第一节 关于语音的几个概念
1、音素: 构成语音的最小单位。英语音素共有48个。音标是用来表示音素的符号。目前常用的音标是国际音标和kk音标，音标一律放在[ ]或/ /中，以示区别字母。英语中有26个字母，其中5个元音字母(a、e、i、o、u)1个半元音字母y（还可用作辅音字母），辅音字母20个。这些26个字母及其组合分别构成48个音素。音标大体可以分为两类，元音和辅音，其中 20个元音，28个辅音。注意英语单词的拼写与读音往往不一致，同一个字母或字母组合可代表不同的音素，而不同的字母组合却又可代表相同的音素。
2、元音: 发音响亮,是乐音,口腔中气流不受阻碍,发音时声带振动，是音节的主要组成部分.英语中有20个元音：
单元音12个：前元音4个[i:] [i] [e] [æ]
中元音2个[ə:] [ə]
后元音6个[a:] [ʌ] [ɔ:] [ɔ] [u:] [u]
双元音8个，合口双元音5个[ei] [ai] [əu] [au] [ɔi]
集中双元音3个[i ə] [εə] [uə ]
3、辅音: 发音不响亮,是噪音,口腔中气流受到阻碍,分清辅音和浊辅音，清辅音发音时声带不振动，浊辅音发音时声带振动，不是音节的重要组成部分,英语中有28个辅音.清辅音11个，浊辅音17个。
[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [f] [v] [s] [z] [θ] [ð]
[ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ ] [dʒ ] [tr] [dr] [ts] [dz][h] [r]
[l] [m] [n][ŋ] [w] [j]
4、音节: 音节是语言的最小单位，可由元音音素单独构成，也可由元音音素加辅音音素构成，还可由辅音音素中的响音[l]、 [m] 、[n]、 [ŋ ]与前面的辅音音素构成。包含一个音节的词叫单音节词，包含两个音节的词叫双音节词，包含三个或以上音节的词叫多音节词。双音节词和多音节词的音节划分，两个元音之间只有一个辅音，辅音划给后一个音节；如两个元音之间有两个辅音，一个音节划一个辅音。
5、重读音节：在双音节词或多音节词中，读得特别响亮的那个音节叫做重读音节，其他为非重读音节，多音节词有时还有一个次重读音节。单音节词本身就是重读音节。重读音节中的元音后没有辅音字母，或有辅音字母（r除外）加不发音的e，叫重读闭音节。重读音节中的元音后有辅音字母（r除外）且其后没有不发音的e，叫重读闭音节。
6、开音节:
1)辅音+元音+辅音+不发音e kite cake name bike make take home plane shine 2)辅音+元音 he hi go no do be tree three hello
7、闭音节:
1)辅音+元音+辅音 sit bed bad bag hot hop let mad map head
2)元音+辅音 it is of in on up out ant
8、r音节：是以一个元音字母加r构成的重读音节。元音字母在重读r音节中均读长元音，元音字母不按照一般音节的规则读音，读法如下：ar[a:],er、ir、ur[ə:] ，or[ɔ:]。
第二节 26个字母发音规律
a 开音节 /ei/ name cake table 例外 /æ/ have
闭音节 /æ/ apple cat map 例外 /α: / want dance /o/ what watch
b /b/ book big bag box
c /k/ cat cake cup clock car
/s/ face nice pencil books
d /d/ desk doll dog dad
e 开音节 /i:/ he she meet me
闭音节 /e/ elephant egg bed pen
f /f/ fine friend fly foot fan
g /ɡ/ gun glass glad glove
/d / age orange
h /h/ hat he house hand
i 开音节 /ai / fine bike five ice 例外/i/live give /i:/police
闭音节/i/ is sit miss pig picture例外/ai /kind wild
j / d / jeep jam jacket jar
k /k/ kite cake black thank
l /l/ leg left ruler flag lamp
m /m/ am map my mouth milk
n /n/ no know new hand
o 开音节/əu / old home nose coke 例外/∧ /some /u:/ to
闭音节/o/ dog not clock box例外/∧ / son month mother
/əu / both
p /p/ map jeep pig pen apple
q /kw / quite quilt quick
r /r/ red radio brother racket
s /s/ sit miss this smile books
/z/ nose those rose rulers
t /t/ it sit not that table little
u 开音节 /ju: / use usually excuse例外/u:/rule
闭音节/∧ / bus us sun duck
/ u / put pull push例外/u:/truth / i /busy
V /v / five vase very seven
w /w/ we window watch want
x /ks / box six fox
y /ai / my fly why bye 在词中或词尾，无元音
/ i / happy baby very 在词中或词尾，有元音
/ j / yes yellow 在词首
Z / z / zoo zero
第三节 元音和辅音
1 、元音:元音字母的读音取决于位于重读音节还是非重读音节，重读音节中读字母本身音，非重读音节中读短音。元音字母和元音字母或元音字母和辅音字母都可组成字母组合。
前元音4个[i:] [i] [e] [æ]
1）[i:] 发音字母： e he she me(e)
字母组合: ie ee ea
piece receive ceiling (ie,ei)
three tree green sheep meet seek(ee)
eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak
2) [i] 发音字母：e i y
defect decide delicious
sit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig
myth many twenty happy dictionary
3) [e] 发音字母：e a
elephant electric remember sell shell lesson better
