Unit 1 The Power of Language
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I. New words and expressions
New words
1. critical adj. 有判断力的；判断公正（或审慎）的
2. non-fiction n. 纪实文学
3. position n. 观点；态度；立场
4. statement n. 说明；说法；表态
5.?question?v. 表示疑问；怀疑
out of question / out of the question
6. evaluate v. 估计；评价；评估
7. context n. 事情发生的背景，环境，来龙去脉
8.?value?n. values [pl.]是非标准；价值观
valuable
invaluable=priceless
valueless
9. represent?v. 描述；表现
representative adj./n.
10. assertion n. 明确肯定；断言
11. sufficient?adj.?足够的；充足的
sufficiency
insufficient
12. statistic n. statistics [pl.]统计数字；统计资料
13. integrate v.（使）合并，成为一体
14. authority?n.专家；学术权威；泰斗
an/the authority on sth.
authorize
15. compare?v. 比较；对比
compare A with B
compare A to B
16. subject n. 主题；题目；题材
17. consistent adj. 相符的；符合的
18. inconsistency n. 不一致
19. assumption n. 假定；假设
20. case?n. 具体情况；事例
in case
in case of fire
in case that…
a case in point
confirmed/suspected cases
21. directly adv. 直接地；径直地
22. identify v. 找到；发现
23. valid?adj. 符合逻辑的；合理的；确凿的
validity n. 有效性，正确（性）
invalid
24. credible?adj. 可信的；可靠的
incredible=unbelievable
25. landmark n.（标志重要阶段的）里程碑
26. relevant?adj. 紧密相关的；切题的
relevancy n. 关联；恰当
irrelevant
27. current adj. 现时发生的；当前的
28. appropriate?adj. 合适的；恰当的
inappropriate
It's (not) appropriate that ….
29. bias n. 偏见；偏心；偏向
30. considerably?adv. 非常；很；相当多地
consider
considering
considerable
considerate
consideration
31. Democrat n. （美国） 民主党党员，民主党支持者民
32. Republican n. （美国）共和党党员，共和党支持者
33. reflect v. 显示；表明；表达
34. informed?adj. 有学问的；有见识的
well-informed
ill-informed
Phrases and Expressions
1. apply to 使用；应用
2. put forth 提出；产生
3. take … into account 考虑到；顾及
4. accept/take … at face value 相信表面；信以为真
5. with a grain of salt 有保留地；持怀疑态度地
II. Text Learning
Critical Reading
①?(1)Critical reading?applies to?non-fiction writing?in which?the author?puts forth a position?or seeks to make a statement.?Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just（不只是，不仅仅是） understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying.?Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.（启下句）
本部分重点及难点：
1. Critical reading?applies to?non-fiction writing?in which?the author?puts forth a position?or seeks to make a statement.
apply to sb./sth.= be applicable to sb./sth.
apply的派生词：application, applicant, applicable
②?Consider the context of what is written. You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context?than?yours.?(2)Or, you may be reading something written?some time?ago in a different time context than yours.?(3)In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.?
本部分重点及难点：
2. Or, you may be reading something written?some time?ago in a different time context than yours.
some time
注意区分：sometime / sometimes / some times
3.?In either case, you must recognize and?take into account?any differences between your?values and attitudes?and?those?represented by the author. 不论哪种情况，你必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所述的价值观和态度有何不同。
those是代词，代替前面的复数名词values and attitudes。代替可数名词单数或不可数名词用that。例如：
The students in your class are more hard-working than those in his class.
The values of the young people differ from those of their elders.
Your voice is more beautiful that that of your classmates.
The price of that book is higher than that of this one.
请认真答题，答题结果将记入知识点测评的成绩！
【单选题】1. The necklace her sister is wearing is much more beautiful than ______ worn by Mary.
∙ A． this
∙ B． that
∙ C． these
∙ D． those
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查指代词those/that的用法。英语句子中为了避免重复常使用代词代替前面出现过的名词。代替前面的复数名词用those；代替可数名词单数或不可数名词用that。本句中空格处要填的词代替代替单数可数名词necklace，故选A。此处that也可以换成the one。
【知识点】指代词those/that的用法
③?Question assertions made by the author. Don't accept what is written?at face value. Before accepting what is written, be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made.?Look for facts, examples, and statistics that provide support.（承上句） Also, look to see if the author has integrated the work of authorities.
④?Compare what is written with other written work on the subject.?(4)Look to see that what is written is consistent with what others have written about the subject.?If there are inconsistencies, carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the inconsistencies. （承上句）
本部分重点及难点：
4. Look to see that what is written?is consistent with?what others have written about the subject.
be consistent with 与……一致
consist?vi. 组成（of）；在于（in）；符合（with）
The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity.
This doesn't consist with what you told me earlier. 这和你先前告诉我的不符合。
consist的派生词：consistent, inconsistent, consistency, inconsistency
请认真答题，答题结果将记入知识点测评的成绩！
【单选题】2. To tell you the truth, I really hope that your actions will consist ______ your words this time.
