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英语句子成分分析(终极版)

发布时间：2020-12-15   来源：文档文库   
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句子成分(Members of a Sentence 什么叫句子成分呢？句子的组成成分叫句子成分。 在句子中，词与词之间有 一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。 句子成分 由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定

语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语
（predicate）、表语（ predicative）、宾语（ object）、定语 （attribute ）、状语（adverbial）和补语（complement）。
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装 掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型列式如下：
一: S V （主+谓 —:S V P （主+系+表） 三：S V O （主+谓+宾
四：S V o O （主+谓+间宾+直 宾） 五: S V O C （主+谓+宾+宾补）
基本句型一：s V （主+谓）
主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如 boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式， 动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词 单数形式常和冠词不分家！
谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时 态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。 不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓

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结构，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即 句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟 副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
S | V （不及物动词） 1. The sun | was shining. 阳在照耀着。
太 月 宇
2. The moon | rose. 亮升起了。
3. The uni verse | remains. 宙长存。
4. We all | breathe, eat, and drink. 我 们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。 5. Who | cares? 它呢？
管
6. What he said does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。
7. They | talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。
z


writes smoothly .The pen 支笔书写流利z



基本句型

SVP （主+系+表）
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点： 句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意 思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态 的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的 意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词 分两类：be, look, keep, seem 等属一类， 表示情况；get, grow, become, turn 等属 另一类，表示变化。be本身没有什么意 义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系 动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可 用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻 S |V（是系动词）丨P 1. This | is | an English-Chinese dictio nary. 这是本英汉辞典。
2. The dinner | smells | good. 午餐的气味很好。 3. He | fell | in love. 他堕入了情网。

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4. Everythi ng looks differe nt. 一切看来都不同了。
5. He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮
6. The trouble is that they are short of mo ney.麻烦的是他们缺少钱
7. Our well | has gone 我们井干枯dry. 了。
red. His face turned 他的脸红了
There be 结构： There be 表示"存 在有'。这里的there没有实际意义，不 可与副词‘ there那里'混淆。
此结构后跟名词，表示‘（存在）有某事 物' 试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿 有一个男孩。）/前一个there无实意，后 一个there为副词’那里'。 常用作连系动词：
① 变成，变得：become, come, fall, get, go, grow, r un, tur n 口诀：好是come,坏是go;天气、外貌
慢z


慢 grow; 流水、金钱缓缓 run;颜色、 天气大不同 turn : Get\ become 口语化， 如果要说就用它. 口诀解读：
Come —般表示事物由坏变好，结果是 好的。
女口： Dreams come true. 梦想成真。 Go —般表示事物由好变坏；结果是不 好的。
女口： It's such a hot day today that this dish has gone smelly.今天太热了，菜都 馊了。
Grow 表示逐渐变化；强调的是缓慢变 化的过程，后面往往接表示天气或外貌 变化的静态形容词。
如: I want to grow old with you. 我想禾口 你一起慢慢变老。
Run 与 grow 是对应的，苴主语多为能 流动，能消耗的东西。
如：Still water runs deep.静水深流。 Turn多接表示颜色和天气的形容词：侧
重z


于表达与之前大不相同。_ 女口： The weather suddenly turned hot. 天气突然变热了。 In spring the trees turn green, the flowers come out.春天 树变绿了，花开了。
Get'become在口语表达时用得比较多， 但这二者相比，become相对正式些，其 主语既可以是人也可以是物。女口： He got angry on hearing the news.听至ll这个消 息，他变得很生气。总之，不管英语多 么变”化多端，万 变”不离其宗。英语 学习的终极目标还是为了与人交流，所 以多在交流中使用这些变化”词，才能 真正掌握其内涵。
系词 be 它有三，am is are ， 我（I）用 am，you （你）用 are， is用于他她它； 单数is，复数are， 认真做题不岀差。
（否句be后not力口，疑问句，be句首， 句尾？不要丢。）
② 保持某种状态：Continue, keep, lie, rema in, sta nd, stay. z


