老年人论文：老年人 老年人犯罪 刑事立法 刑事司法
【中文摘要】随着世界老龄化社会的到来,中国也进入了老龄化社会,现已成为世界上老年人人数最多的国家。随着老年人群体在总人口中的比例增大,老年人犯罪现象也在日益严重。鉴于这种趋势,我国的刑事立法和刑事司法必须进行必要的调整。目前,我国理论界和司法界对老年人犯罪及其刑事立法和司法的研究还比较薄弱,因此,系统地研究老年人犯罪刑事立法与司法无疑具有重大的理论和实践意义。目前,世界上大多数国家的立法对于老年人犯罪都有从宽处罚的规定,例如,巴西刑法和越南刑法在总则中对老年人犯罪作了从宽处罚的规定;俄罗斯刑法和蒙古刑法在量刑上对老年人犯罪限制适用某些刑种;法国刑事诉讼法和日本刑事诉讼法在刑罚执行的内容、种类、方式上对老年人犯罪体现从宽处罚。我国古代及近代的刑事立法也都有老年人犯罪从宽处罚的规定。尽管近期通过的刑法修正案(八)在我国现行刑法中增加了对老年人犯罪从宽处罚的明确规定,但仍然存在一些问题,如对老年人犯罪从宽处罚规定的年龄起点过高;对老年人犯罪的减刑、假释适用条件并未作出明确的规定;我国刑事诉讼法缺乏对老年犯罪人的指定辩护权和讯问审判在场权的规定。相关刑事政策虽然对老年人犯罪的从宽处罚有所涉及,但内容不够具体,操作性不强。在司法上,我国老年人犯罪案件快速办理存在衔接困难;老年人犯罪刑事责任量刑不均衡;不起诉和刑事和解运用不多;刑事诉讼程序各个环节上缺乏对老年犯罪人从宽处罚的特殊规定。鉴于我国现行法律对老年人犯罪立法和司法上存在的问题,我们应从传统恤刑思想出发并参考国外相关立法例从立法和司法两个方面进行修改和完善。在立法上,对年满70周岁的老年犯罪人应区分情况从轻、减轻处罚,并且一般不得适用死刑;对老年犯罪人应当放宽适用减刑、假释的条件;在刑事诉讼法中增设老年犯罪人的指定辩护权和讯问审判在场权的规定。在司法上,应当尽快建立老年人犯罪案件的快速办理机制;对老年人犯罪要尽可能实行非犯罪化和非监禁化处理、扩大老年人轻微犯罪案件的刑事和解适用范围;最后在刑事诉讼程序的各个环节上也要体现对老年人犯罪体现从宽。
【英文摘要】With the arrival of the world’s aging society, China has entered the aging society, which is now the world’s largest aging country. As the elderly population increases in the proportion of the total population, elderly criminality is gradually increasing, so China’s criminal legislation, criminal justice against the trend should make the necessary adjustments. But the research of criminal legislation and criminal justice is weak in our criminal theory. It has profound theoretical and practical significance.Most countries in the world have lenient penalties for the elderly criminality, For example, the Brazilian Penal Code and the Vietnamese Penal Code provide for the lenient punishment to the elderly criminality in the general provisions; the Russian Penal Code and the Mongolia Penal Code provide for the prohibition against certain criminal offenses for the elderly criminality; the French Penal Procedure Code and the Japan Penal Procedure Code provide for the lenient punishment in the penalty execution in content, type and mode for the elderly. Ancient and modern criminal legislation of China is also lenient on the elderly criminality. With the adoption of the Criminal Law Amendment (Eighth), the Chinese Penal Code have been lenient punishment for the elderly, but there are still some problems, such as the high age of Lenient penalties for the elderly; the Chinese Penal Procedure Code is also lack of their right of defense and presence. Although the relevant criminal policy has been involved the lenient punishment for the elderly criminality, but it is not specific enough, not strong operational. In justice, there are difficulties in the rapid processing of criminal cases acted by the elderly; the elderly criminal sentencing is not balanced; prosecution and criminal use of conciliation is not much; all aspects of criminal proceedings lack lenient provisions for the elderly offenders. Based on the problems of the elderly criminality in criminal legislation and justice, the elderly over 70 years of age should apply lighter or mitigated punishment and not apply the death penalty; they should have the right to defense and presence when they are asked the trial. We should establish the rapid processing mechanism for the elderly criminal cases as soon as possible; and expand the non-criminal and non-custodial treatment for the elderly criminality. Finally, all criminal proceedings links should also reflect lenient punishment for elderly criminality.
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