Lesson1 International business 国际商务
（1）国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易复杂得多。International business refers to transaction between par-ties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business.
(2)随着经济一体化进程的发展,很少有人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在.因此,在些方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的,这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步.With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies cam completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.
(3)其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同,承包合同,承包生产和交钥匙工程. Other forms for participating in international business are management contract ,contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.
(4)国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现,即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售.International business first took the form of commodity trade, i. e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.
(5)除了国际贸易和投资,国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式.Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are some times taken as a means of entering a foreign market.
Lesson2 Income Level and the World Market收入水平与世界市场
2、Translate the following sentences into English?中译英
(1)国民生产总值和和国内生产总值是表明一国收入的两个重要概念。区别在于前者强调的是生产要素的所属权而后者着重于进行生产的国家。
GNP and GDP are two important concepts used to indicate a country is income. The difference between GNP and GDP is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place.
(2)要估评某一市场的潜力，人们往往要分析其收入收入水平，因为他为那里居民的购买力高低提供了线索。
In assessing the potential of a market,people often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents.
（3）世界各国被世界银行分为了三大领域：高收入国家，中等收入国家和低收入国家。
Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories oh high-income, middle and low income.
（4）中国现在的年人均收入为1100美元以上，但几年前他还是个低收入的国家。
China with an annual per capita income of over $1100 is a middle income country though it was a low income country just a few years ago.
（5）就中国来说，周围还有其他应特别关注的市场，如亚洲四小虎、东盟国家、俄罗斯等国，这些国家都有前景看好的市场潜力，能为中国提供很好的商机。
As far as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around us: the four Tigers , the ASEAN countries ,Russia, India etc. Those are countries with very pro（missing potential and can offer good business opportunities to China.
Lesson3 Regional Economic Integration地区经济一体化
（1）过去的几十年，地区经济一体化越来越重要。
The past decades witnessed increasingly growing importance of regional economic integration.
最著名的自由贸易区是北美自由贸易区，它是由美国、加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。
The most notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Area ,the largest free market formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991
（2）经济联盟的成员国不仅要在税收、政府开支、企业策略方面保持一致，而且还应使用同一的货币。
The members of an economic union are required not only to harmonize their taxation ,government expenditure, industry policies, etc. but also used same currency.
（3）欧洲委员会是欧盟的管理机构之一，此机构将提议呈交给部长理事会做决定，并监督个成员国根据所制定的条约履行自己的义务。
The European Commission is one of the governing organs of the EU. It is the body which puts proposals to the Council of Ministers for decision and sees that the members carry out their duties under the treaty.
（4）APEC建立于在澳大利亚首都堪培拉召开的一次部长级会议上，当时有12位成员国出
APEC was set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in the Australia capital Canberra attended by 12 members of Australia, the United States, Canada, Japan, Republic of Korea , New Zeal and six ASEAN countries.
Lesson4 Economic Globalization 经济全球化
（1）经济全球化为世界经济发展提供了新的动力和机会，同时也使个经济体更加相互依赖、相互影响。
Economic globalization is giving new impetus and opportunities to world economics development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive
（2）跨国公司是在一个以上国家拥有、控制和经营资产的商业组织。
A multinational enterprise is a business organization that owns ,controls and manages assets in more than one country.
（3）许多人欢呼经济全球化带来的好处，但同时也有强烈的反对声音。
An MNE may also have various regional or operational headquarters, in addition to international headquarters.
（4）跨国公司的内部交换占整个国际贸易的一个很大的比例.
The transfer of the intra—MNE transactions constitutes a very significant proportion of total international trade.
（5）尽管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨国企业的子公司，但重要决策，如有关公司目标和新投资等都由母公司来决定。
Although the day-to-day running of corporate operations may be decentralized to the affiliate MNCs the major decisions, such as those on corporate goals and new investments are made by the parent company .
（6）无论人们是否喜欢，经济全球化以成为世界经济发展中的一个客观趋势。
Like it or not , economic globalization has become an objective trend in world economic development.
Lesson 5
(1) 在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。
In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self-sufficient.
(2) 随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。
With the development of manufacture and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, i.e. international specialization.
(3) 按照比较利益学说，两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易中得到好处。
According to the theory of comparative advantage, both trade partners can benefit from trade.
(4) 比较利益并不是一个静止的概念，一个国家可以通过自己的行动发展某种特定的比较利益。
Comparative advantage is not a static concept. A country may develop a particular comparative advantage through its own action.
