An analysis of the transit times of TrES-1b

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Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.000,000–000(0000Printed5February2008
A(MNLTEXstylefilev2.2
AnanalysisofthetransittimesofTrES-1b
JasonH.SteffenandEricAgol
PhysicsDepartment,UniversityofWashington,Box351560,Seattle,WA981955February2008
arXiv:astro-ph/0509656v28Nov2005
ABSTRACT
Thepresenceofasecondplanetinaknown,transiting-planetsystemwillcausethe
timebetweentransitstovary.Thesevariationscanbeusedtoconstraintheorbitalelementsandmassoftheperturbingplanet.WeanalysethesetoftransittimesoftheTrES-1systemgiveninCharbonneauetal.(2005.WefindnoconvincingevidenceforasecondplanetintheTrES-1systemfromthatdata.Byfurtheranalysis,weconstrainthemassthataperturbingplanetcouldhaveasafunctionofthesemi-majoraxisratioofthetwoplanetsandtheeccentricityoftheperturbingplanet.Nearlow-order,mean-motionresonances(within1%fractionaldeviation,wefindthatasecondaryplanetmustgenerallyhaveamasscomparabletoorlessthanthemassoftheEarth–showingthatthisdataisthefirsttohavesensitivitytosubEarth-massplanets.Wecomparethesensitivityofthistechniquetothemassoftheperturbingplanetwithfuture,high-precisionradialvelocitymeasurements.
Keywords:planetarysystems;eclipses;stars:individual(GSC02652-01324
1INTRODUCTION
Sincethefirstdiscovery,adecadeago,ofaplanetorbitingadistantmain-sequencestar(Mayor&Queloz1995,severalsearchtechniqueshavebeenemployedtoidentifyadditionalextrasolarplanets.Thesetechniquesincluderadialvelocity(Marcyetal.2005;Moutouetal.2005,as-trometry(Ford&Tremaine2003;Glindemannetal.2003;Pravdoetal.2004;Goudaetal.2005;Lattanzietal.2005,planetarymicrolensing(Albrowetal.2000;Tsaprasetal.2003,andplanetarytransits(Konackietal.2003;Bouchyetal.2004;Pontetal.2004;Charbonneauetal.2005;Konackietal.2005.Arecentadditiontotherepertoireofplanetsearchtechniquesconsistsoflookingforadditionalplanetsinaknown,transitingsystembyanalyzingthevariationinthetimebetweenplanetarytransits.Thesetransittimingvariations(TTVcanbeusedtoconstraintheorbitalelementsofanunseen,perturbingplanet,evenifitsmassiscomparabletothemassoftheEarth(Miralda-Escud´e2002;Agoletal.2005;Holman&Murray2005.Thus,forthenearterm,TTVcandetectplanetsaroundmain-sequencestarsthataretoosmalltodetectbyanyothermeans.Thissensitivityisparticularlymanifestnearmean-motionresonances,whichrecentworksbyThommes(2005,Papaloizou&Szuszkiewicz(2005,andZhouetal.(2005suggestmightbeverycommon.
Thestudyofextrasolarplanetarysystemsallowsustoaddressfundamentalquestionsaboutmechanismsofplanetformation,theprevalenceofsmall,rockyplanetslikeour

Earth,andtheevolutionofmultipleplanetarysystems.Mul-tipleplanetsystemsareanimportantsubsetofextrasolarplanetsbecausetheygiveinsightintoourownsolarsystem.TTVshouldprovetobeanimportanttoolinsamplingthepopulationofsuchplanetssinceithastheabilitytodiscernthepresenceofbodieswithverylittlemass(

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