20100810 现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时

现在完成时

现在完成时由“助动词have/has+过去分词”构成。现在完成时的用法如下：

1、表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，通常使用不具有延续意义的动词，arrive, become, begin, break等。这种用法可带有迄今意义的时间状语，如up to now, so far, already, not...yet等。也可带有包括现在时间在内的时间状语，如now, recently, in the past few years, just等。

I have already posted the photoes.我已经把照片寄出了。

I have just finished my work.我刚刚完成工作。

2、表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，也许还将继续下去。这种用法通常用于具有延续意义的动词，如live, stay, work等，并带有表示时间段的状语或迄今意义的时间的状语，如for, since等。

They have lived in Beijing since 2002.他们自从2002年以来就住在北京。

My brother has been ill for two days. 我弟弟病了两天了。

注意：表示短暂的动作动词或状态动词不能用于这种用法，如arrive, come, go, leave等。如，不能说：She has come to our school for 2 years.

3、表示到现在为止的一段时间内重复发生的动作。常与often, always 等连用。

He has been late for class every morning this week.这个星期他每天早晨都迟到。

My father has always gone to work by bike.我爸爸一向骑车上班。

4、用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作。

He will be back before I have finished my work.我完成工作之前他会回来的。

Don’t get off the bus before it has stopped.车未停稳请勿下车。

5、用在“It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that从句”中

在这种从句中，当主句动词为is/will be时，that-从句的动词用现在完成时，that 可以省略。主句中的主语还可用this, this evening等; 这种结构中的first也可用其他序数词；time也可由其他名词替代。

This is the first time I have been here.这是我第一次来这里。

It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.这将是我第一次当众讲话。

6、 “It (This)is the best( worst, most interesting等) + 名词+从句”结构中的从句要求用现在完成时

This is the best film I’ve ever seen.这是我所看过得最好的一部电影。

This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.这是他写得最好的一部小说。

7、现在完成时可以表示反问的语气（与when连用）或感情色彩

- Who is Jerry Cooper? 杰利·库珀是谁呀？
- Haven't you met him yet? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting. 你还没见过他？我看见你和他在开会时握手了。

Now you’ve done it.你这下可闯祸了。

When have I been treated like this?我什么时候吃这一套？

8、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别

现在完成时与一般过去时都表示完成的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in1990等。而一般过去时则表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。

I have seen the film.我看过这部电影。（我了解这部电影的内容）

I saw the film last week.我上星期看了这个电影。（只说明上星期看了这个电影，不涉及现在的情况）

He has lived here since 1972.1972年以来他一直住在这里。（他现在还住在这里）

He lived here in 1972.1972年他们住在这里。（不涉及到现在是否还住在这里）

9、使用现在完成时应注意的几点

（1）现在完成时不能和明确表示过去的时间状语(如yesterday, last week, in 1976, two days ago, just now等)连用，但可以和下列不确定的时间状语连用，如never, ever, always, yet, already, before, just, lately, so far, recently等。

She has already come.她已经来了。

I have met him before.我以前曾见过他。

So far , no man has travelled farther than the moon.至今尚未有人到过比月球更远的地方。

（2）现在完成时还可以和表示从过去某时刻延续到现在 (包括现在在内)的时间状语连用。如today，this year，these days，this morning等。

It has been hot this summer. 今年夏天一直很热。(说话时仍是夏天)

I have written two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。(说话时仍是上午)

（3）表示短暂意义的动词，如open，go，come，die，leave，arrive，begin， return，stop等，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。如要表达"他离开这儿已经3年了"这一意思时，不能说" He has left here for three years. "而要把其中的动词换为延续性动词或用其他表达法。如上句可用下列方式表达:

He has been away from here for three years.

He left here three years ago.

It is three years since he left here.

（4）have/has been to表示到过某个地方，而have/has gone to表示已经去了某处。

He has been to the Great Wall.他到过长城。(现在他已不在长城)

He has gone to the Great Wall.他去长城了。(现在他不在此地)

过去完成时

过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成。用法如下：

1、过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before，after，until等引导的从句或通过上下文表示。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.12岁时，爱迪生就开始自己谋生。

When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。

2、表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去的动作，常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。

The news came as no surprise to me. I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down. 听到这个消息我并不感到吃惊。工厂要倒闭这件事我早就知道了。

By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years.到我毕业时，他已经教那个班三年了。

3、用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句或as if从句中表示与过去事实相反

If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你，他就会问你这件事了。

Had I known that you wanted the book , I would have sent it.如果我知道你要这本书，我会送来的。

4、放在像said，told，asked，thought，wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。