any many
字母组合：ea head bread pleasure
4) [æ] 发音字母： a bag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back
中元音2个[ə:] [ə]
5) [ə:] 字母组合： ir er or ur ear
girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird
term her nerd serve
work worm work world
turn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burger
learn earn earth heard
6) [ə] 发音字母：a o e u
around account ago
polite
elephant manta banana Canada Japan china men listen
famulus Saturday
字母组合： ar er or ou
collar dollar together tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington control
teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder
doctor actor mayor author tractor
delicious gracious
pleasure familiar
后元音6个[a:] [ʌ] [ɔ:] [ɔ] [u:] [u]
7) [a:] 发音字母：a fast class last glass plant aunt calm
字母组合：ar car farm card arm garden
8) [ʌ] 发音字母：u o
up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus
come mother dose brother love above
字母组合：oo ou blood flood trouble rough flourish
9) [ɔ:]字母组合：al au ar aw or our
small wall talk tall hall ball call walk
author caught autumn
warm quarrel quarter
draw saw flaw
short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store
four mourn court bought
10) [ɔ] 发音字母： o a
hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not
want wash
11) [u:] 发音字母：o u shoe do two true truth blue full
字母组合： oo food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth
12) [u] 发音字母：o u put full bull pull push woman wolf
字母组合：oo ou look good foot book should could
双元音8个，合口双元音5个[ei] [ai] [əu] [au] [oi]
13) [ei] 发音字母：a name cake late gate plane April
字母组合：ai ay ea ey
rain paint plain play say may way
great break they grey
14) [ai] 发音字母：i y
bike fine find die nine light night high
my try fly eye
15) [əu] 发音字母： o home cold go no phone host ghost
字母组合：oa ow
boat coat goal know low below grow blow show flow
16) [au] 字母组合： ou ow
house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse
flower down now cow how town
17) [ɔi] 字母组合 oi oy
oil soil voice choice boy toy joy
集中双元音3个[i ə] [εə] [uə ]
18) [i ə] 字母组合： eer
beer deer ear idea near here fierce
19) [εə] 字母组合： ear air
pear bear chair air fair care there where
20) [uə ]字母组合：our hour tour poor flower shower
2、容易混淆的元音
[æ] [e]bad bed hand head man men land lend pan pen sad said
[i：] [ei]real rail greet great mean main read raid
[e] [ai]bet bite red write said side head hide
[au] [ɔ:]house horse loud lord south sauce cloud clause now nor [au] [∧]found fond down done gown gone town ton
3、辅音：英语的辅音字母发音较为简单。有的仅有一种读音，有的有两种读音，还有几个有多种读音，如:c、s、t、n。一些辅音字母可以组成字母组合。
1) [p] pen pear play pig pour pull push
2) [b] book big boot bike bread break
3) [t] tree two ten ton town twenty city
4) [d] door dull desk dose do dog dictionary
5) [k] 发音字母k king kite key look cook book kitchen sky
发音字母c card cat cream correct climb come account
发音字母x fox box oxygen x-ray
字母组合ch school schedule schema
6) [g] girl good goal goat grade long language
7) [f] 字母f five fly fine flag frog fog roof knife life wife
字母gh cough laugh rough
字母ph physic photo phone
