18学年高中英语Module5EthnicCultureSectionGrammar - 过去分词作状语和短语动词教学案外研版选修7

Module 5 Ethnic Culture Section Ⅲ Grammar-过去分词作状语和短语动词

语法图解

探究发现

①Seen from above, the old town is a maze of canals, little bridges and tiny cobbled streets that tourists get lost in.

②Not invited, he became very disappointed.

③Completely rebuilt, the town would not be so interesting.

④Beaten by the opposite team, we didn’t lose heart and encouraged each other.

⑤Aunt Wu came in, followed by her daughter.

⑥The old town is on the side of a mountain and opposite it is the 5,500 metre Yulong Xueshan Mountain, its peak covered with snow.

⑦A big fire broke out last night in that village.

⑧When he read the book, he came across many new words.

[我的发现]

(1)①～⑤句中，黑体部分均在句中作状语，分别表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随。

(2)由②句可知，过去分词作状语时，其否定形式通常是在分词前加not。

(3)⑥句中分词作状语，有自己独立的主语，这叫独立主格结构。

(4)⑦⑧句中黑体部分为短语动词。

一、过去分词(短语)作状语

1．定义

及物动词的过去分词作状语，表示被动和完成的意义，功能上相当于一个表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步和方式等的状语从句，其逻辑主语一般与句子主语一致。

(1)过去分词作时间状语时，可转换为when, while, after或before引导的时间状语从句。

Asked (＝When she was asked) her future plans, the girl said that she wanted to be a teacher.

当问到未来的计划时， 这个女孩说她想成为一名教师。

(2)过去分词作原因状语时，可转换为as, since, because等引导的原因状语从句。

Frightened (＝Because/As she was frightened) by the tiger, the girl didn’t dare to sleep alone.

因为被老虎吓着了， 这个女孩不敢单独睡觉。

(3)过去分词作条件状语时，可转换为if, unless或once等引导的条件状语从句。

Grown (＝If these seeds are grown) in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.

如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。

Given (＝If we were given) more time, we could do it better.

如果给我们更多时间的话，我们可以做得更好。

[名师点津]　此句中的given在许多语法书中作为介词处理。

(4)过去分词作让步状语时，可转换为although, though或even if等引导的让步状语从句。

Left (＝Although he was left) at home, John didn’t feel afraid at all.

虽然John被单独留在家里， (但是)他一点都不害怕。

(5)过去分词作状语表示伴随、方式或状态时，不能转换为状语从句，但是可转换为并列谓语或并列分句。

The teacher entered the classroom, followed (＝and he was followed) by a group of students.

老师进入教室，后面跟着一群学生。

(6)作方式状语，如有连词 as if，就转换为as if引导的方式状语从句；也可以转换为并列结构。

He began to cry as if bitten by a snake.

＝He began to cry as if he was bitten by a snake.

他大叫起来，好像被蛇咬了。

(7)过去分词作结果状语(相当于结果状语从句)。

He failed in the competition, blamed by his companions.

＝He failed in the competition, so that he was blamed by his companions.

他在比赛中失败了，受到了同伴的责备。

[名师点津]　过去分词(短语)作时间、条件或让步状语时，为了明确其意义，有时可在过去分词(短语)前加上when, while, if, once, unless, although等连词，即我们通常所说的状语从句的省略。

If merely drawn on your imagination, the report will not be convincing.

假如仅靠你的想象去描绘，报告是不会有说服力的。

Once (it is) seen, it will not be forgotten.

只要看见了就不会忘记它。

[即时演练1]

(1)句型转换

①Because she was born in a poor family, Nadia had only two years of schooling.

→Borninapoorfamily,_Nadia had only two years of schooling.

②Though he is encouraged by his parents, he still has no confidence in overcoming the difficulties.

→Encouragedbyhisparents,_he still has no confidence in overcoming the difficulties.

③The patient got off the bed, supported by the nurse.

→The patient wassupportedbythenurse and got off the bed.

