Comprehension
A
1. The phrase "gleaned from."
2. The word "backfired."
3. In a figurative way, the author wants to show that middle class blacks experienced an uncomfortable conflict between associating themselves with the middle class and associating themselves with blacks, most of whom were of the lower class.
4. His father valued hard work sacrifice and respect for family, property and education.
5. No. Sam is an imaginary character who defines the negative image of lives of lower-class blacks.
6. 3) on children 4) on money
5) on fidelity 6) on clothes
Sam is a lazy, irresponsible person.
7. negative characteristics of lower-class blacks
8. One is a dissociation from images of lower-class black people's life. The other is a corresponding identification with values and patterns of responsibility that are common to the middle class everywhere.
9. Because he could no more change his middle class values than change the colour of his skin.
10. The two pronouns "it" refer to the same thing. They both refer to racial identification.
11. Double bind: impeding not only individual advancement but also the advancement of blacks as a group
victim-focused black: encouraging individuals to feel that their advancement depends almost entirely on that of the group; thus they lose sight of the possibilities of success due to individual hard work.
12. (Open.) The author thinks that what we need is a form of racial identity that energizes the individual by putting him in touch with both his individual possibilities and his responsibilities.
Vocabulary and Structure
A
1. collected/gained 2. imitated/copied 3. desire; separate
4. attraction 5. were formed 6. literal character
7. statement 8. waiting 9. unchangeable
10. weakness 11. out-of-date; huge and solid
12. holding back/argue 13. inseparable 14. trouble; severe
15. great member; unintentionally 16. decision-makers
B
1. a. identification/identity b. identify c. identity
2. a. gleaned b. glean c. gleanings
3. a. impulsion b. impulse c. impulsive
4. a. embodies b. embodiment c. embodies
5. a. manifestation b. manifests c. manifest
6. a. contending b. contention c. contentious
7. a. multitude b. multitudinous c. multitude
8. a. initiate b. initiative c. initiated
9. a. victims b. victimized c. victimization
10. a. wrestling b. wrestled c. wrestling
C
1. B. most gloriously 2. C. in which
3. A. may 4. A. buy
5. D. are reduced 6. C. were changed through
7. B. it 8. A. If asked
9. D. then saying that 10. C. but
D
1. more 2. capacity 3. for 4. historical
5. racial 6. deepened 7. like 8. accustomed
9. ourselves 10. with 11. values 12. being
13. images 14. otherwise ,, 15. positive 16. upon
17. previously 18. still 19. figure 20. expected
Speaking
(Open)
Translation and Writing
A
我认为我们谁也不会相信山姆(Sam)的缺点是低层黑人生活的准确写照。山姆只是黑人形象的一种自我定义的方式，而这种定义并不具有社会学意义上的准确性。山姆对于我们来说根本不像白人种族主义者所描述的那种黑人，也不是我们恨铁不成钢的心态的体现。它只是与我们进取心的表达形成鲜明的对比。如果恨自己也是一种动力因素的话，那么对于我们黑人来说恨的不是低层黑人，而是我们不愿成为低层的黑人。
再者，且不说爱和恨，一个根本的事实是：我的中产阶级的标志是摆脱一切低层黑人的生活形象，与大家都公认的中产阶级的价值观和责任感保持一致。这些价值观使我产生了清楚的信念：做一个既有个性又负责任的公民，懂得了你的生活质量会基本反映出你本人努力的程度；懂得了每个人的责任感是自由的基础，命运所带来的限制(无论命运对你是公平或不公平)不应成为坐视等待、听天由命的借口。
B
1. Children can hardly live up to the expectations of their parents because their parents ask for too much.
2. What you are doing now is no more difficult than what have done before.
3. Sometimes people try to get around the question by changing the subject.
4. Before graduation some students tried to sell their used bikes or computers by means of putting a notice on the bulletin board.
5. The completion of the project calls for a joint effort of everyone in the company.
6. He has his own principles and doesn't care about what other people will say.
7. Their job is to write down the data that came out of the experiments and then to do the analysis.
8. When both parties are in a position to negotiate, a meeting should be arranged in order to conclude a deal.
9. Correction at the right time is very important; otherwise, students will be discouraged and held back in class activities.
10. With the better service provided by the community, many people can be free of housework and have more leisure time.
Reading Practice
1. The blacks took over ghettos in New York City Chicago and Detroit, where once the poor white immigrants had lived when they went from the South to the northern industrial cities.
2. 1) The schools to which black children went were hopelessly inadequate.
2) Stable family life was difficult to maintain and children were neglected by their parents.
3) Unemployment in black ghettos remained consistently higher than in white communities.