∙ A． of
∙ B． in
∙ C． at
∙ D． with
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查consist的用法。consist of意为"由……组成"；consist in意为"在于"；consist with意为"与……一致"，故选D。consist at不存在。该句的意思是"说实话，我真希望这次你的言行能一致"。
【知识点】consist的用法
⑤ Analyze assumptions made by the author. (5)Assumptions are?whatever?the author must believe?is true?in order to make assertions. In many cases, the author's assumptions are not directly stated.?This means you must read carefully in order to identify any assumptions.（承上启下句） Once you identify an assumption, you must decide whether or not the assumption is valid.
⑥ Evaluate the sources the author uses. In doing this, be certain that the sources are credible. For example, Einstein is a credible source if the author is writing about landmark achievements in physics. Also be certain that the sources are relevant.?Einstein is not a relevant source when the subject is poetry.（承上句）?Finally if the author is writing about a subject in its current state, be sure that the sources are current（启下句）. For example, studies done by Einstein in the early 20th century may not be appropriate if the writer is discussing the?current state of knowledge in physics.
⑦ Identify any possible author bias.?(6)A written discussion of American politics willlikely?look considerably different depending on whether the writer is a Democrat or a Republican.?(7)What is written may very well reflect?a biased position. You need to take this possible bias into account when reading what the author has written with "a grain of salt."
⑧?By being a critical reader, you will become?better informed?and may?change your views as appropriate.
本部分重点及难点：
5. Assumptions are?whatever the author must believe is true?in order to make assertions.
whatever引导的是表语从句，不能换成no matter what。名词性从句（主语，宾语，表语，同位语从句）中，"疑问词ever"不能换成"no matter+疑问词"，状语从句中可以换用。例如：
Whoever comes to our party is welcome. （不能换成no matter who…）
He will lend a helping hand to whoever needs his help. (不能换)
He will buy whatever his son wants. （不能换）
Whatever you do, I will support you. (能换成no matter what…)
6. A written discussion of American politics will?likely?look considerably different depending on whether the writer is a Democrat or a Republican.
likely 在该句中是副词
likely adj. / adv.
be likely to do sth.
It's likely that…
a likely result
Profit will most likely have risen by about 2 million. 利润极可能增加200万英镑左右。（副词）
likely的派生词：unlikely, likelihood。例如：
The likelihood of infection is minimal. 感染的可能性极小。
7. What is written may very well reflect?a biased position.
a biased position
be biased to/toward(s)/against
反义词：unbiased
III. 部分练习讲解
P111 Bridging the Gap
Directions: Fill in the blanks with a word or a phrase that best completes the passage. You may choose a suitable one from the list given.
解题方法：把词分类
动词 名词 形容词 副词
define action powerful internally
express tears personal
shape shape good
respond to
Language is one of the things that sets us apart as beings, one of the things that essentially?1?definesus as humans. When language is used well it can elicit very deep feeling in others, motivate others to?2?actionand define the nature of our relationships. Sometimes in poetry the juxtaposition（并列）of two words or a certain phrase can bring?3tearsto the eyes, call up a whole host of imagery and move us deeply. We have seen language recently used in the politics of persuasion, used for?4?goodor ill - depending on your viewpoint. When we use language to?5?expressour true feelings to someone it can open and deepen the connection between us. Language is a very?6?powerfultool. How we use language shapes our world both?7?internallyand externally. How you use self-talk - what you say to yourself about yourself and about the world directly?8?shapes（塑造，使成形）?your experience of both yourself and the world. How you deliver communication shapes the way the world?9?responds?toyou. We can use language more effectively in both spheres: internal and external and directly influence the health and power of our?10?personalrelationships and our business relationships.
I. New words and expressions
New words
1. confidence?n.自信心；把握
相关词：confident
be confident of sb. / sth.
have / lose confidence in sb. / sth.
注意比较：confident / confidential
2. program v. 训练；培养
3. mastery n. 控制；驾驭
4. destiny n. 命运；天命；天数
5. dramatically adv. 巨大地；惊人地；显着地
6. quality n. 质量；品质
7. subconscious adj. 下意识的；潜意识的
8. please v. 使满意；使愉快
9. command n.（给人或动物的）命令
10. knowingly adv. 故意地；蓄意地
11. impact n. 巨大影响；强大作用
12. matter v. 事关紧要；有重大影响
13. confident adj. 自信的；有自信心的
14. sense n.（对重大事情的） 感觉，意识
15. eliminate?v. 排除；清除；消除
eliminate all grammatical mistakes
be eliminated in the first round
16. disempower?v. 剥夺；使失去权利；剥夺力量
注意构词法：dis（表示否定）+em（使，赋予）+power
en- / em-常见的动词前缀，如：enable, enrich, endanger, enlarge等。
empower v. 授权，赋予权利
17. self-esteem n. 自尊（心）
18. limit?v. 限制；限定
区分两个名词limit和limitation。
There is a limit / are limits to one's life.
There is no limit / are no limits to knowledge.