(5) 比较利益理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石。
The idea of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade.
Lesson 6
(1)一件商品的成本会因生产规模扩大而减少。
The cost of a product will decrease with the expansion of production scale.
(2)在实际中，即使完全的专业化在经济上有利，也可能永远不会发生。
In reality, complete specialization may never take place even though it is economically advantageous.
(3)配额或者说数量限制是最常见的关税壁垒。
Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers.
(4)有形贸是指货物的进出口贸易，而无形贸易涉及的是国家间的劳务交换。
The visible trade is the import and export of goods, and the invisible trade is the exchange of services between countries.
(5)国家从事的贸易种类是多样的吗、复杂的，往往是有形贸易和无形贸易的混合。
The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.
lesson 7 Incoterms 2000
1. 包装需按运输的要求进行，在大多数情况下，卖方明确知道把货物安全地运到目的地所需要的包装。
Packing should be made according to the requirement of transportation. In most cases ,the seller knows clearly the particular type of packing required for transporting the goods safely to destination .
2. 在许多情况下，应通知买方在卖方将货物启运之时或之前安排验货。除非合同另有规定否则买方必须支付为其自身利益而安排的验货费用。
in many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go through the inspection lf goods at or before the time of shipment .unless otherwise specified , the buyer is supposed to undertake the charges of inspection thus insure for his own sake.
3. 进口商可以通过可转让的运输单据将货物在运输途中卖给新的买方，这类可转让单据用起来非常方便。
The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are being carried by means of negotiable shipping documents which are very convenient for use.
4. 在所有条款中，买卖双方各自的义务排列在10项标题下。
Under all terms, the respective obligations of the buyer and the seller are grounded under 10 heading.
5.2000年对国际贸易术语解释则的修改考虑了无关税区的发展，商务活动中电子通讯使用的增加，以及运输方式的变化。
The 2000 revision of incoterms took account of the spread of customs-free zones,the increased used of electronic communication ,and the changes in transport practices.
lesson 8 The Business contract
1. 合同依法实施，未能履行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉，并被强行做出赔偿。
A contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation .
2.口头业务协商指的是面对面的直接谈判或通过国际长途电话进行的商谈。
Oral business negotiations refer to face-to-face discussions or those conducted through international trunk calls .
3.买方发出的询盘是为了获得拟定购商品的有关信息，它对发出询盘的人无约束力。
Enquiries made by the buyer are to get information about the goods to be ordered , and are not binding on the inquirer.
4.有效期对于确盘是比不可少的，在规定时间之前，或在被对方接受或拒绝之前确盘一直是有效的。
The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer ,that remains valid until a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected .
5,还盘是对发盘的拒绝，一旦作出还盘，原报盘即失效而失去约束力。
A counter-offer is a refusal of the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counter-offer is made.
Lesson9 Modes of trade
1 对销贸易一般是与有关国家的政策目标相互联系的，如应对外汇短缺和扩大出口之类的问题 as counter trade often takes place in less developed economies and in centrally planned economies, it is often related with policy objectives in these countries
2 实质上，反向贸易指的是各种货物和服务的直接交换 foundamentally, counter trade refers to the direct exchange of assorted kinds of goods and services.
3 回购贸易和互购贸易之间另一个重要的区别在于回购贸易一般比互购贸易要延续更长一段时间 another important difference is that a counter purchase deal
4 在正常的市场交易中，由于使用货币及市场手段，货物的买与卖是分别进行的 in normal market transaction buying and selling of goods are unbundled, because of the use of money and the market.
5 尽管有很多好处，反向贸易可能是风险很大的事 despite all its advantages, counter trade can be very risky business.
6，在其他贸易方式中还有加工贸易，寄售，租赁贸易，代理等。
Lesson 10 International Payment
1 在国际贸易中进出口双方都面临风险，因为总存在对方不履约的可能 in international trade,both the exporter and importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may fail to fulfill the contract
2 为处理国际贸易中的不同行形势，各种支付方法便发展了起来 various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade
3 许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的，汇票是对银行或顾客的支付命令 a lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft,which is an order to a bank or a customer to pay.
4 即期付款交单要求进口商立即付款以取的单据 documents against payment at sight requires immedate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.
5 就出口商而言，即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利，付款交单比承税交单有利 so far as the exporter's interest is concerned D/P is more favorable than D/A.