(2)完成句子

①(2016·北京高考改编)Ordered_over_a_week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.

这些书是一个多星期以前订购的，现在有望随时到货。

②Caught_in_a_heavy_rain,_he was all wet.

因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。

③Watered_more,_these cabbages could have grown better.

如果多浇点水，这些大白菜还可以长的更好。

④(安徽高考改编)Founded_in_the_early_20th_century,_the school keeps on inspiring children’s love of art.

这所建于20世纪初期的学校一直激励孩子们对艺术的热爱。

2．过去分词作状语需注意的几个问题

(1)过去分词、现在分词和不定式作状语的区别：一般说来，过去分词作状语，和句子主语是被动关系；现在分词作状语，和句子主语是主动关系；不定式作状语，一般表示目的。请比较：

Seen from the top of the tower, our city looks more beautiful.

从塔顶上看，这座城市更漂亮。(主语the city和see之间是被动关系)

Seeing from the top of the tower, we can get a wonderful view of our city.

从塔顶我们可以饱览城市的美景。(主语we和see之间是主动关系)

To get a wonderful view of our city, we climbed to the top of the tower.

为了饱览城市的美景， 我们爬上了塔顶。(不定式表示目的)

(2)过去分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语必须保持一致，请体会下列例句：

当被问及为什么会迟到时，她的脸涨得通红。

①Asked why she was late, her face went red.(×)

②Asked why she was late, she went red in the face.(√)

小偷如果被抓，会受到警方的惩处。

①If caught, the police will punish the thief. (×)

②If caught, the thief will be punished by the police. (√)

(3)有些分词已成为固定结构，当使用时应按固定结构对待，不必考虑它们与主语的关系。常见的有以下几种：

judging by/from ...“根据……判断；由……断定”； generally/honestly/frankly speaking“一般/老实/坦率说来”；provided (that) ... (＝providing that ...)“假如……；在……条件下”； given ...“倘若……；假定……等”； considering (that) ...“考虑到……”； supposing (that) ...“如果……”

Judging by/from his accent, he must be from the South.

从他的口音判断，他一定是南方人。

I will agree to go provided/providing that you go with me.

假如你陪我一起去，我就同意去。

(4)独立主格结构

分词作状语时其逻辑主语与主句主语应保持一致。但当分词逻辑主语与主句主语不一致时，分词要有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种主语常常是名词或代词，置于动词­ing形式或动词­ed形式之前。

这种“名词/代词＋动词­ing/动词­ed”结构在语法上被称为独立主格结构。此时分词形式的选择取决于名词/代词与动词­ing/动词­ed形式所表示动作的逻辑关系，如果它们之间表示主动或动作正在进行，选择现在分词；如果它们之间表示被动或完成，选择过去分词。

Spring coming on, the trees turned green.

春天来了，树变绿了。

The question settled, they felt released.

问题解决了，他们感觉轻松了。

[即时演练2]

(1)用所给动词的适当形式填空

①Compared (compare) with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.

②When first introduced_(introduce) to the market, these products enjoyed great success.

③Having finished the interview, the manager went to his office, followed (follow) by the interviewer.

④Finding (find) her car stolen, she hurried to a policeman for help.

⑤Driven (drive) by a greater demand for vegetables, farmers have built more greenhouses.

(2)单句改错

①Judged by/from her dresses, she must be from a rich family. Judged→Judging

②I will agree to the project, provide that my expenses are paid. provide→provided/providing

③Facing with so many difficulties, he had a hard time those days. Facing→Faced或去掉with

④(全国卷改编)The party will be held in the garden, weather permitted.permitted→permitting

二、短语动词

1．动词＋副词

该类短语动词有的只可用作及物动词，有的只可用作不及物动词，有的既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。

He brought up his children strictly.

他严格教育孩子们。(及物)

Something unexpected has turned up.

出现了令人意外的情况。(不及物)

The barrel of gunpowder blew up.

