Section Ⅱ Grammar
一般现在时、现在进行时,现在完成时
一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时在高考中约占6分,考查形式主要有单选、语篇填空和改错,主要考察这三种时态中的谓语动词形式和时间状语。
时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态。英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的。本模块重点学习一般现在时,一般将来时,现在进行时和现在完成时。
一、一般现在时
1.经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如often,usually,every...,sometimes,at...,on...。
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
每天早上我七点离开家去学校。
2.表示客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中国东部。
3.表示格言、警句或文学作品。
Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
Columbus proved that the earth is round.
哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4.现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don’t want so much.我不想要那么多。
Ann writes English well but does not speak well.
安英语写得不错,讲得可不行。
5.在时间或条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表将来。
When Bill comes,ask him to wait for me.
比尔来的时候,让他等着我。
I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
我一到那儿就给你写信。
二、一般将来时
1.shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first?我先读哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
今晚七点你在家吗?
2.be going to+动词原形,表示将来。
(1)主语的意图,即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
你明天打算做什么呢?
(2)计划,安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month.
这部戏下月开始制作。
(3)有迹象要发生的事。
Look at the dark clouds,there is going to be a storm.
看那乌云,将有一场暴风雨了。
3.be+不定式,表将来按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4.be about+不定式,意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.他马上要去北京。
注意:be about to do不能与tomorrow,next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用,常与when引导的时间状语从句连用。意为:正要做……这时……。
[提醒]
(1)下列动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
火车明天上午六点开。
—When does the bus start?—It starts in ten minutes.
——汽车什么时候开?——十分钟后。
(2)以here,there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。
Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming.车来了。
There goes the bell.=The bell is ringing.铃响了。
(3)在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes (不是will come),ask him to wait for me.
比尔来后,让他等我。
I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
我一到那里,就写信给你
三、现在进行时
1.表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。
We are waiting for you.我们正在等你。
2.习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。
Mr Green is writing another novel.格林先生在写另一部小说。(说话时并不一定在写)
3.表示渐变,这样的动词有:get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。
The leaves are turning red.叶子在变红。
It’s getting warmer and warmer.天越来越热了。
4.与always,constantly,forever等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
You are always changing your mind.你老是改变主意。
[提醒]
下列动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return等的现在进行时可以表示将来。
I’m leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week?
你会在这儿呆到下周吗?
四、现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成为:have (has)+过去分词。
1.一般过去时与现在完成时的区别
(1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
(2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday,last week,...ago,in 1980,in October,just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语:so far,up to now,in past years,for a long time,since then等,皆为不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语:this morning,tonight,this April,now等。
(3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live,teach,learn,work,study,know等。
一般过去时常用的非延续性动词(组)有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get married等。
[提醒]
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday,last week,in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错) Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对) Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
2.用于现在完成时的句型
(1)It is the first/second time...that...结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time (that) I’ve heard him sing.
这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意:上面句型中的is若改为was,则从句部分用过去完成时。
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
这是这个男孩第三次迟到了。
(2)This is+形容词最高级+that...结构,that从句要用现在完成时。
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1.When you________(come) across a new word while reading,you’d better not look it up.
答案: come
2.I________________(take) my daughter to the Central Park this Saturday.
答案: am taking
3.The telephone________________(ring).Would you answer it,please?
答案: is ringing
4.Most students here________________(study) English for more than four years.
答案: have studied
5.It is two years since I________________(smoke).
答案: smoked
6.It is the second time that he________________(visit) the Great Wall.
答案: has visited
7.Work hard,and you________________(pass) the exam.
答案: will pass
8.—I’m sorry,but there’s no smoking on this flight.
—Oh,I________________(not know) that.I won’t again.
答案: didn’t know
9.—I forgot to post the letter.
—I________________(post) it for you.
答案: will post
10.Great changes________________(take) place in my hometown in the past ten years.
答案: have taken
Ⅱ.单项填空
1.The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945,and their power________increased enormously ever since.
A.is B.was
C.has been D.had been
解析: 由ever since可知,应用现在完成时。
答案: C
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2.I was about________the classroom________the head teacher stopped me.
A.leaving;when B.leave;while
C.to leave;when D.to leaving;while
解析: 句意为:我正要离开教室,这时班主任拦住了我。be about to do...when为固定结构,“正要做……这时……”。
答案: C
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3.It’s said that you________several countries where the UN______programs to help people in the past two years as a Goodwill Ambassador.
A.visited;operated B.have visited;operates
C.are visiting;operates D.visit;operate
解析: 考查时态。由时间状语in the past two years,可知第一个空格处用现在完成时,第二个空格处用一般现在时表明联合国实施的长期项目。句意为:据说,在过去的两年中,你作为亲善形象大使访问了联合国对其实施帮助的几个国家。
答案: B
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4.—It is the second time that I________to Shanghai.
—What great changes!It’s ten years since I________it last time.