Everyone has his own limitations.
19. infinite?adj. 极大的；无法衡量的
相关词：finite, finitely, infinitely
20. stifle v. 压制；扼杀；阻止
21. creativity?n. 创造力
相关词：create, creation, creator, creative, creatively
22. internal adj. 内心的；头脑中的
23. insignificant?adj. 微不足道的；无足轻重的
相关词：significant, significance, significantly, insignificance
24. commonly adv. 通常；常常
25. alternative?n. 可供选择的事物，替代物
have no alternative but to do sth.
Is there any alternative to going to the cinema
26. fabulous adj. 极好的；绝妙的
Phrases and Expressions
1. carry out 完成（任务）
2. be up to 取决于
3. have an impact on/upon 对…产生巨大影响
4. rub … out 用橡皮擦掉（字迹等）
5. be in control of掌管；管理；控制
II. Text Learning
The Language of Confidence
1 The language we use?programs?our brains. Mastering our language gives us a great degree of?mastery?over our lives and our destinies. It is important to use the language?in the best way possible?in order to?dramatically improve our quality of life.
2 Even the smallest of words can have the deepest effect on our?subconscious mind, which is like a child, and it doesn't really understand the difference between what really happens and what you imagine.?(1)It is eager to please and willing to carry out any commands that you give it - whether you do this knowingly or not is entirely up to you.
"Try"
3 It is a small word yet it has an amazing impact upon us. If someone says, "I'll try to do that" you know that they are not going to be?putting their whole heart into?it, and may not even do it at all.?(2)How often do you use the word try when talking about the things that matter to you Do you say "I'll try to be more confident" or "I'll try to do that" or "I'll try to call"
4 Think about something that you would like to achieve, and say it to yourself in two different ways. Firstly say,?"I'll try to?…"?and notice how you feel. Next say, "I will do…" and see how you feel.
5?(3)The latter?makes you feel better than the first one, doesn't it?It gives you a sense of determination, a feeling that it will be done. Listen to the people around you and when they say they will try notice if it gets done or not.?Eliminate the word try from your dictionary and see how your life improves.（承上句）
本部分重点及难点：
1. It is eager to please and willing to carry out any commands that you give it - whether you do this knowingly or not is entirely up to you. 它渴望取悦，乐意听从你给它的任何命令，而你是有意还是无意地做这些完全取决于你。
(1) carry out commands 执行命令
(2) be up to sb. 取决于某人
例如：It's up to you whether we go there or not.
2. How often do you use the word try when talking about the things that matter to you
matter v. be important
例如：As long as staff are smart, it does not matter how long their hair is. 员工只要聪明，头发留多长没什么关系。
It matters a lot whether you come to my birthday party or not.
3. The latter makes you feel better than the first one, doesn't it
the former…the latter…
"Can't"
6 This is another small word with a big impact. It disempowers us, makes us feel weak and helpless, and damages our self-esteem.?(4)It limits our?infinite?abilities and stifles creativity.?Rub it out from your internal dictionary?and?replace it with something that makes you feel great.
本部分重点及难点：
4. It limits our infinite abilities and stifles creativity.
(1) infinite的词根是finite，其它相关词：finitely, infinitely, finiteness/finity, infiniteness/infinity。
(2) creativity的词根是create。注意区分两个名词：creation / creativity。
请认真答题，答题结果将记入知识点测评的成绩！
【单选题】3. 选择括号内所给单词的正确形式填空：A small word like "can't" limits our ______ (finite) abilities and discourages _______(create).
∙ A． finite, creating
∙ B． finite, creation
∙ C． infinite, creativity
∙ D． infinite, creation
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查finite及create的派生词。第一个空格要填的词作abilities的定语，故选择形容词；第二个空格要填的词作discourage的宾语，根据句义"can't这样的小词限制了我们无限的能力并压制了我们的创造性"，故选C。
【知识点】finite及create的派生词
7 Instead of saying you can't, why not say something like "I choose（愿意） …"?or "I choose not to?…". Using words like this allows you to take back your power and to be in control of your life.
8 Words may appear small and?insignificant, yet they can?have a deep and lasting effect on us.?(5)Mastering your language gives you the power to live whatever life you desire.
9 What words do you use a lot that disempower you?Make a list of words you commonly use and then write next to them some alternatives you can use.?（承上句） (6)Make these alternatives words that make you feel fabulous, not only about yourself, but about life and what you are doing!（承上句）
本部分重点及难点：
5. Mastering your language gives you the power to live whatever life you desire.
give … the power相当于empower，该句等于Mastering your language empowers you to live whatever life you desire.
6. Make these alternatives words that make you feel fabulous, not only about yourself, but about life and what you are doing! 让这些替代词不仅使你对自己感觉良好，而且使你对生活、对你所做的事情感觉无限美好吧！
(1) make在这里接名词作宾补，即make sb. / sth. sth.，再如：We made him our monitor.
(2) make you feel fabulous，make接do sth.作宾补。
(3) not only…but (also)…
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