3. In the southern states once the notices "whites only" were found in buses, hotels, restaurants, sporting events, and restrooms and on park benches.
4. Because since the Civil War, thousands of innocent blacks just like Charles Lynch were hanged without trial by white mobs.
5. Martin Luther King, Jr. was devoted to peaceful change while the Black Panthers advocated violence.
Answer Key
Comprehension
A
1. Although most people are in a slightly depressed mood three days out of
ten, 0.5% of the population is in a good mood all the time.
2. People who enjoy life and do not worry about the future. 3. Almost everyone struggles with depression regularly.
4. A,B C,D, F
5. No.C
6. Depression is one of the most easily treated emotional ailments. Most depressives can recover with treatment.
7. The wide spread of depression.
1) Baby boomers and busters are more likely to feel depressed.
2) Higher expectations from life and diminished family stability.
8. mania and chronic hypomania
9. Yes. For example:
I) corporate turmoil;
2) the fiat economy;
3) imbalance of chemicals in the brain;
4) personal loss; and 'sometimes even the positive news;
5) genetic traits.
10. C
B
1. C 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. D
6. D 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. A
Vocabulary and Structure
A
1. adjoining 2. slapped 3. alarmingly 4. burnout
5. conscientious 6. psychotherapy 7. theorized 8. depressive
9. emotional 10. misery
B
1. at their disposal 2. in the throes of
3. specializes in 4. comes in ... forms
5. a talent for 6. are likely to
7. screwed up 8. in the case of
9. a touch of 10. at any given moment
C
1. C. would not have ventured 2. B. deep depression
3. C. depending upon 4. C. discussed
5, B. were 6. B. would not have developed
7. D. feeling depressed 8. C. had anxiety attacks
9. D. himself 10. B. to encourage
D
1. only 2. answer 3. relax 4. caused 5. medicine
6. feel 7. asked 8. feelings 9. rate 10. but
11.This 12. acting 13. better 14. helps 15. if
16. alarming 17. as 18. opposite 19. whose 20. laugh
Speaking
(Open)
Translation and Writing
A
对于全世界的大部分农民来说，饥饿是他们最为焦虑的事。他们不会为是否加薪而感到忧虑，不会为选择三所大学中的哪一所而感到忧虑；也不会为究竟购买福特汽车还是凯迪拉克车感到忧虑；或为他们想买的电视机的价格太贵而感到忧虑。他们饥寒交迫。在世界许多地区，农民害怕局部的战争、暴徒、政变可能危及他们的家园、危及他们缺吃少穿的生活和生命。但是可以确切地说他们并不感到焦虑。
正如我们一直用焦虑来描绘一种典型的心态一样，焦虑与饥饿、损失、暴力以及死亡的恐惧感完全不同。焦虑是一种在即刻将发生的、导致生命危险的恐怖事件消失时所出现的正常情感。此类恐怖事件有火山爆发，冷箭袭击，背后挨刀以及其他灾难等。
B
1. Only after I slapped him on the back did he see me and cry happily.
2. Depression comes in quite a number of forms, one of which is chronic hypomania.
3. Depression can be a dreadful, fatal disease and can even screw up careers and marriage, but it can be treated.
4. The advanced teacher training course was characterized by its emphasis upon the evaluation of teaching and learning.
5. She may have fallen into depression because there was a touch of sadness on her face.
6. In the case of a highly intelligent animal like the seal, elementary training is easy.
7. When I spent my holiday in Europe last year, my friend left his house at my disposal.
8. He specialized first in painting birds and later in writing about them.
9. Some people think that depression is more prevalent among poorer or less educated people; in fact, it often hits the most ambitious extra hard.
10. Hypomanics may go for years with extraordinary energy and a talent for synthesizing seemingly disparate bits of data.
Reading Practice
1.B 2. D 3. C 4. A 5.A
Answer Key
Comprehension
A
1. The first sentence. He had meetings with the top people at Mitsubishi Motors. He must be the president of his company, too.
2. They have been partners since 1971. Chrysler purchased 15 percent of Mitsubishi and arranged to import some of their excellent small cars under the Dodge and Chrysler names.
3. Kyoto facinated President Roosevelt and his wife. There was an order that Kyoto would not be bombed during World War II. Therefore Kyoto was safe enough to have the aircraft plant built there.
4. C
5. A debatable point :"We in Japan look out for our self-interest. What I don't understand is why your country doesn't always do the same."
Statements of facts:
a) The current conflict is a trade war.
b) We're up against a formidable competitor.
c) All things are not equal. It is strongly tilted in favor of Japan.
Warnings:
a) Our economic struggle with the Japanese is critical to our future.
b) As a result, we're playing with one hand tied behind our back.
