岳麓书院历史沿革
岳麓书院是中国最古老的书院之一,北宋开宝九年(公元976年)创办，历经宋、元、明、清各个朝代，迨及晚清(1903年)改为湖南高等学堂，相继改为湖南高等师范学校，1926年定名湖南大学，历史已逾千年。由古老的书院到湖南大学，一脉相承，弦歌不绝，被当世学者誉为罕见的“千年学府”。
As one of the four most prestigious academies over the last 1000 years in China, Yuelu Academy has been a famous institution of higher learning as well as a centre of academic activities and cultures since it was formally set up in the ninth year of the Kai Bao Reign of the Northern Song Dynasty (976). Yuelu Academy, surviving the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, was converted into Hunan Institute of Higher Learning in 1903, and Hunan Normal College, Hunan Public Polytechnic School in succession, and was finally named Hunan University in 1926. The Academy has witnessed a history of more than one thousand years without a break, so it is called a “one-thousand-year-old academy”. The historical transformation from Yuelu Academy to Hunan University is an epitome of the development of China’s higher education, which mirrors the vicissitudes of China’s education system.
岳麓书院开放时间：
7:30----18:00 （5月1日至10月31日）
8:00----17:30 （11月1日至4月30日）
门票：￥30元
义务讲解时间：9:00----10:00 15:00----16:00 义务讲解每天3场
编钟免费演奏时间：9:00----9:20 15:00----15:20
院内还设有书店、纪念品商店、茶座等。
Open Hours:
7:30- 18:00 (May 1- October 31)
8:00- 17:30 (November 1- April 30)
Cost: ￥30
Guide: 9:00- 10:00 & 15:00- 16:00 (3 times everyday)
Carillon Show(FREE!)：9:00- 9:20 & 15:00- 15:20
岳麓书院是中国古代四大书院之一，历史上著名的高等学府及学术文化中心。岳麓书院自北宋开宝九年（976）正式创立以来，历经宋、元、明、清各代，至清光绪二十九年（公元1903年）改为湖南高等学堂，尔后相继改为湖南高等师范学校、湖南公立工业专门学校，1926年正式定名湖南大学。历时千年，弦歌不绝，故世称“千年学府”。从岳麓书院至湖南大学的千年办学历史，反映了中国教育制度的变迁，是我国高等教育发展史的一个缩影。
As one of the four most prestigious academies over the last 1000 years in China, Yuelu Academy has been a famous institution of higher learning as well as a centre of academic activities and cultures since it was formally set up in the ninth year of the Kai Bao Reign of the Northern Song Dynasty (976). Yuelu Academy, surviving the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, was converted into Hunan Institute of Higher Learning in 1903, and Hunan Normal College, Hunan Public Polytechnic School in succession, and was finally named Hunan University in 1926. The Academy has witnessed a history of more than one thousand years without a break, so it is called a “one-thousand-year-old academy”. The historical transformation from Yuelu Academy to Hunan University is an epitome of the development of China’s higher education, which mirrors the vicissitudes of China’s education system.
岳麓书院创立伊始，即以其办学和传播学术文化而闻名于世。北宋真宗皇帝召见山长周式，颁书赐额，岳麓之名始闻于天下，有“潇湘洙泗”之誉。南宋张栻主教，理学史上颇负盛名的“湖湘学派”即发展于此；朱熹两度讲学，书院盛极一时，出现了“座不能容”、“饮马池水立涸”的盛况。其后，明代中叶的阳明学、明末的东林学、清乾嘉时期的汉学及晚清的新学，都曾在此得以传习和交流。岳麓书院的学术与教育，对湖湘文化传统的形成和发展产生了深刻的影响。
Shortly after its establishment, Yuelu Academy was known throughout the whole of China for its style of school management and its role in the dissemination of academic learning. When Emperor Zhenzong of the Northern Song Dynasty summoned the dean, Zhou Shi, to an interview, and conferred upon the Academy his Majesty’s inscription, Yuelu Academy vaulted into great fame, and enjoyed the reputation “xiao xiang zhu si”, meaning it was a place in Hunan where great scholars assembled. It is right here that the renowned “Huxiang School of Learning” in the history of the li philosophy (the philosophy of principle) began to gain currency when Zhang Shi lectured in the Academy in the Northern Song Dynasty. And when Zhu Xi came here twice to give lectures, so popular were the lectures that ? there were too many visitors for the Academy to seat, and the water in the Yinma Pond (the Horse-Watering Pond) was drained by their horses. Later on, the Academy saw other learning and ideas promulgated and exchanged such as the Yangming School in the midst of the Ming Dynasty, the Donglin School in the last years of the Ming dynasty, the Han School of the Qian Long and the Jia Qing Reigns (1736-1821) and the New Learning of the last years of the Qing Dynasty. The academic learning and education system of Yuelu Academy have had a far-reaching impact on the formation and development of Hunan’s cultural tradition.
