his merits and demerits. Compared with the traditional hydraulic pressure, the main advantage displays in wire aspects, namely, eliminate hydraulic distribution circuit. Compared with electromagnetic method, including motor drive the ball screw, piezoelectric hydraulic drive with powerful hydraulic and potentially more rapid response time. Compared with conventional methods, a new type of drive in thermal hydraulic oil distribution and have drawbacks. Compared with electromagnetic drives, although use a small amount of hydraulic oil, new drive still need electrical and hydraulic integration. Piezoelectric hydraulic drive many of these characteristics and electric limit drives (EHAs is the same, such as joint strike fighter planes in. EHAs than other piezoelectric hydraulic drive in the energy density of piezoelectric materials themselves have a potential advantage. Extracting this energy is a daunting task, this paper tries to describe many current development efforts some of the challenges.

The overall design goal is to through different stages by piezoelectric stack components by a drive conversion power input output VAT will mechanical power to external load. Piezoelectric smart material, design began piezoelectric fluid interface, extends across the valve, and finally to output cylinder. Although the electronic drive
drive in other local discussion, but it is also a consideration. Like many system, overall design is a comprehensive and repeated work, a single component can be design, but need to design combined with other subsystems. Subsystem and system level in this process test components. Tests to individual elements of the interaction between niv as characteristics. The total output (mechanical equipment strength, speed, or power measure and maximization is the ultimate goal.

This paper expounds the solid-liquid mixture drive, the operation and prominent illustrate the basic concept of the limitations. Put forward the design concept of actuators, and expounds the next each key subsystems. Review of important priority piezoelectric properties of application. Decided to pressure the room design and describing the prototype device. Analysis of some or all parts of test methods and characteristics of the value of each method is emphasized. This article through the test results and explain how generation of piezoelectric hydraulic equipment conclusions.

Solid-liquid mixer driven

The more widely spoken, piezoelectric hydraulic or intelligence material hydraulic drive can be called "solid-liquid mixture" driver. The energy transferred to intelligent materials production pressurized fluids. Then mechanical valve adjusting oscillation fluid pressure to pressure fluid flow. With hydraulic accumulator and another valve, solid medium can not required load frequency operation. Generally speaking, solid drive running more often than required load frequency, maybe reach 100 times.

Although theoretically is attractive, but the actual restrictions would limit solid-liquid mixture drive mode efficiency. In particular, fluid viscosity and compression combined with active substances inherent in the mechanism, to limit the loss of drivers and total output power effectively drive bandwidth. Meanwhile, if the maximum power drive is available to drive mechanical load, must be very carefully designed to transport and output fluid with drive characteristic.


Drive concept

Intelligent materials hydraulic transmission main part of the basic concepts as shown in figure 1 below. This concept with the real photos in box design shown in figure 5 form. This device from external interface gain power and instructions and back to the remote sensing data (such as loading or displacement state or safety information. Micro controller or low-end digital signal processor (DSP necessary calculations, to match the instructions, transmission remote sensing information, to regulate the drive and valve timing. High power amplifier drive major intelligence material drive, low power amplifier drive any of the active valve. The main pressure drive the fluid pressure chamber, compression and valve quickly transmission fluid and cavities, battery, and output equipment. Output driver piston driven frequency range for internal drive drive frequency 1/100 to 1/50. Driver output driver loaded, and transmission of remote sensing data, such as banner global perspective, is to provide the embedded controller.

Piezoelectric materials and brake

In the past 20 years of development and evolution of equipment, the use of piezoelectric actuator has already been accepted for is different from many "intelligent structure" application. High density and high energy transfer is the basic demand, not accurate location or vibration control.

Hybrid drive needs intelligent material used in the main pressure and some architecture, as a means to promote positive valves. Due to a variety of reasons, the choice is superior to other piezoelectric materials of choice. Compared to a size and piezoelectric bandwidth requirements of the shape memory materials, therefore, in the high frequency of ability is offered under pressure should consider above all. Compared to magnetic limit, piezoelectric materials to generate lower energy density, and when including auxiliary field coil generated when the greater density. Compared
to electricity is restricted, piezoelectric materials and drives have more choices. Usability. But, analysis, modeling and design of the intelligent materials shall be excluded any ignorant.

In piezoelectric materials, important is the number of power density unit volume or unit, i.e. the mechanical power quality of output produced. Mechanical energy conversion to electricity electromechanical coupling coefficient should be high. Because important is not only equipment, but also because the one-time operation driving mode need many cycles, other factors is also very important. Dielectric loss have very important three reasons. First, it shows that the output power into machine from waste of energy conversion. Second, in continuous high driver heat generation may cause material degradation. Finally, heat must be drive body abreaction part. High Curie temperature is desirable, so that in the environment of high temperature operation drive since heating makes temperature rise further. And control other high power application of these properties instead, such as mentioned here, common focus on one of d33 and d31 piezoelectric coefficient.

