Simile 明喻：常用as或like等词把具有共同特征的两种不同事物连接起来进行比较。
1. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade.（1.11）
2. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. （1.13）
3. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them.（1.19）
4. Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees, and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.（1.28）
5. Gone was the fierce fervour of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire.
6. Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies.
7. Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.
8. 把马克吐温比喻成其作品主人公哈克和汤姆的父亲。
9. All would resurface in his books, together with the colorful language that he soaked up with a memory that seemed phonographic。 将马克吐温的记忆比作留声机，说明其记忆力超常。
10. I am the way my daughter would want me to be: a hundred pounds lighter, my skin like an uncooked barley pancake. 将白皙光滑的皮肤比成大麦饼，暗指迪依比喜欢母亲的皮肤。
11. Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye. 将迪依尖酸刻薄的幽默比成碱水里的气泡。暗指他的幽默可能会伤人。
12. Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail.
13. 将迪依男友的头发比成一条扭结的骡子尾巴
14. It stands straight up like the wool on a sheep. 将迪依的头发比成羊毛
15. Maggie's hand is as limp as a fish, and probably as cold, despite the sweat, and she keeps trying to pull it back. 将迪依的手比成一条冰冷无力的鱼，说明迪依当时很紧张。
16. Maggie's brain is like an elephant's,
17. 将迪依的大脑比成大象的大脑，大象的记忆力好，讽刺迪依什么都能记住。
18. The great billowing clouds that sail upon it are th shadows that move upon the grain like water, dividing light. 把翻腾的云在作物上投下的阴影比作水，描绘出光线忽明忽暗
19. And the land was like iron. 把干涸的大地比作铁板一样坚硬。
20. Her long,black hair,always drawn and braided in the day,lay upon her shoulders and against her breasts like a shawl. 把祖母披散在肩膀上的浓密、黝黑的长发比喻成一块披肩垂在胸前。
21. My line of vision was such that the creature fiiled the moon like a fossil.
把蟋蟀比作化石，表现蟋蟀栖在栏杆上一动不动的景象。
19.A warm wind rose up and purled like the longing within me. 把温暖的风比作内心涌动的渴望。
Metaphor 暗喻，同明喻类似，但暗喻的比较不通过比喻词as或like进行。暗喻的运用可以起到化抽象为具体。
1. "We can batten down and ride it out," he said. "If we see signs of danger, we can get out before dark."（1.4）
2. Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees, and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.（1.28）
3. Camille, meanwhile, had raked its way northward across Mississippi, dropping more than 28 inches of rain into West Virginia and southern Virginia, causing rampaging floods, huge mountain slides and 111 additional deaths before breaking up over the Atlantic Ocean.（1.32）
4. And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything a Nippon railways official might say.（2.1）
5. The usher bowed deeply and heaved a long, almost musical sigh, when I showed him the invitation which the mayor had sent me in response to my request for an interview.（2.5）
6. no one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U. S. history
7. By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1 500 people had taken on a circus atmosphere.
8. The street around the three-storey red brick law court sprouted with rickety stands selling hot dogs
9. "The Bible", he thundered in his sonorous organ tones,
10. The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breath of his oratory as he should have.
11. After the preliminary sparring over legalities, Darrow got up to make his opening statement.
12. She washed us in a river of make-believe, burned us with a lot of knowledge we didn't necessarily need to know.
Washed 和burned 用了暗喻，暗示白人文化犹如洪水和大火一样给黑人文化带来巨大的冲击。
13. When I looked at her like that something hit me in the top of my head and ran down to the soles of my feet. 用暗喻表明母亲突然的到了一种顿悟，而这种顿悟带来的冲击力好像自己受到了重击一样。
14. contributed to the of 把黑人家庭解体比喻成某物的腐蚀
15. But for all those who their way to get a piece of the American Dream, there were many who didn't make it把有些美国人摸爬滚打历尽艰辛的奋斗过程比喻成抓挠某物
16. But for all those who scratched and clawed their way to get a piece of the American Dream, there were many who didn't make it
把种族间的误解鸿沟比喻成地上的裂缝
17. many times only to see their jobs shipped overseas or their pension dumped after a lifetime of labor.把工作机会输出国外比喻成某人或某物被运送出国外。
18. that working together we can move beyond some of our old
racial wounds, 把种族间的歧视行为比喻成伤痕
19. that working together we can move beyond some of our old
racial wounds, 把无形困难比喻成天花板
20. or as fodder for the nightly news. 把晚间新闻的资谈比喻成饲料
21. by providing this generation with ladders of opportunity that were unavailable for previous generations. 把成功阶梯比喻成梯子
22. and in summer the prairie is a anvil’s edge.