Lesson 11 The Letter of Credit(I)
(1) 在国际贸易中几乎不可能使付款和实际交货同时进行 in international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with the physical delivery of the goods
(2) 信用证付款方式对买卖双方都提供保障 the method of payment by the letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer
(3) 现代信用证在19世纪后半叶开始采用，第一次世界大战后得到了实质性的发展modern credits were introduced in the second half of the 19th century and had substantial development after the First World War
(4) 要么因为信用证金额过大，要么因为对开证行不完全信任，出口商有时间可能需要保税的信用证 either because the credit amount is too large, or because he dose not fully trust the opening bank, the exporter may sometimes require a confirmed letter of credit
(5) 信用证的形式、长短、语言和规定各不相同letters of credit are varied in form, length, language and stipulations.
Lesson 12 The Letter of Credit(II)
(1 )信用证按其作用、形式和机制分作不同的种类 letters of credit are classified into diferent types according to their function, form, and mechanism
(2) 光票信用证主要用于非贸易结算，而在商品贸易中一般使用跟单信用证付款 clean letters of credit are mainly used in non-trade settlement, while documentary credits are generally used in commodity trade.
(3) 在即期信用证情况下，提示汇款和正确贸易中一般使用跟单信用证付款 in the case of sight credits, payment can be made promptly upon presentation of draft and impeccable shipping documents
(4) 远期信用证情况下，提示汇票和正确无误的单据后便立即付款 A usance credit obviously calls for a time draft,and the usance varies from 30,60, to as long as 180 days.
(5 )如果信用证可以由原受益人转让给另一个或几个人，那么这种信用证即为可转让信用证。原受益人称作第一受益人，接受转让的人称作第二受益人。A letter of credit is called transferable if it can be transferred by its original beneficiary to one or more parties. the original beneficiary is called the first beneficiary, and the party the credit is transferred to is called the second beneficiary.
(6) 对于一笔具体交易来说，信用证不一定是最理想的付款方式。缔约双方应根据具体情况作出最好的选择 the letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contraction parties should make their best choise according to the specific conditions.
Lesson 13
1在国际贸易中使用正确的单据很重要，否则进口商提货时会遇到困难。
It is very important to use correct documents in international trade, otherwise the importer will have difficulties in taking delivery of the goods.
2商业发票，一般称“发票”，这种单据对货物的质量和数量以及单价和总价进行概括性描述。
The commercial invoice , generally called the invoice makes a general description of the quality , quantity, unit price, and total value of the goods.
3货物在运输过程中可能发生风险损失，需要办理货物保险。
It is necessary to insure the goods against the possible risks they are exposed to in the course of transportation.
4已装船提单表明货物已实际装上开往目的港的承运船只。
An on board bill of lading indicates that the goods have been actually loaded on board of the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination.
5清洁提单指货物在表面状况良好的情况下装船，这意味着提单上未加任何有关包装或货物表面不良的批注。
A clean bill of lading refers to one that indicates the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition, which means it is devoid of any qualifying remarks about the packing and outer appearance of the goods.
lesson 14
1毫无疑问， 一个没有先进的运输系统的社会仍然是一个原始落后的社会。
There is no doubt that a society without an advanced transportation system remains primitive.
2这些方式在运作特点和性能方面不同， 从而使它们各有比较优势和劣势。五种运输方式分别是；水路``铁路~公路~管道及航空。
The modes differ in terms of operating characteristics and capabilities, giving them comparative advantages and disadvantages. The five major modes are water, rail, truck, pipeline and air.
3)过去十年，公司自己提供运输能力的倾向越来越大.
The past decade has seen an increasing tendency among business firms to provide their own transportation capability.
4作为一个社会， 我们现在的生活比完全自给自足时更富裕，更消闲。
As a society , we enjoy a richer and more leisurely life than we would be in a totally self-sufficient community.
5最近几年运输功能引人注目的另一个因素就是越来越多的使用零库存系统。这种系统是以公司保持很少数量的生产投入的生产方式为基础的。
Another factor that has thrust transportation into the limelight in recent years is the growing utilization of just-in-time inventory systems, on the basis of a production approach in which the firm maintains very small quantities of production inputs.
Lesson 15 insurance
(1)保险是一种风险转移机制。通过保险个人或企业可以将生活中一些不确定因素转移给其他人.
Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism,by which the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others.