My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告诉我，他已通过了考试。

He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before.他问我头一天晚上是否看过那部电影。

She wondered who had left the door open.她想知道谁让门敞着的。

5、用在 "It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中，that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。

This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years. 这是39年里他们第一次见面。

It was the first time we had spoken together. 这是我们第一次在一起说话。

6、intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时，表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜。

I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来昨天打算要去看你，但我来了个不速之客。

We had meant to tell her the news but found that she wasn’t in.我们本想把这个消息告诉她的，但发现她不在家。

7、过去完成时常用结构有“hardly, scarcely, barely … when, no sooner… than等副词的句子里。

She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他刚睡下铃就响了。

No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他们刚刚离开大楼，一颗炸弹就爆炸了。

现在完成进行时

现在完成进行时由“助动词have/hasbeen+ -ing形式”构成。用法如下：

（1）现在完成进行时表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去的动作。常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。

-Hi, Tracy, you look tired. 你好，特蕾西！你看上去很疲劳。

-I am tired. I have been painting the living room all day.我很累。我刷了一整天房子。

They have been living here for 10 years. 他们住在这里十年了。

（2）表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时候刚结束。

I have been waiting you for about one hour.我等你大约一个小时了。(说话时"等"的动作刚结束)

She has been working all night long.她工作了一夜。

（3）表示重复（只断断续续，而非一直不停）

We’ve been discussing the matter several times this year.我们今年已数次讨论那件事。

I have been saying goodbye to some friends today.我今天同好几个朋友告了别。

（4）现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较

A. 现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成，或者在过去曾经发生过的动作；现在完成时往往表示仍将继续下去的动作。

I have written an article.我写了一篇文章。（已完成）

I have been writing an article.我一直在写一篇文章。（还在写）

B.当现在完成进行时表示刚刚结束时，现在完成时强调动作的结果，现在完成进行时则强调动作在不久以前持续进行的情景，并带有感色彩。

Now we have cleaned the room; we can move the things in .现在房子打扫好了，我们可以往里搬东西了。（强调打扫完了的结果）

—You look so tired. What have you been doing?你看起来很累，你干什么了？

—I've been playing football.我踢足球了。（强调不久前踢球的情景）

过去完成进行时

过去完成进行时主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作。过去完成进行时由“助动词had+ been+ v-ing”构成。

（1）过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去这一时间。这一动作可能己经停止也可能还在进行。

She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.她告诉我她己经学习法语5年了。（仍继续）

She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.她告诉我她己经等我一个钟头了。（不再继续）

He had been studying English before entering the college.他在上大学之前一直在学英语。

（2）表示反复的动作、企图、情绪、最近的情况

You had been giving me everything.你对我真是有求必应。（感激）

I had been studying the meaning of the poem.我一直在研究这首诗。（我还没懂）

1． All the furniture in the building _______ to the company not to his own.

A. is belonged B belongs C. belong D are belonged

2. When I was at college I _______ three foreign languages, but I _______ all except a few words of each.

A. spoke, had forgotten B spoke, have forgotten C had spoken, had forgotten D had spoken, have forgotten

3. -----We would have walked to the station. It was so near.

----- Yes, a taxi _______ at all necessary.

A wasn’t B hadn’t been C wouldn’t be D won’t be

4. I don’t really work here. I _______ until the new secretary arrives.

A just help out B have just helped out C am just helping out D will just help out

5. He _______ his leg when he _______ in a football match.

A broke, played B was breaking, was playing C broke, was playing D was breaking, played

6. The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she _______.

A will arrive B arrives C is going to arrive D is arriving

7. As she _______ newspaper, Granny _______ asleep.

A read, was falling B was reading, fell C was reading , was falling D read, fall

8. ---Do you like the material?

---Yes, it _______ very soft.

A is feeling B felt C feels D is felt

9. ---Come on in, Tom. I want to show you something.

--- Oh, how nice of you! I _______ you _______ to bring me a gift.

A never think, are going B never thought, were going C didn’t think , were going

D hadn’t thought , were going

10. ----You’ve agreed to go, so why aren’t you getting ready?

----But I _______ that you _______ us to start at once.

A don’t realize, want B don’t realize, wanted C haven’t realized, want D didn’t realize, wanted

11. The house is dirty. We _______it for weeks.

A didn’t clean B hadn’t cleaned C don’t clean D haven’t cleaned

12. -----_______ the sports meet might be put off.

---- Yes, it all depends on the weather.