Likely consequence: We're losing the war.
6. The Japanese industry is supported by a government organization named the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), which determines the industries critical to Japan's future and helps resolve problems in their research and development.
7. Japan has something similar to Russia; government and industry work together.
8. Because in Japan, management, shareholders, the government, bankers, suppliers and workers all work together as a team to produce the best products for the world market.
9. they don't have to spend very much on defense.
10. The author thinks that the U.S. government is stupid.
11. A. Because it is hard for him to find any convincing evidence, and he is very much worried about the economic situation of the U.S.
12. C.
13. The advantages are:
I) the support and protection of the Japanese government,
2) low taxes,
3) the artificial weakness of the yen.
14. In the trade war between the U.S. and Japan, the U.S. may be on the road to defeat if it cannot see the challenge from Japan or take any effective measures.
Vocabulary and Structure
1. stroll 2. formidable 3. tilt 4. to the hilt
5. prestige 6. priority 7. depreciate 8. currency
9. fluctuates 10. disrupt
1--g 2--e 3--f 4--a 5--c
6--b 7--d 8--j 9--i 10--h
1. cocoon 2. laissez-faire 3. run amok 4. meddlesome
5. monsters 6. bureaucrats 7. prudent 8. to the hilt
9. shrine 10. destiny
1. D. expired 2. C. were designed
3. B. nor 4. D. shooting at
5. A. has been wooing 6. B. is
7. C. in which 8. C. by
9. A. better protect 10. B. are
1. technology 2. each 3. took 4. for
5. In 6. job 7. employment 8. such
9. mighty 10. workers 11. is 12. about
13. like 14. more 15. its 16. travel
17. establishment 18. finally 19. that 20. down
Speaking
(Open)
Translation and Writing
相反，管理层、股东、政府、银行家、供应商以及工人们都齐心协力。他们利用最先进的技术设计出世界一流的产品。他们从国家因资源短缺而制定的高油税政策中得到启示，设计出了节油汽车。毫无疑问这也为日本应付1973年阿以战争以及1980年国王(伊朗)突然弃位(而带来的石油危机)做好了准备。
日本的另一优势在于它的税率在世界上所有工业国家中是最低的。日本可以承担如此低税率的一个原因在于它在国防上无需太多开支。自从二战结束以后，我们美国一直替它承担着这个重担。在它们投降以后，我们告诉他们，“你们这些家伙，听着，停止制造武器。你们也看到了这给你们带来了什么。但不用担心，我们可以替你们保卫你们的国家。我们希望你们改做一些其他有利于和平的好玩意——譬如汽车。我们甚至可以教你们如何造汽车。底特律的人们可以帮你们的。”
而我们也确实帮了他们。在这个过程中，我们创造了一个巨人。现在约三十五岁的它已长大成人，羽翼丰满。它已可以在美国的汽车市场上横；中直撞，而且我们如不加以制止，它还将一如既往地这样持续下去。
1. You will be up against it if you don't pass the test. You will probably fail in maths.
2. In order to know more about society;, students voluntarily help out in the store after school.
3. 'You should learn how to be independent. Don't leave all the housework up to your mother.
4. Tom had a party with his classmates and came back at four o'clock this morning. No wonder he is late after such a night.
5. The mismanagement and inefficiency of systems have given birth to bureaucrats.
6. Shocked by noises, one of the big male elephants was running amok in the village, tearing up the trees by their roots.
7. Some people love taking part in sports games because they feel it is exciting to compete with others.
8. What can the opposition party do to bring this government to its knees?
9. People may agree that the quickest way to go about New York is by subway.
10. The factory leader explained the factory's problem and asked the workers to take a big swing to complete the task in time.
Reading Practice
1. F 2.T 3.T 4. F 5.T
Answer Key
Comprehension
1. Part Two runs from paragraph 6 to paragraph 14, which tries to give a description of different people's attitudes towards making friends.
The third part consists of paragraph 15, which gives the common elements of friendship regardless of different styles mentioned in part two.
2. Because this sentence implies that Americans like moving. With each move they are forever making new friends, who become a part of their new life. This is also why it's more difficult to have life-long friends.
3. Americans like to visit European countries not only to see new sights but also to meet new people whenever possible.
4. 1) For Europeans, friendship is more particularized and carries a heavier burden of commitment, it is deeper and more enduring.
2) For some Americans, friendship is superficial, casual, and situational.
5. 1) a friend for a few weeks in a new place;
2) a close business associate; 3) a childhood playmate;
4) a woman or man;5) a trusted confidant.
6. Americans will treat their friends casually with little ceremony and little personal commitment.
7. If l say ‘This is my good friend', our relationship is not as deep as the one about whom I say only 'This is my friend.'--The more that is said about a friend, the weaker the relationship actually is.