今日的湖南大学已发展成为一所理、工、农、商的多学科协调发展的综合性大学。修复后的岳麓书院，被列为全国重点文物保护单位，仍担负着学术研究和培养人才的重任。千年学府正在续写新的历史篇章。
Today, Hunan University has grown into a comprehensive university with a balanced development of various disciplines. It focuses on engineering subjects, but also has a solid foundation in science subjects. Its liberal arts are grounded in a unique culture, and the economics courses have characteristics of their own, too. Yuelu Academy, which has undergone restorations, has been listed as a key historical site under the state protection. It still shoulders the responsibility of conducting academic researches and training professionals. A new chapter of the history of the one-thousand-year-old academy is being written.
岳麓自古就是文化名山。西晋以前为道士活动据点。曾建万寿宫、崇真观等。西晋泰始四年（268年）麓山寺创立。东晋陶侃曾建杉庵读书于此。六朝建道林寺。唐代马燧建“道林精舍”。唐末五代智璇等二僧建屋办学，形成书院的雏形。北宋开宝九年（公元976年），潭州太守朱洞因袭扩建，创立岳麓书院；大中祥符八年（公元1015年），宋真宗召见山长周式，赐“岳麓书院”额，岳麓书院遂为全国四大书院之一。南宋时期张栻主教，湖湘学派发展到最盛；乾道三年（公元1167年），朱熹来访，与张栻论学，开书院会讲之先河，由此形成以朱张之学为正宗的学术传统。元承宋制，书院办学继续发展，规制日趋完备。但因元末战乱，书院毁于战火。 Yuelu Hill has been a famed cultural hill from time immemorial. It was frequented by Taoists before the Western Jin Dynasty (265-317). At one time, the Wanshou Temple and the Chongzhen Temple were built here on the hill. The Lushan Temple was set up in 268. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-420), Tao Kan built a hut, named Shan'an Cottage, and studied here. In the Six Dynasties period (the 3rd-6th Century AD), the Daolin Temple was built up, and in the Tang Dynasty (618-907), Ma Sui had his study, Daolin Cottage, built here. When Zhi and Rui, two monks, built houses and ran a school here in the Five Dynasties period (907-960) at the end of the Tang Dynasty, Yuelu Academy began to take shape. In 976, Zhu Dong, Prefect of Tanzhou, expanded the houses in the original place and set up Yuelu Academy. |
自明宣德始，经地方官员陈钢、杨茂元、王韬、吴世忠等多次修复扩建，岳麓书院主体建筑第一次集中在中轴线上，主轴线前延至湘江西岸，后延至岳麓山巅，配以亭台牌坊，于轴线一侧建立文庙，形成了书院历史上亭台相济、楼阁相望、山水相融的壮丽景观。书院的讲学、藏书、祭祀三大功能得到了全面的恢复和发展，奠定了现存建筑基本格局。
明代岳麓学术仍以朱张之学为正宗。正德以后，王阳明及其弟子先后至此讲学，传播心学。明末，东林学派高世泰讲学书院，岳麓学术传统重新得以发展。
自明宣德始，经地方官员陈钢、杨茂元、王韬、吴世忠等多次修复扩建，岳麓书院主体建筑第一次集中在中轴线上，主轴线前延至湘江西岸，后延至岳麓山巅，配以亭台牌坊，于轴线一侧建立文庙，形成了书院历史上亭台相济、楼阁相望、山水相融的壮丽景观。书院的讲学、藏书、祭祀三大功能得到了全面的恢复和发展，奠定了现存建筑基本格局。
明代岳麓学术仍以朱张之学为正宗。正德以后，王阳明及其弟子先后至此讲学，传播心学。明末，东林学派高世泰讲学书院，岳麓学术传统重新得以发展。
Since the Xuan De Reign of the Ming Dynasty (1426-1436), Yuelu Academy underwent repeated renovations and extensions by such local officials as Chen Gang, Yang Maoyuan, Wang Tao and Wu Shizhong. After these overhauls, the main buildings of the Academy was for the first time aligned along the central axis, which stretches forward to the western bank of the Xiangjiang River, and backward to the top of Yuelu Hill. Pavilions and decorative archways scatter alongside the axis. To top it off, on one side of the axis stands the Confucian Temple. The overall layout forms a spectacular sight, which fuses the beauty of pavilions and houses, and also borrows the vivacity and briskness of the Hill and the River. The Academy resumed and further developed its three main functions- teaching, maintaining the library and offering sacrifice. From then on, the basic architectural and landscape design that we observe today was established.
