专业文章翻译

发布时间：2015-04-07 16:28:11 来源：文档文库

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专业英语作业

Factors considered in calculating the expected flow through a culvert opening include size, length, and shape of the opening, roughness of the walls, shape of the entrance and downstream end of the conduit, maximum allowable height of water at the entrance, and water level at the outlet.

我们在计算通过涵洞出口处的预期流量时考虑到了下面这些因素：包括涵洞的大小，长度，出口的形状，墙壁的粗糙程度，入口和下游管道的形状，入口处所允许水流的最大高度和出口处的水流高度。

Rest facilities. Much engineering and construction work has been done to provide rest stops along major expressway routes, especially the national system of interstate highways. These facilities must be carefully located in forested areas to permitted easy and safe exit and return access to the highway. Many units have been built as scenic locations in forested areas to permit picnic grounds and walkways through the forest. These rest areas are especially beneficial to those drivers traveling long distances with few stops.

其他设施。在高速公路主要路线沿线有很多工程和建筑工作已经完成作为休息站,特别是国家州际公路系统。这些设施必须合理的设置在在森林地区使得车辆容易和安全退出并返回进入高速公路。许多单位都将景点建立在森林地区允许野餐场地和人行道穿过森林。这些休息场所尤其有利于那些长途旅行几乎没有停下来休息过的司机。

Noise barriers. The control and reduction of noise along busy routes, especially expressways, has become an important part of highway engineering. In many communities high walls have been built along either side of the expressway. Such walls can be costly to construct, but can prove very beneficial. Barriers can reduce overall noise levels by over 50％.

噪音的障碍。控制和减少噪声在繁忙的路线上,特别是高速公路,已成为公路工程的一个重要组成部分。在许多高速公路两边的社区都建造了高墙。这样的墙壁造价很高,但是证明应对噪音非常有益的。障碍可以减少整体噪声的50%以上。

Construction operations. Although much engineering and planning must be done preliminary to it, the actual construction is normally the costliest part of making highway and street improvements.

施工操作。虽然工程项目会在前期进行初步的计划和准备,但是实际上建筑通常是改善公路和街道的工作中最昂贵的一部分。

Staking out. With the award of a construction contract following the preparation of the detailed plans and specifications, engineers go onto the site and lay out the project. As part of this staking out, limits of earthwork are shown, location of drainage structures indicated, and profiles established.

打桩放样。在建筑包工合同被授予之后就是准备详细的计划方案和说明书，然后工程师进入现场对项目进行放样。作为放样的一部分,土方工程的范围要给出来,标明排水构筑物的位置,然后档案建立。

Compaction. Heavy rollers are used to compact the soil or subgrade below the roadway in order to eliminate later settlement. Pneumatic-tired rollers and sheepsfoot rollers(steel cylinders equipped with numerous short steel teeth or feet)are often employed for this operation. Vibratory rollers have been developed and used on some projects in recent years. One type vibrates up to 3400 times／min, compacting the underlying material to an appreciable depth.

压实。用各种重型辊碾压土壤或路基下面巷道为了减小后期的沉降量。Pneumatic-tired和sheepsfoot型压路机通常用于此操作。近些年来振动压路机得到了发展并且被使用在一些工程项目上。一种类型的振动压路机每分钟上下震动3400次,可以将底层的土壤压实到非常可观的程度。

Maintenance and operation. Highway maintenance consists of the repair and upkeep of surfacing and shoulders, bridges and drainage facilities, signs, traffic control devices, guard rails, traffic striping on the pavement, retaining walls, and side slopes. Additional operations include ice control and snow removal. Because it is valuable to know why some highway designs give better performance and prove less costly to maintain than others, engineers supervising maintenance can offer valuable guidance to design engineers. Consequently, maintenance and operation are important parts of highway engineering.

维护和操作。公路维护主要是维修和养护路边结构包括,路肩，桥梁、排水设施、标志、交通控制设备,栏杆,刷斑马线，挡土墙，边坡。额外的操作包括控制和及时移除路面上的冰雪。因为它对知道为什么一些高速公路设计提供更好的性能而且比别的设计具有更低的维修成本是有价值的,监督维护工程师能提供有价值的指导建议给设计工程师。因此,维护和操作是公路工程的重要组成部分。