Piezoelectric materials will be used in equipment stack device configuration. This stack should be mechanical stiffness, namely sandwich thin little or cover. However, the stack shape can be optimized to produce very matching fluid stiffness. It should be the rough, and no mechanical internal stress. It must be able to withstand high heat, and operates in more than a billion cycle power and mechanical stress environment. This application needs at least some other aspects of the cycle. Imagine in 2000 hz operation 140 hours of drive test over one billion cycles.

conclusion

This paper proposes a concept that is driven by using intelligent materials, such as piezoelectric, combined with hydraulic transmission manufacturing compact hybrid device. Intelligent materials used for low power positioning or vibration control, but of their inherent advantage is that they inherent one of high-energy or power density.
It can use multiple ways of development, this article describes is one of them.

Basic modeling consideration for this type of piezoelectric hydraulic drive is introduced in this paper. Explains the basic operation, and summarized the viscosity, compression and the lack of internal valve opening. Particularly suitable for the actual device has been submitted. Parts of key subsystem and discussed, and highlighted in each subsystem and interactive subsystems design important factors into account. Solve the problem and drive piezoelectric materials.

To achieve high internal pressure is discussed design considerations. In this type of equipment fierce piezoelectric actuators and short column fluid of match between impedance is vital. This paper points out several types of experiment, and expounds the overall installation test equipment. Puts forward a equipment, and typical result is currently in development of other high-speed equipment.

acknowledgement

This paper introduces the defense advanced research projects agency compact mixer driven project funded the development, this project under with the air force research laboratory has signed the contract. The author thank sponsor and gray, Gregory power ・ ・ Hector bart and, Brian warner contribution ・ Richards.




压电液压驱动器的设计和测试
杰森・兰德勒，埃里克・安德森 加州山景里窝那街2565号，加空局工程公司
马克东・瑞格布拉格
加州山景里窝那街2565号，菱形顾问组
摘要
本文介绍的设计方法是建设一个使用智能材料提供液压流体动力的驱动器。在被描述的驱动器类，液压油从硬盘频率压电或其他智能材料中分离输出缸的运行频率。这种解耦允许在高频压电驱动，以提取物质的最高大量能源，以及液压缸在低频驱动提供长冲程。然而，由于遵循流体的可压缩性和结构性，基本阻抗匹配和流体之间的压电很难能量转换成加压压电液压油流。在材料，机械设计，以及流体机械接口领域的基本设计权衡和重大技术问题存在争论。提出原型设备和元件测量。介绍测试方法，测试量化泵压力和流量，得出动力量和速度。一系列的试验表明由智能材料提供强力长冲程驱动的装置的可能性。 关键词：压电，智能材料， 压电液压 ，驱动，电源的电线，水泵
导言
智能材料，如压电， 磁限和电限长期应用在精确控制方面。由于其形变能力有限，这些材料通常没有用于要求大量直线运动的驱动器。近几十年出现了依靠各种技术增加来自智能材料核心的驱动力的设计。其中常见的是机械放大或转型，如那些正在使用的杠杆和支点，并分步重复类型，例如，蠕动。最近，研究人员已经认识到整合智能材料和液体，使泵的一个基本组成部分加以利用线性驱动的可能性。这种新方法有望实现长冲程高功率驱动。
与包括常规伺服液压和各种电磁类型在内的其他类型的驱动相比，压电液压驱动有优点，也有缺点。相比传统液压，主要优点表现在电线方面，即消除液压配电线路。与电磁方法相比，包括电机驱动滚珠丝杠，压电液压驱动提供强力液压和潜在的更迅速的响应时间。相比于传统液压，新型驱动器在热分布和漏油方面有不利之处。与电磁驱动器相比，尽管使用少量液压油，新型驱动器仍然需要电气和液压一体化。压电液压驱动的这些特点中有许多和电限驱动器（ EHAs ）的是相同的 ，如用在联合攻击战斗机。压电液压驱动比其他EHAs在压电材料本身的能量密度方面有一个潜在的优势。提取这种能量是一项艰巨的任务，本文试图描述许多当前发展努力的挑战中的一些。