作者把夏季的大平原比作铁砧的边缘，一方面说明大平原干旱缺雨而变得坚硬无比
23. Descending eastward, the highland meadows are a stairway to the plain
把高原的草地形状比喻成楼梯，将草地从高处向低处延伸到平原的走势描写生动
24. Not yet would they veer southward to the caldron of the land that lay below, they must wean their blood from the northern 把这片深陷的土地比成大而深的敞口锅
Personification 拟人
1. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air.（1.18）
2. it seized a 600, 000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3.5 miles away.（1.19）
transferred epithet 移就 有意识地把描写A的词语移用来描写B。
1. Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point.（1.20）
2. Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open.reassuring 本来是用来修饰人的，此处却用来修饰arm，体现人的思想感情，胳膊本身不能让作者感到安慰，但大罗用胳膊搂着作者这一友好的动作却给作者安慰。
3. an earlier generation that suffered under the brutal legacy of slavery and Jim Crow. Brutal本来是来修饰奴隶主的做法和奴隶制度的，这里却用来修饰遗留问题，说明上一辈的美国黑人在残暴的奴隶制度和种族歧视下备受折磨。
4.This time we want to talk about the men and women of every color and creed who serve together, and fight together, and bleed together under the same proud flag.
Proud本来是用来修饰在同一面旗帜下一期服役、一起战斗。。的那那女女的，这里却用来修饰旗帜，说明他们在面对国旗时的骄傲。
sarcasm 讽刺
Hiroshima -- the “Liveliest” City in Japan
If you write about this city, do not forget to say that it is the gayest city in Japan, even it many of the town's people still bear hidden wounds, and burns.（2.27）
Bryan, , was assisted in his prosecution by his son, also a lawyer, and Tennessee's brilliant young attorney-general, Tom Stewart.
"He a cat was the same as a man?" Darrow asked. 讽刺原教旨主义者的无知。
"There is some doubt about that," Darrow snorted.讽刺原教旨主义者并没有推理能力。
"The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below" 通过对比讽刺进化论者甘于承认自己的低贱和堕落。
Mr. Bryan, with passionate spirit and enthusiasm, has given post of his life to politics."暗指布莱恩不仅是上帝的一个捍卫者，更多的是一个政治家。
Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.本来秃头没有什么可擦拭的，表现出布莱恩的尴尬。
I knew more about retreating than the man that invented retreating. 马克吐温说自己比想出撤退方法的人更善于撤退，这里想出撤退方法的人指南方邦联游击队员，讽刺他们只是退却而没有勇气去战斗。
“... one could set a trap anywhere and catch a dozen abler men in a night.” 讽刺土耳其统治者苏丹的无能，比苏丹有能力的人比比皆是。
Irony 反讽 言非所指，正话反说
1. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the man who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture to the human mind.想表达的是16世纪的蒙昧无知，但正话反说，用glorious来修饰age，讽刺那个时代禁锢人们思想的宗教。
Pun 双关语 一语双关
1. One shop announced: DARWIN IS RIGHT -- INSIDE. Darwin既指店主的名字，也暗指《进化论》坐着达尔文，而right既可意为“正确”，也指“正好，恰好”
Oxymoron 矛盾修饰法 用两种不相调和，甚至截然相反的词语描述同一事物。
1. until we are to the glorious age of the sixteenth century
2. Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a "."
Alliteration 头韵：开头的音节有相同或接近相同的发音，通常是相同的字母形式。
1. That must be what the man in the Japanese stationmaster's uniform shouted, as the fastest train in the world to a in Hiroshima Station.（1.1）
2. I felt sick, and ever since then they have been and me.
3. Gone was the of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire.
4. The of set before him in his new profession was rich and varied -- a cosmos。
5. It was a splendid population – for all the at home。
6. It was that population that gave to California a name for getting up astounding enterprises and rushing them through with a magnificent and and a recklessness of cost or consequences,
7. or provide men and women of every their full rights and obligations as citizens of the United States.
8. not just in terms of white and black, but as well.
9. but views that denigrate both the of our nation
10. Our became at once , black and more than black;
11.the gave us a means to reclaim memories that we didn't need to feel shame about...12. the , the love and yes, the bitterness and bias that make up the black experience in
America.
And occasionally it finds voice in the church on Sunday morning, in the
Talk show hosts and built entire careers unmasking bogus claims of racism while dismissing legitimate discussions of racial injustice and inequality as mere political correctness or .