③ 看起来，好像： Appear, look, seem. ④ 感官动词：Feel, smell, sound, taste. 基本句型三：s V O （主+谓+宾）
此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动 词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作， 但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个 宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完 整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于 及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样， 不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是’代词 宾格’，如：me, him , them 等 s | V（及物动词）丨 O
1. Who | knows | the answer?谁知 道答案？
2. She | smiled | hre thanks.她微笑 表示感谢。
3. He | has refused | to help them. 他 拒绝帮他们。
4. He | enjoys | reading. 他喜欢看 书。 5. They | ate | what was left over. 他

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们吃了剩饭
6. He | said | "Good morning." 他 说："早上好！" 7. I | want | to have a cup of tea. 我 想喝杯茶。
admits that he was mistake n. .He 他承认犯了错误

基本句型四：S V o O （主+谓+间宾+直宾）
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，女口: give 给，pass递，bring 带，show 显示。 这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语； 一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般 位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动 词+间接宾语+直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea,please.
强调间接宾语顺序为：动词+直接宾语 +介词+间接宾语。如：
Show this house to Mr.Smith. 若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+代词直 接宾语+介词+间接宾语。如：Bring it to me,please.
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S |v （及物）丨0 （多指人）丨O （多指物）
1. She | ordered | herself | a new dress .她给自己定了一套新衣裳。 2. She | cooked | her husband | a delicious meal.她给丈夫煮了一顿美 餐。 3. He brought you a dicti on ary. 他给你带来了一本字典。
4. He | denies | her | nothing. 他对 她什么都不拒绝。
5. I | showed | him | my pictures. 我给他看我的照片
6. I | gave | my car | a wash.我洗 了我的汽车。
7. I | told | him | that the bus was late.我告诉他汽车晚点了。
8. He showed me how to run the machine.他教我开机器。
常见带双宾语的动词
1、 七给” (give, passjend, write, show, send, ha nd和 带”bri ng8个及物动词,z


在直接宾语前置时,必须在后面加上
“ to。” 即 “vt. + sth. + to + sb. ” 女口:He lent some money to me. 类似动词 的 还有： get,mail,offer,owe（借）， pay,promise,read,sell,take,teach 等
2、“ buy ”买（ “ draw画）; “ make制 作） 三个动词,在直接宾语前置时，则必须在 后边加 “for ”构成 “vt. + sth. + for + sb. ”
女口:Mother bought a new dress for me ” 类似的动词还有：build，choose, cook, cut, do, find, fix,leave,order（ 订购），reach 等。
基本句型五：S V O C （主+谓+宾+宾补）
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词 虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还 不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补 充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语 作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻 辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾
z


名词/代词宾格+名词
The war made him a soldier./战争使他 成为一名战士. 名词/代词宾格+形容词
New methods make the job easy./ 新方法 使这项工作变得轻松. 名词/代词宾格+介词短语
I ofte n find him at work./ 我经常发现他 在工作.
名词/代词宾格+动词不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户. 名词/代词宾格+分词
I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路. s |v（及物）丨0（宾语）丨C （宾补） 1. They | appo in ted | him | man ager. 他们任命他当经理。
2. They | pain ted | the door | gree n. 他们把门漆成绿色

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3. This I set | them | thinking. 这使 得他们要细想一想。
4. They found the house deserted.他们发现那房子无人居住。
5. What makes him think so? 他怎么会这样想？
6. We | saw | him out.我们送他 出去
to come back 7. He asked me soo n.他要我早点回来
saw them gett ing on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车

但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成 分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（ modifier）而加以 扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词） ，也可以是各种类 型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状 语
句子成分练习题（一）
（一）.指出下列句中主语的中心词（4 分, 4分钟）
① The teacher with two of his students is walki ng into the classro om. ②
There is an old man coming here. z


③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. （二）选出句中谓语的中心词（10分，10 分钟）
①
I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't C. picture B. like D. wall ②
The days get Ion ger and Ion ger whe n summer comes. A. get C. days D. summer A. Do C.go B. Ion ger ③
Do you usually go to school by bus? B. usually D. bus ④
There will be a meeting at the library this after noon. A. will be B. meeting the library D. after noon C. z


⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A.Did C. have D. breakfast A. Tom B. did n't do D. his homework B. twins ⑥
Tom did n't do his homework yesterday. C. ⑦
What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell you D. is ⑧ We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had send D. doctor ⑨
He is interested in music. C. C. A. is D. music B. interested C. in ⑩
Whom did you give my book to? A. give C. whom D. book B. did （三）挑出下列句中的宾语（10分，10分
z


钟）
① My brother has n't done his homework. ② People all over the world speak En glish. ③ You must pay good attention to your pronun ciatio n. ④ How many new words did you learn last class? ⑤
Some of the students in the school want to go swim ming, how about you? ⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. ⑦ They made him monitor of the class. ⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. ⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school. ⑩ They did n't know who "Father Christmas" really is. （四）挑出下列句中的 表语（5分，5分 钟）
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① The old man was feeling very tired. ② Why is he worried about Jim? ③
The leaves have turned yellow. ④ Soon They all became interested in the subject. ⑤ She was the first to learn about it. （五） 挑出下列句中的定语（6分，6分 钟） ① They use Mr, Mrs with the family n ame. ②
What is your given name? ③
On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. ④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. ⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep. ⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! （六） 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语（6分， 6分钟）
①
She likes the children to read n ewspapers and books in the read ing-room. z


②
He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ She found it difficult to do the work. ④ They call me Lily sometimes. ⑤
I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. ⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playgro und just now? （七）挑出下列句中的状语（8分，8分 钟） ① There was a big smile on her face. ② Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ③ He began to learn English when he was eleve n. ④ The man on the motorbike was travelli ng too fast. ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. ⑥ She loves the library because she loves books. ⑦
I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it. ⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. （八）划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语（5分，5分钟） ①
Please tell us a story. ②
My father bought a new bike for me last week. z


③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. ④ Here is a pen.Give it to Tom. ⑤ Did he leave any message for me? 答案
（一［① teacher ② man ③ dictionary ④ To do （二妙B②A ③C④A ⑤C ⑥C⑦D ⑧C⑨A⑩A （二）① homework. swimming ⑥
he was ill. ⑦ him monitor ⑧ bridge museum ⑨it school. ⑩ who"Father Christmas"really is. ② English. ③attention ④ words ⑤to go （四［① tired. ② worried ③ yellow. ④ i n terested ⑤ the first （五） ® family ②given ③third ④ some ⑤ downstairs ⑥ of the other shoe! （六） ①to read newspapers and books ②to take the boy ③ difficult Lily ⑤ get on the bus ④
⑥ playing football ③ when he was eleven. ⑥ because she loves （七） ® on her face. ② Every night ④ too fast. ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm books. ⑦ if you ' ve lost it ⑧ to see the other machine. （八） ® us,间接宾语 a story,直接宾语
②me，间接宾语a new bike,直接宾语③us，间接宾语history,直接宾语 ④Tom,间接宾语it,直接宾语⑤me，间接宾语 message,直接宾语
句子成分练习题（二）
指岀下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：
1. Whether we' II go depend on the weather . 2. People ' s standards of livirage going up steadily . 3. That was how they were defeated. z


4. The nursery takes good care of our childre n . 5.1 ' ll return the booko you tomorrow . 6. We are sure that we shall succeed . 7. The woma n with a baby in her arms is his mother . .There are many film that I ' dike to see. 9.H ave you met the pers on about whom he was speak ing 10」have a lot of work to do 11. Any way I won' t stop you from doi ng it . 12. I said it in fun . 13. We can send a car over to fetch you . 14. She had to work standing up . 15. Seeing this ,some comrades became very worried . 16. Much interested , he agreed to give it a try . 17. The bus arrived ten minutes late . .We should serve the people heart z


and soul. 19. Spring coming on , the tree turned
z


gree n . 20. Some farmers saw something strange in the sky . 21. We think it necessary that everyone should atte nd the meet ing . 22. It ' strange that she loesn' Come today . 23. It was in the library that I come today . 24. He likes drawing at times, when he isn ' t working .
25. We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door. z


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