武威六中2017-2018学年度高三第四次诊断考试
英 语
本试卷共120分，考试时间100分钟。本试卷分第I卷（选择题）和第II卷（非选择题）两部分。共120分，考试时间100分钟。
注意事项：
1.答题前，考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写在答题卡上。
2.选择题必须使用2B铅笔填涂；非选择题用0.5毫米黑色签字笔书写，字体工整，笔迹清楚。
3.请按照题号顺序在各题目的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在试题卷上答题无效。
4.保持卡面清洁，不要折叠、不要弄破、弄皱，不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。
第I卷
第一部分 阅读理解(共20小题，每小题2分，满分40分)
第一节 (共15小题，每小题2分，满分30分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中，选出最佳选项，并将正确答案填在答题卡上。
A
Korea
While many Koreans prefer Western-style weddings in which the bride wears a white wedding dress，some couples are still carrying out the“Pyebaek”一a Korean wedding custom．
The Pyebaek is held after the official ceremony，and is when the bride pays respects to her parents-in-law for the first time．The new couple bow deeply before the parents，and they exchange jujube(枣)and chestnuts(栗子)一symbols for children and good fortune．
——Sujean Park，HuffPost Korea
Japan
For Japanese weddings，it’s customary for guests to bring cash as a gift for the new couples．The amount depends on the guest’s relationship with the couple—on average，friends would give$300，and family members many give up to$1000．
The bills should be unfolded，freshly printed．They’re typically put in a special envelope signed by the guests．Guests leave the envelopes at a reception desk at the ceremony and receive wedding favors in return．
——Ryan Takeshita，HuffPost Japan
Brazil
In Brazilian weddings，the best man cuts the groom’s tie into several pieces and sells them to the wedding guests at whatever price they choose to pay for it．The money that’s collected usually goes toward the couple’s honeymoon．
Brazilian weddings wouldn’t be complete without pastries called“bem-casados”，or“happily married”．These are tiny sweet cakes with a condensed milk(炼乳)filling that are meant to bring good luck to the new couples．
——Andrea Martinelli，Huff Post Brazil
1.In Korean weddings， ．
A.only Western-style weddings are favored
B.some couples still observe their traditions
C.the bride shows respects to her parents
D.the couple must both wear a white dress
2.When attending a Japanese friend’s wedding，you’d better ．
A.fold the new bills in an envelope
B.carry an envelope with a letter as a gift
C.contain$300 in a special envelope
D.give more than$1000 to the new couple
3.Why do people make pastries in Brazilian weddings?
A.To express good wishes to the new couples．
B.To raise money for the new couples．
C.To show their excellent cooking skills．
D.To share the new couples’ stories．
4.What’s the author’s purpose in writing this text?
A.To advise people how to make preparations for weddings．
B.To share some wedding customs around the world．
C.To show the different customs between different countries．
D.To check how much you know about wedding customs．
B
My main career has been in information technology：I was“the computer guy”．Where I live in remote northern Minnesota，good tech jobs were rare．
Then I got divorced and found myself a single mother with two sons in school．Without a permanent job working on computers，I was concerned about my family’s future．So I sat down with my sons to discuss whether we should move to where the higher-paying jobs are．But we decided to stay and I’d go back to college for more training，even though it meant we’d be living on less．
While I work toward an education degree，I have become what’s called a Promise Fellow in a local middle school．Among the“promises”we make at the start of each school year is that the students will have a caring adult in their life，no matter what．My fellow“Fellows”and I don’t teach．We do what’s called“whole-life support”because our students need more than just academics to succeed．
Why?Their lives aren’t easy．The remote counties I live and work in have experienced a huge downturn in the primary industry of iron mining．The poverty(贫困)experienced by my students and their families is often worsened by mental health problems,plus drug alcohol abuse.
With our attention，the students feel supported．Most of the kids have a lot of abilities and are smarter than they give themselves credit for．We take them to college campuses and get them to visualize their future．
I had worked with two students in our 2016 graduating class at Northern Lights Community School．Both are going to college this fall．These are the same kids who laughed at me when I first mentioned college to them.So I know I’ve played a role in their lives．
5.What is the topic of the text?