A I’ve been told B I’ve told C I’m told D I told

13. ---- I’m sorry to keep you waiting.

----Oh, not at all. I _______ here only a few minutes.

A have been B had been C was D will be

14. You don’t need to describe her. I _______ her several times.

A. had met B have met C met D meet

15. The cost of living _______ by ten percent before the government took any action.

A was going B went up C had gone up D has gone up

16. By the time new pupil _______ enough courage to raise his hand , the bell for the end of the lesson _______.

A had gathered ; was already ringing B was gathering ; had already rung

C gathered ; already rang D would gather ; would already have rung

17. -----Did you go to Beijing for vacation ?

-----I _______ to go , but I got sick at the last minute.

A was planning B have planned C had been planning D have been planning

18. ------When will they leave ?

------They _______ very soon .

A do leave B are leaving C have left D leave

19. ------Was he studying for an exam ?

------Yes , he's _______ it next week.

A doing B to take C making D to give

20. ------Are there going to be many people at your party today ?

------We hope that _______.

A there will be B there are going C there are D there going to be

21. She must have arrived there last night , _______ she ?

A didn't B haven't C needn't D mustn't

22. _______ the letter , I ran out of the room to the post office.

A Since I have finished writing B No sooner than I had finished writing

C As soon as I finished writing D After I have finished

23. Twelve inches _______ one foot.

A will make B is making C makes D make

24. I _______ going to London next month.

A have thought of B shall think of C am thinking of D will think of

25. He _______ English for six years by the time he takes his examination.

A has studied B studied C will have been studying D had been studying

26. By this time next year he _______ from this college.

A is graduating B will have graduated C should be graduation D will be graduation

27. _______ the school when the bell rang.

A I hardly had reached B Hardly had I reached C I hardly reached D Hardly did I reach

28. He promised us that he _______ early but he _______yet.

A would be; hasn't arrived B is ; hasn't been arriving C should be ; isn't arriving

D will be ; hadn't arrived

29. The teacher told the pupils that the earth _______ round.

A is B would C was D were

30. The moment they met , they knew that _______ .

A they would have friendliness B they would be friends

C friendship they would have D friendship would happen

31. We _______ the problem for quite some time , but we _______ any conclusion yet.

A had discussed ; haven't reached B discussed ; haven't reached

C have discussed ; haven't been reaching D have been discussing ,haven't reached

32. It wasn't until two o'clock that I _______ to sleep.

A would go B went C was going D had gone

33. ------Where _______ my book ? I can't see it anywhere.

------ I _______ it on this table . But now it's gone .

A were you putting ; have put B had you put ; was putting

C have you put ; put D did you put ; have put

34. Perhaps it will be a long time _______ from abroad.

A that Tom comes back B before Tom comes back

C when Tom will come back D when Tom comes back

35. If the film _______ is our school , we'll go and see it .

A is to be shown B was shown C is shown D will be shown

36. -----How _______ on with your English these days .

-----Not bad.

A have you been getting B are you getting C did you get D have you got

37. -----What _______ when I phoned you this morning?

------I _______ my homework and was starting to take a boat.

A are you doing , have just finished B were you doing , had just finished

C had you done , just finished D did you do , just finished

38. I _______ such an interesting book before.

A was never reading B will never read C had never read D have never read

39. _______ that the earth was the centre of the universe.

A People were believing B It was once believed

C People were once believed D People were said

40. Two of the boys _______ while playing football.

A had been hurt B got hurt C were hurting D hurt

41. Prices _______ sharply in the past few years.

A have raised B have been raised C have been risen D have risen

42. The number of the students in our school _______ 1200.

A is added up to B has been added up to C adds up to D have added up to

43. What he said at the meeting _______ true .

A was proved B proved C is proved D proves

44. How long do you think the meeting ______

A is lasting B is lasted C will last D lasts

45. The May 4th movement ______ in 1919.

A had taken place B was taking place C was taken place D took place

46. These kinds of shoes ______ well.

A were not sold B won't be sold C are not sold D don't sell

47. On returning home , I found I ______ umbrella in the office.

A had left B have left C left D would leave

48. Once you ______ a promise , you must carry it out.

A have made B had made C made D is making

49. She ______ Charles for a year.

A has been married to B has got married to C married with D married

50. The singer lived in California until he ______ to university.

A had sent B was sending C had been sent D was sent

KEY (答案):

1------10: B B A C C ; B B C B D

11----20: D A A B C ; A D C B B

21----30: A C C C C ; B B A A B

31----40: D B C B C ; B B D B B

41----50: C D B C D ; D A A A D

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