8) [v] 字母v very evening even every voice vest
字母f of off
9) [s] 字母s six sit student same seat kiss miss case scarf
字母c license city cease cedar ceiling celebrate
字母组合ce licence piece juice science lance space ace
10) [z] zoo zebra zero zap (z)
close nose hose suppose pause those whose (se)
11) [θ] think thank three thirty tooth mouth
12) [ð] that this those these though
13) [ʃ] 字母组合sh sheep shoulder ship shoe she brush wash
字母 t nation attention station
字母c social special
字母s sure
14) [ʒ] pleasure
15) [tʃ] 字母组合ch child chicken china chair lunch ouch teach
字母组合tch catch watch match
16) [dʒ ] age language cabbage vegetable stage bridge
joy enjoy join July June junk
17) [tr] tree country try treat track trunk
18) [dr] dry dream drop drive drink
19) [ts] students boots boats goats nuts
20) [dz] goods woods moods hoods
21) [h] hot hop home house horse how who
22) [r] read red right run room write
23) [l] long land lend lord fly flag black world cold could goal
24) [m] man make moon morning move come comb
25) [n] pen ten nine fine night noon moon clean
26) [ŋ] uncle bank English think thank junk
sing king morning evening
27) [w] when what where window wind wood
28) [j] yes year yell you your yolk yellow
4、容易混淆的辅音
[v] [w]
vest west vet wet vine wine very well
[s] [θ]
sink think mass math miss myth sort sought
[z] [ð ]
close cloth breeze breathe
[n] [ŋ]
thin thing sin sing ran rang ban bang win wing
5、字母，组合音节发音规律
1）a [ei] [æ] [ɔ:] [a:] [ɔ]
late private grade bake grape nation station page
active hand bank fan parent family glad flag
accept about above formative machine cinema
fast last glass class past father
wash what watch want
2）e [i:] [e] [i] [ə] 不发音
appreciate extremely secret she me he
letter left message generate pebble
decide pretty previous result restore
problem prosperous student confident
active table late wife store lecture
3）i [ai] [i]
high price library ice cream wife size line
fist pick chicken piano fiancｅ city unit
4）o [əu] [u:] [ʌ] [ə] [ɔ]
lode host cold note okay old home
lose do who whose prove
love some other mother honey company
today tomorrow together control collect
lost hot mock office soft honest
5）u [ju:] [u] [ʌ] [ə]
university refuse unique universe huge
put push pull full bull
but brush bucket duck bubble
support suggest
6）c [k] [s]
country camp camera courage cable
city ceiling celebrate cell cease
7）g [g] [dʒ ] [nŋ]
girl grade glass glade bag flag
village vegetable bridge gentleman gym
long song sing morning evening
8) l [l] 读音不同
listen learn language collect English gorilla
world cold soil tall sell cool animal
9) n [n] [ŋ ]
moon night noodle number
uncle hungry angry young
10) r [r] [ ](美语发音)
right read write grade progress
card board door floor form north
11）y [j] [i] [ai]
yellow year yell young yolk
university country pretty happy
dyke dying fly buy by my
12）ar [a:] [ə] [ɔ: ]
farm card garden mark
dollar
warm quarrel quarter
13) er [ə:] [ə ] [iə]
deserve serve her person
teacher driver anger singer
serious experience mysterious fierce
14) ir [ə: ] [ai]
shirt girl skirt
admire desire