A.The 1ife of a computer guy． B.The life of a single mother．
C.The experience with Promise Fellow． D.The experience with kids．
6.Why did the author want to leave northern Minnesota at first?
A.To seek higher-paying jobs． B.To comfort her children．
C.To repair her marriage． D.To teach courses at 3 10cal college．
7.What does the author stress in Paragraph 4?
A.Why families are addicted to drugs and alcohol
B.Why iron mining industry has declined．
C.Why the remote counties suffer from poverty．
D.Why Promise Fellow is in great need．
8.How do the kids benefit from Promise Fellow?
A.They are physically helped． B.They get cared for in life and academics．
C.They receive aid from colleges． D.They are financially supported．
C
Bill Gates recently predicted that online learning will make place-based colleges less significant，and five years from now，students will be able to find the best lectures in the world online．I applaud Mr．Gates．But what’s taking us so long?
As early as 1997，MIT(麻省理工)decided to post videos of all university lectures online，for free，for all people．But today，how many students have you met who mastered advanced mathematics or nuclear physics from an MIT online video? Unfortunately，the answer is not many．The problem is the poor quality of online education websites and the experience they provide to students. Those who go to the MIT website and watch courses online are surely very smart people，but it’s not like playing a video game such as World of Warcraft．Only the most ardent students，those who are highly motivated，will devote themselves to studying these boring online videos．
The real question is why we aren’t spending more to develop better online education platforms．Where is the Avatar of education? Think about this．The market for Hollywood films per year is worth around 30 billion USD．Education in the world is a trillion—dollar-a-year market，hundreds of times bigger than Hollywood movies．Yet the most expensive digital learning system ever built cost well under 100 million dollars．
Bill Gates’ prediction is going to happen．There is no doubt about it．But it will only happen when we create high level educational content and experiences that engage and excite more than has ever been possible in the real world．
9.What has Bill Gates forecast about online 1earning?
A.It will concentrate on physics lectures．
B.It will play an increasingly important role in education．
C.It will help to make universities more successful．
D.It will completely replace real universities．
10.What does the underlined word“ardent”in Paragraph 2 mean?
A.Creative． B.Well-behaved．
C.Enthusiastic． D.Experienced．
11.According to the author，what is holding back the popularity of online learning?
A.The lack of lectures available online．
B.The high cost of access to the websites．
C.The low standard of educational websites．
D.The competition with online computer games．
12.Why does the author mention Hollywood?
A.To urge that more money be spent developing educational websites．
B.To prove that education is more profitable than entertainment．
C.To argue that movie directors should produce educational content．
D.To show that Hollywood produces many successful movies．
D
Why should mankind explore space? Why should money, time and effort be spent exploring and researching something with so few apparent benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth? These are questions that, understandably, are very often asked.
Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup(基因构成) as human beings. What drove our ancestors to move from the trees into the plains, and on into all possible areas and environments? The wider the spread of a species, the better its chance of survival. Perhaps the best reason for exploring space is this genetic tendency to expand wherever possible.
Nearly every successful civilization has explored, because by doing so, any dangers in surrounding areas can be identified and prepared for. Without knowledge, we may be completely destroyed by the danger. With knowledge, we can lessen its effects.
Exploration also allows minerals and other potential resources to be found. Even if we have no immediate need of them, they will perhaps be useful later. Resources may be more than physical possessions. Knowledge or techniques have been acquired through exploration. The techniques may have medical applications which can improve the length or quality of our lives. We have already benefited from other unexpected benefits, including improvements in earthquake prediction, in satellites for weather forecasting and in communications systems. Even non-stick pans and mirrored sunglasses are by-products (副产品) of technological developments in the space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.
While many resources are spent on what seems a small return, the exploration of space allows creative, brave and intelligent members of our species to focus on what may serve to save us. While space may hold many wonders and explanations of how the universe was formed or how it works, it also holds dangers. The danger exists, but knowledge can help human being to survive. Without the ability to reach out across space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.
While Earth is the only planet known to support life, surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow us to live on other planets. It is true that the lifestyle would be different, but human life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future.