(2)即使是在这种情况下，大多数公司宁可付已知的费用即保险费来转移风险，而不愿面对不确定的风险损失。
Even under these circumstances, most of the firms preferto pay a known cost or premium for the transfer of risk, rather than face the uncertainty of carrying the risk of loss.
（3）对企业来说损失的价值要比个人高很多。因此保险费也比一栋房子或一俩车高出许多。
In the case of business enterprises, the values exposed to loss are usually much higher and the premium charged is substantially higher than that for a house or a car.
（4）企业投保的主要刺激是他们可以腾出资金，进行其他项目的投资。
The main stimulus to the enterprise is the release of funds for investment in the production of other items.
（5）因此，货物保险是一种目的在于把风险从进口商河出口商的肩上转移到专门承担风险的保险人一方的活动。
Therefore,cargo insurance is an activity aiming at moving the burden of risk from the exporters and importers to the underwriters.
Lesson 16 insurance
1.没有可保利益的保险的合同是无效的。而任何根据这类合同提出的索赔都不会被受理。
An insurance contract without an insurable interest to support it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertained.
2 尽管错误的陈述是无意的，但保险人还是受到欺骗。从而保险合同无效。
Even though the misstatement is unintentional, the underwriter will still be deceived and the policy voidable.
3 将受损失人的利益恢复到损害发生前的状况的合同就是保险合同。
A contract of insurance is one which restores a person who has suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred.
4 赔偿金额一般包括发票金额加上运输费用及保险费再加上一个商定的百分比，如10%。
The compensation payable generally includes the invoiced cost plus freight, the insurance premium, and an agreed percentage,say10%.
5 如果投保的险别不是造成损失的直接原因，保险公司将不予赔偿。
The insurance company will not entertain the claim if the risk covered is not the proximate cause of the loss.
Lesson17—lesson18
1. 在第一次世界大战前，金本位制建立了固定汇率制，每个国家通过将本国货币与黄金挂钩来确定其货币的平价。
答：Before the First World War ,the gold standard created a fixed exchange rate system as each country pegged the value of its currency to gold to establish its par value.
2．1944年44国在美国布雷顿森林举行会议签署协议，计划在世界贸易和货币方面实现更好的合作。
答：In1944, 44 nations held a conference at Bretton Woods ,U.S.A.,To plan better cooperation in world trade and currency matter .
3.弹性汇率制从没有真正的“干净”或自由地浮动过。因为中央银行为了稳定汇率采取了各种措施对货币价格进行干涉。
.答：The flexible exchange rate system has never been clean float or free float ,because the central bank takes various measures to intervene in the price of its currency in order to stabilize the exchange rate .
4在特定条件下，提高利率可以吸引国外短期资金，提高一国的外汇汇率。
答：Under specific conditions,high interest rate will attract short-term international fund ,increasing the exchange rate of one’s own currency .
5．外汇汇率有三种形式，即：买进汇率、售出汇率、和两者的平均值--------中间汇率。
There are three types of foreign exchange price namely :the buying rate ,the selling rate and the average of the previous two the medial rate.
6．这些机构的共同目标是通过把发达国家的资金输送到发展中国家帮助这些国家提高生活水平。
答：The common objective of these institutions is to help raise standards of living in developing countries by channeling financial resources to them from developed countries .
7．国家复兴开发银行的资金相当大的一部分来自它的留存盈余以及偿还贷款的不断流入。
答：A substantial contribution to the IBRD’s resources comes from its retained earnings and the flow of repayments on its loans.
8． 国际复兴开发银行的贷款是向处于经济和社会发展较高阶段的发展中国家提供的。
答：the loans of IBRD are directed toward developing countries at more advanced stages of economic and social growth .
9． 国际货币基金组织旨在向那些在付款方面有困难的基金会员国提供中期贷款。
答：The purpose of IMF is to provide medium term loans to those members with payment difficulties .
10．为了承担这项使命，多边投资担保机构向投资者提供担保以防范非商业性风险，向发展中成员国政府提供咨询，并为国际商业界与东道国政府就投资问题安排对话。
答：To undertake this mission ,MIG offers investors guarantees against noncommercial risks ,advises developing member governments on policies and sponsors dialogues between the international business community and host governments on investment issues.
Lesson 19 Foreign Direct Investment
（1）对外直接投资是国际投资的主要方式，一国居民为进行督控和经营通过对外投资获取另一国的资产。
Foreign direct investment is the major form of international investment, whereby residents of one country acquire assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.