火药桶爆炸了。(不及物)

The soldiers blew up the bridge.

士兵们把桥炸毁了。(及物)

[名师点津]　在“动词＋副词”的词组中宾语位置：宾语是名词，则可置于副词后面，亦可置于动词和副词之间。宾语是代词，只能置于动词和副词之间。

[即时演练3]

(1)写出下列短语动词

①break_down　　　　 坏了；垮了；分解

②give_up 放弃

③bring_up 抚养；教育

④carry_out 执行； 实施

⑤go_over 复习/过一遍……

⑥insist_on 坚持要/坚决主张……

⑦break_in 闯入

⑧die_out 灭绝，灭亡

(2)完成句子

①(2016·江苏高考改编)Many businesses started up by college students have_taken_off (已经迅速流行) thanks to the comfortable climate for business creation.

②They were so far away that I couldn’t make_out_their_faces (我无法辨认他们的脸) clearly.

③We set_out_to_find_the_truth (着手寻找真相) behind the mystery.

2．动词＋介词

动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词，宾语总是在介词后面。

I don’t much care for television.

我不太喜欢看电视。(care for＝like)

He has been asked to account for his absence.

他已被要求说明缺席的原因。

He is a man to be depended on.

他是个靠得住的人。

[即时演练4]

(1)翻译下列短语

①believe_in　　　 信任/信赖/信仰

②belong_to_..._ 属于……

③care_about 对……关心/感兴趣

④come_across 走过来；偶然碰到/找到

⑤count on ... 信赖/指望……

⑥go through 通过

⑦lie in ... 在于……

⑧prepare for ... 为……作准备

(2)选词填空

suffer from, look into, think of, set about, search for

①We never thought_of such success when we first started.

②The unemployed will search_for jobs online.

③A quarter of children in the country suffer_from malnutrition.

④That evening he set_about writing a report on pollution.

⑤The police are looking_into the explosion in Xinjiang on May 1st of 2014.

3．动词＋副词＋介词

在这类动词短语中，动词、副词、介词紧密结合，是动副词组和动介词组的合成体，词义上相当于一个及物动词。它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点，但宾语总是位于介词之后。

We must work hard to make up for the lost time.

我们必须努力工作来弥补失去的时间。

There are some things that teachers will not put up with.

有些事情教师是不会容忍的。

[即时演练5]

(1)写出下列短语动词

①do_away_with　　　　　 废弃；废除

②get_on/along_with 与……相处

③catch_up_with 赶上；跟上

④add_up_to 总计达

⑤break_away_from 从……脱离；打破……

⑥fit_in_with_ 适应/符合……

(2)完成句子

①Young adults must break_away_from_their_parents’_control in order to achieve independence.

为了得到自立，年轻人必须摆脱父母对他们的支配。

②Nothing can make_up_for_the_loss of a child.

失去一个孩子是任何东西都无法弥补的。

③(新课标全国卷改编)I can put_up_with_the_house_being_untidy,_but I hate it if it’s not clean.

我能忍受房子不整齐，但如果不干净的话，我不喜欢。

4．动词＋名词＋介词

这类动词短语只用作及物动词。名词前可加形容词说明程度，宾语总是位于介词之后。这类短语动词常可用于被动语态，并且有些可以有两种形式。

In some countries, people are making use of the heat in the center of the earth.

→The heat in the center of the earth is being made use of in some countries.

→Use is being made of the heat in the center of the earth in some countries.

在一些国家，人们正在利用地球中心的热能。

[即时演练6]

(1)句型转换

①They have made a terrible mess of the house.

→A terrible mess hasbeenmadeof the house by them.

→The house hasbeenmadeaterriblemessof by them.

②Mary took good care of the children.

→Good care wastakenof the children by Mary.

→The children weretakengoodcareof by Mary.

(2)完成句子

①So we fixed_our_eyes_on_the_professor (我们都盯着教授) giving us a lecture.