15）or [ə:] [ɔ: ] [ə]
short form corn born for
work world worm word worst
tractor doctor actor sector senior senator
16）ea [i:] [e] [ei] [iə ]
cease season breathe feature meat please
bread breast breath meadow weather
great break
idea realize
17）ear [ə:] [iə]
learn earth earn heard
hear near clear ear fear
18） ere [iə] [εə]
here mere fere sere there
19) oo [u:] [u] [ʌ] [ɔ:]
room tool cool moon noon goof food
good foot stood wood wool cook wood book
blood flood
20) oor [ɔ:] [uə ]
door floor
moor poor boor
21) our [uə ] [ɔ:]
hour tour flour bourn lour
pour court four mourn
22) ou [au] [ʌ ] [iə ]
house mouth mouse sound found
enough trouble touch
delicious gracious prosperous
23) ow [əu ] [au]
window meadow know show low
now town how down cow
24) se [z] [s]
nose suppose gose lose pose rose
mouse house
25) th [θ] [ð ]
thank think thought cloth
clothes that this then than
26) sion [ʃ] [ ]
propulsion tension progression passion
protrusion provision conclusion television
27) tion [ʃən] [tʃən ](不常见)
station nation translation attention
question
第四节 字母组合发音
一、元音组合：元音字母可以互相组合构成字母组合，也可与辅音字母组合构成字母组合。
a
al / ɔ: / tall small ball 例外/ ɔ /also
/α: / half
au / ɔ: / cause 例外/α: / aunt
augh / ɔ: / taught 例外/α: f / laugh
aw / ɔ: / drawn
ai /ei/ wait paint 例外/e/ said
ay /ei/ may play day say 例外/e/ says
air /εə / air hair chair
e
ea /i:/ meat please tea read 例外/ei/ great
/e/ head bread ready
/ iə / theater idea
ear / iə / ear hear near例外/α: / heart
/ εə / bear
/ ə: / earth
ee /i:/ meet see bee feet jeep
eer /i ə / deer
ei /i:/ seize 例外/ai /either
eigh /ei/ weigh 例外/ai / heigh
ey /ei/ they 例外/i:/ key
eir / εə / their
ew /ju: / new few
/u: / flew grew
ere /i ə / here
/εə / where there
i(y)
ie /i:/piece quiet 例外/e/ friend
ia diary
io lion
ig /ai / sign
igh(t) /ai / right high bright
0
oo /u/ book foot good
/u:/ moon balloon 例外/ ʌ / flood
oor / ɔ: / door floor
oa /əu / boat coat 例外/o: /broad
oar / ɔ: / board
ou / au / out house mouth 例外/u:/ you
/ ʌ / touch /əu / soul
ough / ɔ: / fought /əu /though ough
oul /u/ should 例外 shoulder
our / ɔ: / four your
/uə / our
ong /o ŋ / long song
oi / ɔ i/ boil
oy / ɔ i/ boy toy
ow / əu / owl window
/au / now cow flower
ore / ɔ:/ more store sore
-r音节
ar /α: / farther farm car arm /o: /warn 非重读 / ə /dollar
or / ɔ: / short fork port /ə: / word world work
非重读 / ə / sailor
er / ə: / her 非重读 / ə / work teacher
ir( iy) /ə: / bird girl shirt thirty 非重读/ ə / martyr(烈士)
ur / ə: / turn 非重读 iy / ə /surprise
-re音节
are ore ere ire( yre) ure
二、辅音组合：
Th /θ/ thank mouth
/ ð / this that with
tr /tr/ tree train truck
dr /dr/ dress driver
sh /∫/ shirt wash short
ch /t∫/ child chair catch
/ k / school Christmas
/ dʒ / sandwich
tw /tw/ two twin twenty
wh /w/ white wheel what
/h/ who whose whom
ts /ts/ jackets kites
ds /dz/ birds
第五节 下面介绍一个很有用的发音组合就是
1．c:这个字母大家很熟悉，它在单词中大多发/k/和/s/两种音，在这里我要说c字母在字母e, i，y前读做/s/ (cent, city, cycle), 其他字母前读做/k/(cut, cap, cop).的是，c这个字母在a,o.u的前面多发/k/，
2．g:字母e, i, y之前的字母g可以读作/j/(page, giant, gym), 其中字母e, i之前的g也可以不读作/j/，应为/g/ (get, girl, give); 其它字母之前的g读做/g/(gate, go, gust).