The grass turns …
Willow and
Great are everywhere in the tall grass
belongs to , the .
and they were in the wilderness.
there to for an animal from the Goodnight herd.
so exclusive were they of all mere
but there was something inherently, some merest hesitation upon the .
The aged visitors thos came to my grandmother’s house when I was a child were made of and they bore themselves upright.
full of , alarm
Synecdoche 提喻 不直接说某一事物的名称，借事物本身所呈现的各种对应的想象来表现该事物。
1. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.（2.7）作者用little old Japan指旧式日本小屋
2. The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science master and football coach at the secondary school. 用“my head”代表“我”整个人。
Antithesis 对照 将结构相同或相似、意义相反的语句排列在一起
The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below。布莱恩把基督教思想与进化论者的观点进行了对照，讽刺。
From them all Mark Twain gained a keen perception of the human race, of the difference between and 意义相对，意在突出言和行的差距。
Casually he debunked revered artists and art treasures, and took verbalshots at the Land.
意义相对。
a world which will and .”意义相对，表现马克吐温悲观的世界观。
that we may , but we ; that we may not look the same and we may not have come from the same place, but we all want to move in the same direction。。
I've gone to and lived in
The press has scoured every exit poll for the latest evidence of racial polarization, not just in terms of and , but and as well.
The church contains in full the and , the and , the and , the and yes, the and that make up the black experience in America.
they must wean their blood from the northern winter。。。
blood代指基奥瓦人的身体，意思是来到了大平原后，基奥瓦人必须改变以前在森林里的生活习惯
Metonymy 转喻 当甲事物与乙事物不相类似，但有密切关系时，可以利用这种关系，用乙事物的名称来指代甲事物。转喻重点不在相似，在联想。
1. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.（2.7） kimono和miniskirt象征性地指代日本传统文化和西方现代文化，而struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt则代表新旧事物之间或东西方观念之间的冲突。
2. "Today it is the teachers," he continued, "and tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers.
3. The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.
4. Mark Twain ---Mirror of America
5. I found another Twain as well – one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.用a black wall of night比喻马克吐温对前途的失望和绝望
6. The geographic core, in Twain's early years, was the great valley of the Mississippi River, main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart. 用artery 和heart指主航道和中心地带，吧密西西比河比喻成国家运输的大动脉，并把其周围地区比喻成美国的心脏。
7. He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in Nevada's Washoe region. 用epidemic和fever比喻淘金淘银的盛行和当时人们的狂热。
8. but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax.用pen和pickax指代他的写作能力和淘金的体力。
9. Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles, but he had to leave the city for a while because of some scathing columns he wrote. 用muscles指代能力。
10. Johnny Car – son has much to do to keep up with my 用q，用说话的器官代指说话的速度和口齿伶俐。
11. And occasionally it finds voice in the church on Sunday morning, in the pulpit and in the pews. 用教堂的小讲坛和长椅指代在教堂里布道的牧师和在教堂里做礼拜的信徒。
Onomatopoeia 拟声
1. Just as I was beginning to find the ride long, the taxi , and the driver got out and went over to a policeman to ask the way.（2.4）
Parallelism 排比
1. and I was again crushed by the thought that I now stood on the site of the first atomic bombardment, where thousands upon thousands of people had been slain in one second, where thousands upon thousands of others had lingered on to die in slow agony.（2.9）
2.a Constitution that had at its very core the ideal of equal citizenship under the law; a Constitution that promised its people liberty, and justice, and a union that could be and should be perfected over time.
3. I chose to run for the presidency at this moment in history because I believe deeply that we cannot solve the challenges of our time unless we solve them
together - unless we perfect our union by understanding that we may have different stories, but we hold common hopes
3. Did I know him to be an occasionally fierce critic of American domestic and foreign policy? Of course. Did I ever hear him make remarks that could be considered controversial while I sat in church? Yes. Did I strongly disagree with many of his political views? Absolutely。。
4. Instead, they expressed a profoundly distorted view of this country - a view that sees white racism as endemic, and that elevates what is wrong with America above all that we know is right with America; a view that sees the conflicts in the Middle East as rooted primarily in the actions of stalwart allies like Israel, instead of emanating from the perverse and hateful ideologies of radical Islam.
5. The man I met more than twenty years ago is a man who helped introduce me to my Christian faith, a man who spoke to me about our obligations to love one another; to care for the sick and lift up the poor.