8. A Frenchman is likely to make friends with someone who has similar interests, intellect and so on. Paragraph 9 gives a complete answer.
9. No. According to the article, American friendships are more casual. Typically, people flow in and out of Americans' homes with little ceremony and little personal commitment while Europeans have a lot of commitments.
10. German friendships are based on mutuality of feeling.
11. Outside the family, men and women in Germany choose their closest friends of the same sex who have the devotion of a sister and the loyalty of a brother.
12. Because Americans view friendship more tentatively, subject to changes in intensity as people move, change their jobs, etc. Also, disagreement between German friends is a tragedy while for Americans it is accepted, even expected.
13. D.
14. Freedom of choosing friends and equality of give-and-take.
15. The American's characteristic openness to different styles of relationship.
B
French Friendship is more particularized and carries a heavier burden of commitment. French friends choose each other for the congeniality of their point of view. Friendships are not made part of family life; wives do not have to be taken into account.
German the same as the above Friendships are based on mutuality of feeling. Friends are usually brought into the family.
English the same as the above Their basis of friendship is shared activity. English friendships are formed outside the family circle.
Chinese Open. Open. Open.
Vocabulary and Structure
A
1. casual 2. congeniality 3. niche 4. intellect
5. commitment 6. temperament. 7. individuality 8. courteous
9. accentuate 10. invoke
B
1. appreciation 2. constituted 3. sparkles 4. compartmentalized
5. niche 6. heightened 7. binding 8. articulately
9. mutual 10.irreconcilable
C
1.B 2. A 3. D 4. B 5.A
6. C 7. C 8. B 9. D 10.B
D
1. centered on 2. went back to 3. drew on 4.Taking into account
5. fall into step 6. took up 7. strikes up 8. is based on
9. came into being 10.served on 11. left off 12. out of step
E
1. C. how little it might be 2. A. was
3. D. however 4. C. that
5. B. are these techniques 6. C. it
7. B. expected 8. D. until
9. B. so that 10. A. Aside from
F
1. whom 2. crossing 3. neighbor 4. mother
5. maybe 6. indeed 7. for 8. when
9. lift 10. as 11. come 12. public
13. which 14. being 15. depressed 16. blind
17. never 18. over 19. sufficient 20. mutual
Speaking
(Open)
Translation and Writing
A
与法国截然不同的是。在德国，友谊更清楚地表达为一种感情的根由。处于青春期的少男少女们，建立起深厚的友谊。他们在一起散步、交谈一一与其说是为了增长智慧，还不如说是为了倾吐各自的希望，忧虑和憧憬，为了团结一致组成统一战线来对付校方和家庭的干涉，并通过交往可以彼此了解对方和自己的内心世界。
我曾经说过，朋友自始至终是朋友。但是现在我相信这个观点是狭隘的。因为我所拥有的友谊和我见过的友谊是有不同层次的，起着不同作用，满足不同需要。有知心姐妹那样的自始至终的朋友之间的友谊，也有最无关紧要的偶尔在一起玩玩的友人之间的友谊。
B
1. If you have agreed to pay your brother's school expenses, and give your sister ￡100 a year for clothes, you have quite a lot of commitments.
2. Her affected manners were in striking contrast with Harriet's spontaneous gaiety.
3. His remarks drew heavily upon his experiences in that country.
4. His acting in the play was remarkable, taking into account his youth and inexperience.
5. He exerted himself to take up where his father had left off.
6. The President took his place on the platform, and the military band struck up the national anthem.
7. The friendly contacts between the two countries go back to the Tang Dynasty.
8. That kind of people stay put in one job all their lives.
9. The new responsibilities drew out his latent talents.
I O. The President's public statements are obviously out of step with the majority of his party.
Reading Practice
1. B
2. A. Friendships are conducted at many levels of intensity.
B. Friendships serve many different functions.
C. Friendships meet different needs.
D. Friendships range from those as all-the-way as the friendship of soul sisters to that of the most nonchalant and casual playmates.
3. A. office friends
B. yoga friends
C. tennis friends
D. club friends
E. shopping friends, etc.
4. Crossroads friends are people who shared friendship at a crucial, now past, time of life. The author thinks that crossroads friends forge powerful links strong enough to endure with not much more contact than once-a-year letters at Christmas.
5. D6. A7. D
8. Because it is believed that man-woman friendship can be just as close and as dear as the friendship among women.
9. We care very much about what to say and what not to say at each different level of intimacy
10. A. Love, support and trust each other.
B. Bare to each other the secrets of their souls and run to help each other.
C. Tell harsh truths to each other when they must be told.
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