3．元音a, e, o, u在音节结尾(开音节)一般读做字母音(长音a, e, o, u), 有助于学生正确划分并拼读，元音字母+辅音字母+元音字母的不熟悉单词(re port…rather than rep ort).
4．字母i和y经常读做/i/(big, gym), 但是也可读做I(silent, my, type).
5．一个英语单词用字母y而不是i的结尾(my, by).
6．q：字母q总是与u在一起，读做/kw/, 此处u不作元音.
7．m: 这个字母多发两个音，由于音标是一样的，所以在这里没法对两个读音作区分，那么在这里只需记住一个单词就可以清楚的了解在什么情况下m这个字母发何种音，这个单词就是mum，很简单，m在元音前和在元音后所发的音是不一样的。
8．x:这个字母跟f,l,m,n,s,z一样同属限音/e/一族，什么叫限音/e/呢，就是这些字母的读音都含有/e/,限音的意思就是这些字母在组成单词的时候，发音要去掉/e/，比如x这个字母的发音是/eks/，那么在它组合单词的时候，发间就变成了/ks/。同样的，其它几个限音/e/一族也遵循着这个规律。（当然有时会有浊化音的产生，比如说s的读音为/es/，在单词中有时会读成/s/，有时则会浊化为/z/）。
9．y: 这个字母号称半元音。它在组合单词的时候一共有三种发音，分别是/j/,/ai/,/i/。当y在词首的时候，它发/j/，如yes,yard,yet等。当y存在于词中和词尾的时候又分为两种情况：1、当单词中没有元音的时候，y发/ai/，如my,fly.2、在单词中已经含有元音的时候，y发音为/i/,如family,sorry.
ar: 这个是比较常见的字母组合，它在单词中通常都发音为/a:/,如,car,pardon.
10．元音+辅音+不发音的e。这个规则的意思有两点：1、当一个组合是由元音+辅音+字母e组合的时候，那么这个字母e在其中不发音。2、在这个组合中，元音字母通常都读字母的本身音。如:use,excuse等。
有五种情况末尾的字母e不发音.(如me, she, 和 he的短单词末尾的字母e读做e, 较长的单词末尾的e不发音)尾字母e不发音应该被认为是”having a job” (承担一项工作)
10.1 bake gene time/type code cute 使他前面的元音字母发字母音..
10.2 love give blue true 使我们不要以一个v和一个u结束一个单词.
10.3 chance bodice charge allege 使g和c读软音/j/和/s/.
10.4 lit tle cas tle bot tle dab ble fid dle 避免一个音节没有一个元音字母.
10.5 are nurse raise bye ewe owe cause 这一条被Spalding女士叫做无工作尾字母e; Sanseri女士叫做老工作尾字母e, 并说前四条之外的不发音尾字母e都叫做老工作尾字母e.
10.5.1 使一个不是复数形式的单词不要以s结尾(dense而不是dens, purse不是purs, false 不是 fals).
10.5.2 加长短的主意词(main-idea), 如awe, ewe, rye
10.5.3 区分同音异形词的含义. 如or/ore for/fore.
10.5.4 中英语和外来语中(那里的尾字母e是要发音的)留下来的, 现在不发音. 如treatise giraffe
11.有五种字母组合发[ə:]的音/, 记住下面的句子.