整体设计目标是要通过不同阶段由压电栈元件转换电力输入由一个驱动器输出缸将机械动力传到外部负载。设计始于压电智能材料，延伸到压电流体界面，通过阀门，并最终到输出缸。尽管电子驱动器的驱动器在其他地方讨论，但它也是一个考虑。像许多系统，整体设计是一项综合性和反复的工作，单个的组件能够被设计，但需要重新设计与其他子系统相配合。子系统和系统级在这一进程中测试元件。测试以个别要素之间的互动和合作为特点。设备的总机械输出（力量，速度，或电量）的衡量和最大化是最终目标。
本文阐述了在固液混合驱动，可说明的操作和突出的局限性方面的基本概念。提出执行器的设计理念的下一步，和阐述各个关键子系统。审议压电性能重要的优先性的应用。决定加压室的设计和描述原型器件。分析部分或全部器件特性的各种测试方法，强调每种方法的价值。本文通过测试结果和解释对多代压电液压设备得出结论。
固液混合驱动
更广泛地说，压电液压或智能材料液压驱动可称为“固液混合”驱动。能源传送到智能材料生产加压流体。然后机械阀调整振荡流体压力促使加压流体流动。由于有液压蓄能器和另一个阀门，固体介质可以不在所要求的负荷时的频率下运行。一般来说，固体驱动器运行的频率远高于所要求的负荷时的频率，也许达到100倍。
虽然理论上是吸引人的，但实际的限制会限制固液混合驱动方式的效率。特别是，流体粘度和压缩结合活性物质的机制中所固有的损失，以限制驱动器和驱动器的总输出功率有效带宽。同时，如果最大功率驱动器是可用来驱动机械负荷，必须非常小心地设计使流体的输送和输出符合驱动器的特点。
驱动器概念
智能材料液压传动的主要部分的基本概念如图1所示。这一概念连同设计的实物照片在框形图5中显示出来。该器件从外部接口获得电力和指令并传回遥感数据（例如加载或位移）状态或安全信息。微控制器或低端数字信号处理器(DSP进行必要的计算，以配合指令，传送遥感信息，规范驱动和阀门定时。高功率放大器驱动主要的智能材料驱动器，低功率放大器驱动里的任何活跃阀门。主要的加压驱动器压缩加压室中的流体，并且阀门迅速传送流体进出腔体、蓄电池和输出设备。输出驱动器活塞驱动频率范围为内部驱动器驱动频率的1/100到1/50。驱动器输出驱动负载，和传输全球遥感数据，如旗帜角度，是提供给嵌入式控制
器。
压电材料和制动器
在过去20年设备的发展和演变中，压电驱动器的使用已被公认为是不同于许多“智能结构”的应用。高能量密度和高能量传递是基本的需求，而不是精确定位或振动控制。
混合驱动器需要智能材料应用在主要压力和某些架构，作为一种手段来推动积极阀。由于多种原因，选择压电材料优于其他的选择。相比于有尺寸和压电带宽要求的形状记忆材料，因此，在高频下提供压力的能力是应首先考虑的。相比于磁限 ，压电在材料里产生较低的能量密度，而当包括辅助领域线圈时产生更大的密度。相比于电限，压电材料和驱动器有更多的选择。可用性大得多。但是，对分析、建模和设计的一无所知将排除任一智能材料。
在压电材料中，重要的数量是功率密度，即单位体积或单位质量产生的机械功率输出量。机械能转换为电能的机电耦合系数应该是高的。因为重要的不仅仅是设备的一次性运作，还因为驱动方式需要许多周期，其他因素也很重要。介电损耗有非常重要的三个原因。首先，它表明从电能输入到机械输出转换的能源浪费。第二，在持续高驱动时产生的热量可能会导致材料退化。最后，热量必须被驱动器体消散一部分。高居里温度也是可取的，以便在高温环境中作业驱动器自加热使温度进一步提高。与控制其他高功率应用的这些特性相反，如这里提到的之一，共同侧重于压电系数d33和d31 。
压电材料将用于设备的堆栈器配置。这堆栈应该是机械僵硬，即夹层薄薄的一点或端盖。然而，堆栈形状可以优化产生非常匹配流体介质的刚度。它应该是机械的不平，且无内部制造压力。它必须能够承受较高的热，及运作超过十亿周期的电力和机械应力环境。此应用至少需要一些其他方面的周期。设想在2000赫兹运作140小时的驱动器试验超过10亿周期。
结论
本文提出了一个驱动的概念，即利用智能材料，如压电，结合液压传动制造紧凑型混合动力装置。智能材料常常被用于低力量定位或振动控制，但它们内在的优势之一是它们固有的高能量或功率密度。这可以利用多种方式开发，本文描述的就是其中之一。
基本建模考虑对这一类型压电液压驱动器作了介绍。解释了基本的操作，并综述了粘度、压缩和内部阀开口不足的限制。特别适合于实际的设备已提交。对
关键分系统和部件进行了讨论，并且突出了在每个子系统和互动的子系统的设计中重要因素的考虑。解决了有关压电材料和驱动器的问题。
对实现高内部压力的设计考虑进行了讨论。在这种类型的设备中激烈压电驱动器和短柱流体之间的匹配阻抗是至关重要的。本文指出了几种类型的试验，和阐述了设备的全面安装测试。提出了一个设备典型的结果，和目前正处于发展的其他高速设备。
鸣谢
本文介绍了驱动器在国防部高级研究计划局紧凑型混合驱动项目资助下的发展，该项目与空军研究实验室签订了合同。作者感谢主办者以及格雷戈・包尔斯、布莱恩・赫巴特和理查・华纳的贡献。




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