Zhu and Zhang's theories were still esteemed as the orthodox in the Academy in the Ming Dynasty. After the Zheng De Reign (1506-1521), Wang Shouren and his disciples came here to lecture on the xin philosophy (the philosophy of mind) in succession. At the end of the Ming Dynasty when Gao Shitai, a scholar of the Donglin School, came to give lectures here, the academic tradition of Yuelu Academy renewed its life.
清朝廷为褒扬岳麓办学之功，先后颁赐“学达性天”、“道南正脉”额，并赐帑赐书，将岳麓书院列为省城大书院，在官府的大力扶持下，书院办学规模进一步扩大。同时，大批有名望的学者被聘任山长。书院办学呈蓬勃发展的景象。
清代岳麓书院主要传授理学和汉学，道光年间，吴荣光于书院内创立湘水校经堂，使其成为汉学研究的重镇。清末，维新变法思潮的兴起，书院也开始了新学的传播，并产生了较大的影响。
To credit its contribution to the educational cause, the Qing court granted to the Academy the plaques - "Xue Da Xing Tian (the fulfilment of the oneness of the Heaven and the man by great scholarly attainments)" and "Dao Nan Zheng Mai (the orthodoxy learning of Confucianism in south China)", money and books, and listed it as an important Academy of the Province. Under the auspices of the government, the scale of the Academy was further enlarged. Meanwhile, large numbers of high-profile scholars were appointed as the dean. The academy took on a prosperous new look.
In the Qing Dynasty, the li philosophy and the Han School of learning were the major concern of the teaching in Yuelu Academy. In the Dao Guang Reign (1821-1851), Wu Rongguang founded Xiangshui Classics Revision School within the Academy, thus making it a research centre of great magnitude on the Han School of learning. As the reformist ideas loomed large at the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Academy began to disseminate the new learning too, which had quite an impact.。
中日甲午战争以后，维新变法运动兴起，要求废科举、兴学堂。光绪二十三年（公元1897年）湖南时务学堂创办，后相继改名求实书院、湖南大学堂。光绪二十九年（公元1903年）与岳麓书院合并改为湖南高等学堂。辛亥革命后，改学堂为学校，拟办湖南大学，期间先后迁入湖南高等师范学校、湖南公立工业专门学校。至1926年湖南大学正式成立。
学校虽几经变革，多次易名，但始终为湖南最高学府，原书院院舍始终保持未变。
The Reformist movements flared up after the 1894-1895 Sino-Japanese War, calling for the abolition of the ke ju system (the civil service examination system) and the establishment of schools. In 1897, Shiwu School (the School of the Current Affairs) of Hunan was set up. Later on, it was renamed Qiushi Academy, and then, Hunan Grand School. In 1903, it merged with Yuelu Academy, and was converted to Hunan Institute of Higher Learning. After the Revolution of 1911, the institute was converted to a school again and the establishment of Hunan University was on the agenda. With Hunan Normal College and Hunan Public Polytechnic School joining in, Hunan University was officially founded at last in 1926.