(2) 控制成本是一些企业进行对外投资主要动机之一。而降低生产成本是考虑的一个重要方面.
Controlling costs is one of the major motivations for some enterprises to engage in FDI. And lowering production costs is an important consideration.
(3) 直接在国外经营提高一个公司产品的能见度，使当地客户对他们所购买的商品更加放心。
Operating directly abroad enhances the visibility of a firm’s products, making local customers feel more assured about the things they buy.
(4) 即时库存管理系统的引进能最大限度地降低库存从提高经营效率。
The introduction of JIT inventory management system can minimize the inventory of the stock so to increase the efficiency of the operation.
(1) 国外直接投资主要有三种形式：建立新企业、购买现有设施和建立合资公司。
FID is mainly practiced in three forms: Building new enterprises, purchasing existing facilities and forming joint ventures.
Lesson 20 The International Stock Exchange
(1) 选择权是指在特定的时间内按规定的价格购买或出售一种证劵的权利。
Options are contracts giving the right to buy or sell a security at an agreed price within a particular period of time.
(2) 未挂牌证劵市场是为了满足已经确立了地位，但是较小的，而且不太成熟的公司的需求而建立的。
The unlisted securities market is to meet the needs of established, but smaller, less mature companies.
(3) 政府满足公共部门借贷需求的方法之一就是出售金边证劵。
One of the ways the government meets the public Sector Borrowing Requirement is by selling gilt-edged stocks.
(4) 通过为证劵的发行和交易提供中心市场，股票交易所长期为政府、工业以及投资商的需求服务。
The Stock Exchange has long served the needs of government, industry and investors in providing the central market place for the issuing and trading of securities.
(5) 国际股票交易所提供了一种途径，使人们的存款能够为那些需要资金的人所利用。
The International Stock Exchange provides a channel through which the savings can reach those who need finance。
Lesson 21
(1) 关税总协定体系（世贸组织）是通过一系列的贸易谈判或回合发展起来的，他最初有三个基本目标。译：the GATT system (now WTO)was developed through a series of trade negotiations or rounds .It originally had three basic goals .
(2) 加入世界贸易组织对中国有益，因为它将促进中国的改革和发展，提高商品和服务的质量，降低商品成本和服务费用，刺激投资和创造机会，改善法制。译：china’s WTO accession will benefit china because it will help advance its reform and development ,improve the quality and reduce the cost of goods and services ,spur investment and the creation of new of jobs ,and promote the rule of law .
(3) 世界贸易组织的主要目的是为了促进自由贸易、进一步减少贸易壁垒并建立更有效的贸易纠纷解决机制。译：the main objectives of WTO are to promote free trade ,further reduce trade barriers, and establish more effective trade dispute settlement procedures .
(4) WTO争端解决机制是当今国际水准上的最为活跃的体系而且对国际法的持续发展有重大意义。译：the WTO dispute settlement system is the most active one today at the international level and has tremendous importance for the progressive development of international law .
(5) 尽管中国取得了很大的成就，但仍然面临巨大的挑战。一部分挑战和竞争来自于农业、银行业和保险业，还有一部分来自于一些国家所采取的贸易保护主义措施。译：despite all the achievements, china still faces big challenges. Some of the challenges and competition are from the agricultural sector and banking and insurance industries. And some are caused by the protectionist measures in some countries.
Lesson 22
(1) 尽管第一次会议没有制定出具体目标，联合国贸易和发展会议的总任务是制定、协议和实施改善发展进程的措施。译：although no specific objectives were laid down at the first conference, the general target of UNCTAD is to formulate, negotiate and implement measures to improve the development process .
(2) 在没有有效协议的情况下，一旦出口收入下降，应立即采用强制的和自动的补救措施。译：in the absence of effective agreements, compulsory and automatic compensatory measures should be introduced as soon as there is a decline in export earnings.
(3) 实际上西方国家在使低收入国家繁荣起来的同时，其对这些国家的出口将增加，因此也能获得经济效益。译：the western nations would, in fact, also have an economic interest when they are bringing prosperity to the low-income countries, since their exports to these countries would thus be stepped up.
(4) 国际经济新秩序主要是要求发达国家提供更多的现金和贸易方面的优惠。译：the new international economic order is mainly a demand for more cash and trade concessions from the developed countries.
(5) 贸易和发展理事会是联合国贸易和发展会议的常设机构。译：a trade and development board is the permanent organ of the united nations conference on trade and development.
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