A.have been;left B.had been;left
C.am;had left D.come;had left
解析: 考查时态。第一空为固定结构It’s the second time that...从句中应用现在完成时;since作连词引导句子时常用一般过去时,表明时间起点。
答案: A
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5.—Who do you think________the book here?
—It may be John.He was sitting here all the morning.
A.was leaving B.leaves
C.had left D.has left
解析: 强调过去发生的动作对现在造成了影响——书留在了这里,应该用现在完成时。
答案: D
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6.—Stop shouting at me.
—Well,you________it.
A.started B.start
C.had started D.have started
解析: 考查时态。句意为:——别再冲我嚷嚷了。——哦,是你先开始的。start开始,动作发生在对话之前,故应用一般过去时。
答案: A
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7.My parents have promised to come to see me before I________for Africa.
A.have left B.leave
C.left D.will leave
解析: 考查动词时态。根据句意:我父母答应在我去非洲之前来看我。可知leave为将来的动作,且前面采用现在时态,因此leave用一般现在时来表达这一动作。
答案: B
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8.—Joan was badly injured in the accident yesterday and she was sent to hospital.
—Oh,really? I________.I________visit her.
A.didn’t know;will go to
B.don’t know;will go to
C.didn’t know;am going to
D.haven’t known;am going to
解析: 第一空强调过去的动作,现在已经知道了,故用一般过去时;第二空应用will,表示临时决定将要做的事,而be going to表示按照计划、安排要做的事。
答案: A
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9.—What’s the terrible noise?
—The neighbour________for a crazy party.
A.have prepared B.are preparing
C.prepare D.will prepare
解析: 对话双方说的都是说话时的噪音,故可推知用现在进行时表示正在发生的动作。
答案: B
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10.He________basketball well,but I haven’t had time to watch the games.
A.played B.will play
C.have played D.plays
解析: 考查语境中一般现在时的用法。前一分句是对主语he的特长情况的描述,因此用一般现在时。
答案: D
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11.—He can speak French because he lived in France.
—Really? How long________there?
A.does he live B.is he living
C.has he lived D.did he live
解析: 句意为:——他会说法语是因为他在法国居住过。——真的吗?他在那儿住过多长时间?从题干可知:“he”已不在法国,谈论的是过去,因此选D。
答案: D
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12.—When are your parents leaving?
—Their plane________at 1∶30 pm.
A.takes off B.took off
C.will take off D.is to take off
解析: 计划表或者时刻表中规定好的动作可用一般现在时表示将来。句意为:——你父母什么时候离开?——他们的飞机下午一点半起飞。
答案: A
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13.Let’s keep to the point or we________any decision.
A.will never reach B.have never reached
C.never reach D.never reached
解析: 考查动词时态。根据题意可知“我们无法做出决定”为将来的情况。因此,应用一般将来时。另外,此题符合“祈使句+or/and+一般将来时”结构。
答案: A
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14.The price________,but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A.went down B.will go down
C.has gone down D.was going down
解析: 考查动词时态。根据后句“我怀疑物价是否会保持这样”可知,物价已经降下来了,应用完成时,因此C项是正确的。
答案: C
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15.He________of how he can do more for the people.
A.had always thought
B.is always thinking
C.has always been thought
D.thinking always
解析: 考查动词时态。由句意及always可知,该句表示他总是在考虑如何为人们多做点事。属一贯性、反复进行的动作,带有强烈的褒扬色彩,因此应用现在进行时表示,选B。
答案: B
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16.(2010·上海春)We________on our project day and night in the past two weeks.
A.had worked B.have worked
C.will be working D.are working
解析: 句意为:在过去的两周里,我们夜以继日地做我们的项目。由时间状语in the past two weeks可知,本句应该用现在完成时态。
答案: B
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17.—Ann is in hospital.
—Oh,really?I________know.I________go and visit her.
A.didn’t;am going to B.don’t;would
C.don’t;will D.didn’t;will
解析: 句意为:“安住院了。”“真的吗?我还不知道呢,我要去看看她。”“不知道安住院”是说话之前的事,故第一空用一般过去时;“要去看安”是临时决定将要做的事,故用will do表示一般将来时。
答案: D
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18.—What is the price of petrol these days?
—Oh,it________sharply since last month.
A.is raised B.has risen
C.has arisen D.is increased
解析: 由since last month可知应该用现在完成时;首先排除A、D。再根据句意可知应该选B。rise是不及物动词,意为“上升”,符合题意。arise意为“站立,出现”,均不符合语境。
答案: B
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19. This is the first time we________a film in the cinema together as a family.
A.see B.had seen
C.saw D.have seen
解析: 在This/It is the first/second...time that从句中,that从句谓语动词用现在完成时态。句意为“这是第一次我们全家人一起到电影院看电影”。
答案: D
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20.My parents________in Hong Kong.They were born there and have never lived anywhere else.
A.live B.lived
C.were living D.will live
解析: 由第二句中的...have never lived anywhere else.可知,空格处应用一般现在时表示状态。
答案: A
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