Despite all the changes of its institutional setup and its name, it had all the time been the highest level intuition of learning in Hunan Province. The status of its forerunner, Yuelu Academy, remained unchallenged.
光绪二十三年（公元1897年）时务学堂成立，聘梁启超为中文总教习，兴民权、倡平等、促变法。戊戌变法失败后，改为求实书院，1902年改为湖南大学堂，次年并入岳麓书院。时务学堂培养了不少革新人士。
This School was founded in 1897. Liang Qichao was retained as the chief instructor of Chinese literature. The School did a lot to encourage civil rights, advocating equality and promoting reforms. When the Hundred-Day Reform of 1898 failed, the School was converted to Qiushi Academy, and then, Hunan Grand School in 1902. It was merged into Yuelu Academy the next year. Lots of the Reformists were brought up in this school.(LEFT: the inscription "the historical site of Shiwu School", by Liang Qichao)
光绪二十七年（公元1901年），清政府下诏改学制。二十九年，湖南巡抚赵尔巽奏请改岳麓书院为湖南高等学堂，并将原湖南大学堂并入其中。
In 1901, the Qing court ordered a change of the school system. And in 1903, Governor of Hunan Province, Zhao Erxun, proposed to convert Yuelu Academy to Hunan Institute of Higher Learning, and to merge Hunan Grand School. (DOWN: the staff of Hunan Institute of Higher Learning and the famous students of Hunan Institute of Higher Learning) In 1901, the Qing court ordered a change of the school system. And in 1903, Governor of Hunan Province, Zhao Erxun, proposed to convert Yuelu Academy to Hunan Institute of Higher Learning, and to merge Hunan Grand School. (DOWN: the staff of Hunan Institute of Higher Learning and the famous students of Hunan Institute of Higher Learning)
湖南优级师范学堂创建于1907年，以造就初级和中学堂教职员为宗旨。1912年，湖南优级师范学堂迁入岳麓书院，改名为湖南高等师范学校。
Hunan Premium Normal School was founded in 1907, with the aim to train staff for the primary and secondary schools. In 1912, Hunan Premium Normal School moved into Yuelu Academy and was renamed Hunan Normal College. (RIGHT: the landmark of Hunan Normal College)
1903年，湖南高等实业学堂创办，1912年改名湖南公立工业专门学校。1916年迁入岳麓书院。
Hunan Industrial College was founded in 1903, and was renamed Hunan Public Polytechnic School in 1912. It was moved into Yuelu Academy in 1916. (LEFT: the factory run by Hunan Public Polytechnic School)
1926年2月1日，湖南工专、法专、商专三个专门学校合并成立省立湖南大学，校名匾额悬于岳麓书院大门，并以岳麓书院校舍为第一院。1937年，教育部改省立为国立，下设文、法、理、工、商五个学院。其后，经历了抗日战争的迁校复校。中华人民共和国成立以后，办学规模扩大， 1953年院系调整，改为中南土木建筑学院，1958年改为湖南工学院，1959年复名湖南大学。
今日湖南大学是一所理、工、文、商多学科协调发展的综合性大学。
岳麓书院1956年被列为省级文物保护单位，1988年列为全国重点文物保护单位。
On 1st February 1926, the three specialised schools - Hunan Public Polytechnic School, the College of Politics and Law of Hunan, and the Business School of Hunan - were combined into Hunan University, which was financed by and under the leadership of Hunan Province. The plaque bearing the University's name was hung on top of the entrance of Yuelu Academy. And Yuelu Academy became the first college of Hunan University. In 1937, Hunan University was transformed from a provincially sponsored university into a national one, which was subdivided into five colleges: literature, law, science, engineering and business. Later in the Sino-Japanese War, Hunan University moved to other places for a time, but later returned. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the scale of the school expanded. In the nationwide readjustment of colleges and universities in 1953, it was renamed Central South College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, and then Hunan Polytechnic University in 1958, and finally in 1959, it was named Hunan University again.