Her nurse first works early. 这个句子是按英语用法中的降序排列的.
另外,or在w后业可以发/ɔ:/的音. 还要记住有些词尾的ar和or也发/ ə/的音.如dollar, doctor.
12.1-1-1规则: 单音节单词中, 结尾是单元音加单个辅音的, 在添加以元音开始的词尾变化时, 需要将末尾的辅音字母再写一次再加词尾变化.(如hop---hop ped). 但是词尾是x除外, 因为它由两个音/ks/.
13.2-1-1规则: 双音节词中, 结尾是单元音加单个辅音的, 在添加以元音开始的词尾变化时, 需要将末尾的辅音字母再写一次再加词尾变化(be gin--- be gin + ning). 第二个音节不重读的不能双写末尾辅音字母(en ter, prof it, bud get).
14.去e规则, 以不发音的e结尾的单词在添加以元音开始的词尾变化是需要去掉末尾不发音的e.(come----coming)
15.是ie还是ei? 一般情况下, 应该是ie, 但是1) c之后用ei; 2)发字母a的音时, 用ei(neighbor, weigh, vein). 还有下面的例外情形Neither foreign sovereign seized counterfeit forfeited leisure. Plus: either weird protein heifer:
16.音素sh用在一个基本词的开头或是结尾(she, dish), 还用在一个音节的结尾(fin ish), 但绝对不会在后一个音节的开头, 除非是以ship结尾(wor ship, friend ship).
17.音素si, ti, ci最常用在一个基本词的第二及以后的开头, 发音/sh/. 常常可以通过考察词根和根词来确定发/sh/时用什么样的音素.比如
infect to in fec tious / collect to col lec tion / potent to po ten tial
music to mu si cian / space to spa cious / finance to fi nan cial
soci (companion) to so cial / ancien (old) to an cient
cruc (cross) to cru cial / speci (kind) to spe cial
18.音素si在前一个音节以s结尾时(ses sion)发/sh/, 一个基本词经过词尾变化后只有一个s(tense---tension), 其中的音素si发/sh/.
discuss to dis cus sion / compress to com pres sion / admis to ad mis sion
19.音素si可以发/zh/, 如vi sion, di vi sion, oc ca sion, ex plo sion.
20.只有一个元音的单音节词,常常双写词尾的l, s, f. 比如will, off, miss. 有时双音节词也用到这条规则, 如re cess
21.词尾为长音a时, 常用ay在词尾而不是a. (bay, day, decay)
22.元音i和o后面有两个辅音时,常发长音. (find, old)
23. s从不在x后, 音素x包含一个/s/音, /ks/.
24.去L规则1: all单独出现有两个l, 但在前缀中只有一个l.(al most, al so, al though).
25.去L规则2: till和full单独出现有两个l, 作后缀只有一个l. (un til, plen ti ful).
26.音素dge只用在单元音后面,而且这个元音发短音(badge, edge, bridge, lodge, budge).
27.Y变I规则: 进行词尾变化时, 词尾是一个辅音字母+y, 要变y为i. 下列两种情况驻外(1)加-ing, (2)变后会引起音节分裂.
city/cit ies beauty/beau ti ful play/player funny/fun ni est
multiply/mul ti ply ing rely/re li able cry/cried deny/denied
28.音素ck只用在单元音后, 而且这个元音发短音(back, neck, lick, rock, duck).
29.字母开头的z永远发/z/, 不会发/s/.
30.音素ed有三个音, 基本词以/t/和/d/音结尾, ed发/ed/(divide---divided, heat---heated); 基本词以浊辅音结尾的, ed发/d/( lived), 以清辅音结尾的发/t/(stopped)
31.单词常常(always)在双辅音间分音节[但要注意不要把辅音字母组合分开(如ma the ma tic)], 重读音节的辅音才发音, 非重读音节的辅音不发音lit tle.
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