6. He is a man who served his country as a U.S. Marine; who has studied and lectured at some of the finest universities and seminaries in the country, and who for over thirty years led a church that serves the community by doing God's work here on Earth - by housing the homeless, ministering to the needy, providing day care services and scholarships and prison ministries, and reaching out to those suffering from HIV/AIDS.
7. the blood that had spilled was our blood, the tears our tears;
8. Like other predominantly black churches across the country, Trinity embodies the black community in its entirety - the doctor and the welfare mom, the model student and the former gang-banger. Like other black churches, Trinity's services are full of raucous laughter and sometimes bawdy humor.
9.I can no more disown him than I can disown the black community. I can no more disown him than I can my white grandmother - a woman who helped raise me, a woman who sacrificed again and again for me, a woman who loves me as much as she loves anything in this world, but a woman who once confessed her fear of black men who passed by her on the street, and who on more than one occasion has uttered racial or ethnic stereotypes that made me cringe.
10. where blacks were prevented, often through violence, from owning
property, or loans were not granted to African-American business owners, or black homeowners could not access FHA mortgages, or blacks were excluded from unions
12. What's remarkable is not how many failed in the face of discrimination, but rather how many men and women overcame the odds; how many were able to make a way out of no way for those like me who would come after them.
13. It's that he spoke as if our society was static; as if no progress has been made; as if this country - a country that has made it possible for one of his own members to run for the highest office in the land and build a coalition of white and black; Latino and Asian, rich and poor, young and old -- is still irrevocably bound to a tragic past.
14. It's that he spoke as if our society was static; as if no progress has been made; as if this country - a country that has made it possible for one of his own members to run for the highest office in the land and build a coalition of white and black; Latino and Asian, rich and poor, young and old -- is still irrevocably bound to a tragic past.
anti-climax 渐降：使意义强烈的语言按照步步降低的语气顺序排列，语势由强而弱，语气由重到轻，以达到取笑、讽刺、惊奇的效果。
1. Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its--- oysters。（2.17）
与会听众，包括作者在内，都认为广岛闻名于世的原因是曾经遭受过原子弹的袭击，但市长却停顿了一下，之后说出了牡蛎。与听众的预想大相径庭，充分表达了作者的惊愕，这事典型的渐降。
Climax 渐升 把一系列的短语或句子用升级的方法按语势的强度顺序排列。
1. No one talks about it any more, and no one wants to, especially, the people who were born here or who lived through it.（2.23） 从“没有人再去谈论它”到“没有人愿意再提起它”
Euphemism 委婉语 表示禁忌或敏感的含蓄、迂回或者动听的语言。
1. Those are my lucky birds. Each day that I escape death, each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares, I make a new little paper bird, and add it to the others.（2.38）
earthly cares是委婉语，指现实生活和所遭受的病痛
2. Dictating his autobiography late in life, he commented with a crushing sense of despair on men's ： 是death的委婉语
Rhetorical question 修辞疑问句 不需要回答意思就很明确，表强调。
1. Was I not at the scene of the crime?（1。1）
Hyperbole 夸张
1. The Trial That Rocked the World （4.）
2. Now I was involved in a trial reported the world over.（4.2）
3. Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through boyhood and Tom Sawyer's summer of freedom and adventure.
4. Maggie says, showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse for me to know she's there, 形容麻吉身材瘦小
5. She has been like this, , eyes on ground, feet in shuffle, ever since the fire that burned the other house to the ground. 表达麻吉的怯懦和卑微
6. And she stops and tries to 表达麻吉当时紧张不安
7. She put on some sunglasses that hid everything above the tip of her nose and her chin.用整句话夸张，表达麻吉装束怪异。
8. they were bent and blind in the wilderness.用夸张描绘了在暗无天日的森林中，基奥瓦人的视野和身体活动都很受限制
9. the hardest weather in the world is there.
10. The skyline in all directions is close at hand’
11. The sky is immense beyond all comparison
Analogy 类比 将两个本质上不同的事物就其共同点进行比较，通过比喻方法的综合运用说明道理或描述某种复杂情况。
1. Have you ever seen a lame animal, perhaps a dog run over by some careless person rich enough to own a car, sidle up to someone who is ignorant enough to be kind of him? 把麻吉走路的样子和小狗被撞后走路的样子进行比较，用跛腿的小狗来影射麻吉，暗指麻吉的无辜与可怜。
Ridicule: 揶揄1.Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted ...2. mopped his bald dome in silence.
本文来源：https://www.2haoxitong.net/k/doc/655a46a8102de2bd960588b6.html
文档为doc格式