Today, Hunan University has grown into a comprehensive university with a balanced development of various disciplines. It focuses on engineering subjects, but also has a solid foundation in science subjects. Its liberal arts are grounded in a unique culture, and the economics courses have characteristics of their own, too.
Yuelu Academy was listed in 1956 as a protected historical site at the provincial level, and in 1988, a site at the state level.
岳麓书院著名生徒
“惟楚有材，于斯为盛”，悬挂在书院大门两旁的这副对联，的确道出了岳麓书院人才辈出的事实。
纵观历史，早在北宋，山长周式便“教授数百人”。南宋著名理学家张栻主教，岳麓书院成为湖湘学派的基地，培养出了一批“岳麓巨子”。著名思想家、教育家朱熹不以千里为遥，专程至此论学，此后又为官长沙，整顿书院，士子纷纷返归岳麓，“方其盛也，学徒千余人”。故谚云：“道林三百众，书院一千徒。”明清至民国初期是岳麓书院培养人才的黄金时期，杰出的思想家王夫之、魏源，叱咤历史的风云人物曾国藩、左宗棠、郭嵩焘、胡林翼、曾国荃、刘长佑，革命志士和先驱唐才常、沈荩、杨昌济等纷纷从岳麓书院走向社会，为中国历史写下了可歌可泣的壮丽篇章。
“The Kingdom of Chu, the unique home of talents; the Academy of Yuelu, the very cradle of all”, a quotation which acknowledges the greatness of Yuelu Academy, and points to the historical fact that Yuelu Academy has been considered by many the cradle of the great people of Hunan province.
Early in the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127), with hundreds of people coming to pursue their study, Yuelu Academy gained its fame throughout the country. By the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279),Yuelu Academy was the home of the Huixang school, the most influential school in the history of the li philosophy (a neo-Confucian philosophy; li, is a principle or a network of principles that is supreme natural law and that determines the patterns of all created things). In Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) Dynasties, Yuelu Academy boasted of a large gathering of great people, and constellations of talented people came to the fore.
In the modern history of China (from 1840 onward), Yuelu Academy witnessed the appearance of many important figures, who made a critical difference in the advancement of Chinese history. These included political reformers with Tao Shu, He Changling and Wei Yuan as representatives, “Generals and Councillors of National Resurgence” like Zeng Guofan and Zuo Zongtang, bourgeois modernisers like Tan Sitong and Tang Caichang, democratic revolutionaries like Cai E and Chen Tianhua, as well as neo-democratic revolutionaries and political gurus like Cai Hesen and Deng Zhongxia.
Ever since the founding of Hunan University, students have scattered all over China and the world. Among these have been many renowned scholars, professors and academicians. Here are some of the important graduates of Yuelu Academy who have made great contributions in their own fields.
“The Kingdom of Chu, the unique home of talents; the Academy of Yuelu, the very cradle of all”, a quotation which acknowledges the greatness of Yuelu Academy, and points to the historical fact that Yuelu Academy has been considered by many the cradle of the great people of Hunan province.
Early in the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127), with hundreds of people coming to pursue their study, Yuelu Academy gained its fame throughout the country. By the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279),Yuelu Academy was the home of the Huixang school, the most influential school in the history of the li philosophy (a neo-Confucian philosophy; li, is a principle or a network of principles that is supreme natural law and that determines the patterns of all created things). In Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) Dynasties, Yuelu Academy boasted of a large gathering of great people, and constellations of talented people came to the fore.
In the modern history of China (from 1840 onward), Yuelu Academy witnessed the appearance of many important figures, who made a critical difference in the advancement of Chinese history. These included political reformers with Tao Shu, He Changling and Wei Yuan as representatives, “Generals and Councillors of National Resurgence” like Zeng Guofan and Zuo Zongtang, bourgeois modernisers like Tan Sitong and Tang Caichang, democratic revolutionaries like Cai E and Chen Tianhua, as well as neo-democratic revolutionaries and political gurus like Cai Hesen and Deng Zhongxia.
Ever since the founding of Hunan University, students have scattered all over China and the world. Among these have been many renowned scholars, professors and academicians. Here are some of the important graduates of Yuelu Academy who have made great contributions in their own fields.
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