②Tom has_trouble_in_expressing_himself (在表达自己方面有困难) in public.

③Don’t make_fun_of_the_child (嘲笑那个孩子) with a disability.

5．其他短语动词

(1)动词＋名词

这类动词短语中的常见动词是have, take, give, make等，后面的名词通常是从动词转化而来的动作名词，并表达了短语动词的真正意义。

have a look 　　　　　　　 看一看

have a try 试一试

make an appointment 约会

take place 发生

make way 前进

make a discovery 发现

Let’s have another try.

让我们再试一下。

You should make an apology to him for your rudeness.

你应该为你的粗鲁向他道歉。

(2)be＋形容词＋介词

be＋形容词(包括过去分词作形容词)＋介词，宾语位于介词后面，短语动词的真正词义取决于形容词。

I know he is slow at understanding, so you have to be patient with him.

我知道他理解力差，所以你得对他耐心些。

(3)动词＋反身代词＋介词

help oneself to　　　　　　 随便吃……

give oneself to 专心于

dress oneself in 穿着

break oneself to 突破自己

throw oneself into 投身于……

[即时演练7]　介词填空

①be late for　　　　 迟到

②be angry with sb. 生某人的气

③be busy with 忙于

④be short for 是……的简称

⑤be interested in 对……感兴趣

⑥be famous for 因……而著名

⑦be good at 擅长

⑧be different from 与……不同

⑨be good/bad for 对……有益/害

⑩be friendly to 对……友好

⑪occupy oneself with 忙于

⑫devote oneself to 专心；致力于；献身

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．Offered (offer) important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous.

2．Seen (see) from the top of the mountain, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.

3．It is reported that the police will soon look into the case of two missing children.

4．They are broadening the bridge to speed up the flow of traffic.

5．(重庆高考改编)Raised (raise) in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star.

6．The house painted (paint), he was tired.

7．With all things considered (consider), her proposal is of great importance.

8．Some medicines, if wrongly taken (take), can kill a person.

9．Can you tell me when the new edition is coming out?

10．The students in our class are all friendly to the newcomer.

Ⅱ.单句写作

1．(2015·全国Ⅱ满分作文)Since you_are_interested_in traditional Chinese cultures, I think this festival is well worth experiencing.

既然你对中国传统文化很感兴趣，我认为这个节日是很值得体验的。

2．(2015·北京高考满分作文)I’m going to_take_part_in the Dragon Boat Training Camp this summer.

今年夏天我将要参加龙舟训练营。

3．(2014·重庆高考书面表达)When_I_put_it_on,_I could feel the warmth from my mother.

当我穿上它时，我能感觉到来自我母亲的温暖。

4．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)If you are able to come with us, please let us know and we’ll_wait_for_you_at_the_school_gate at 9 in the morning.

如果你能和我们一起去，请让我们知道，我们会在早上9点在学校门口等你。

5．Praised_by_the_neighbours,_he became the pride of his parents.

受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。

6．Einstein walked along the street, lost_in_thought.

爱因斯坦漫步街头，沉浸在思索之中。

7．Compared_with_you,_I still have a long way to go.

跟你比较起来，我还差得很远呢。

8．Exactly_speaking,_he got here at eight fourteen this morning.

准确地说，今天早晨他是八点十四分来到这里的。

Ⅲ.短文改错

My dream is to become a school teacher in the future. In fact, I had the dream of becoming a teacher since my childhood. In my opinion, without teachers, no society could make progresses. There is no doubt whether teachers play an important role in children growth. Not only do teachers pass on knowledge for children, but they also teach children how to behave themselves.

Comparing with other jobs, teaching is hard and the pay is lower. And to me, what great fun it is to be with children! They make me to feel young forever because I study harder and try my best to realize my dream.

答案：第二句：had前加have

第三句：progresses→progress

第四句：whether→that; children→children’s

第五句：for→to

第六句：Comparing→Compared; hard→harder

第七句：And→But

第八句：去掉第一个to; because→so

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