13. Why does the author mention the questions in Paragraph1?
A. To express his doubts. B. To introduce points for discussion.
C. To compare different ideas. D. To describe the conditions on Earth.
14. What is the reason for exploring space based on Paragraph2?
A. Humans are nature-born to do so.
B. Humans have the tendency to fight.
C. Humans may find new sources of food.
D. Humans don’t like to stay in the same place.
15. What makes it possible for humans to live on other planets?
A. Our genetic makeup. B. Resources on the earth..
C. By-products in space exploration. D. The adaptive ability of humans.
第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Exam taking is a tiring process． 16 Sometimes you have to pay much attention to the books and try to put everything into your brain．Other times，though，you just don’t know what to do with the loads of lessons to.study about.Here arebsome tips on better preparing for a test.
Motivatet
First you should motivate yourself． 17 Give yourself some positive goals，like setting the mood for it．After all if you are not emotionally prepared，you wouldn’t expect yourself to be mentally and physically prepared for the test as well．
Memorize
18 _ Doing this can be useful especially if you have lots of concepts to remember．Every day make it a point to memorize at least ten terms or ideas．As the days succeed，add ten concepts for every item you have mastered．
Take Notes
If you have the materials，try to summarize them by listing down what you know in key points． 19 Reread your notes and try to recall how they were discussed by your professors．Look for a review partner because studying by yourself might eventually result in laziness．
Remember that reviewing allows you to recount the lessons and process them more systematically．Give yourself enough time in studying，and beat the nervousness． 20
A．Preparing for it is even more challenging．
B．It will help you find test—taking techniques．
C．Reviewing is useless if your heart is not into it．
D．After motivating yourself，check how reliable your memory is．
E．It not only tests your skill in memory recall，but also judges how well you have been studying．
F．You might find it more comfortable studying in the library than at your own home．
G．When you know you have studied well，you wouldn’t have to worry about taking the test．
第二部分语言知识运用(共两节，满分45分)
第一节完形填空(共20小题：每小题1．5分，满分30分)
阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并将正确答案填在答题卡上。
A comfort zone, particularly for students in high school, serves as a non-risk, no-failure and non-rejection zone. It 21 that most teenagers are not 22 to extend themselves or take risks in their life and they 23 want to escape from their parents.
My first 24 of being thrown out of my comfort zone was in my high school. Many of my friends in the first year had started to 25 , regardless of the results, with alcohol, drugs or other 26 things. For them, it was 27 to care more about alcohol, parties or girlfriends/boyfriends rather than their 28 , study or other friends. That was not the case with me. None of my friends had the determination to 29 their risky behavior, including pressure in the new group and the new comfort zone of going along with new friends. 30 , they simply replaced one comfort zone with another riskier one with potentially severe results. Those had little 31 for me.
I considered myself to be smarter than my old friends and was trying to develop 32 and diverse interests. I threw myself into my 33 and spent a long time in the library. I took an active part in community service. I gained confidence and the rewards of my study 34 my old friends wandered in school, with little thought or concern for their 35 . Could they support themselves in the future? Because of our 36 opinion, interests and values, the only 37 of our friendship, we chose to end it. I couldn’t 38 their group just to be accepted.
39 I went through a high school student’s worst experience—having no peer（同龄人）group.
A quote from the television series Boy Meets World 40 my personal experience with peer groups: “Lose one friend, lose all friends, but don’t lose yourself.”
21. A. reflects B. allows C. notes D. determines
22. A. open B. willing C. proud D. devoted
23. A. already B. yet C. still D. even
24. A. game B. grade C. experience D. example
25. A. compare B. adjust C. experiment D. fight
26. A. painful B. powerful C. strange D. unhealthy
27. A. cool B. wise C. unique D. rare
28. A. holidays B. families C. projects D. businesses
29. A. exhibit B. admit C. plan D. stress
30. A. Unfortunately B. Surprisingly C. Hopefully D. Interestingly
31. A. danger B. regret C. doubt D. appeal
32. A. popular B. strong C. new D. close
33. A. discovery B. habit C. study D. memory
34. A. if B. because C. though D. while
35. A. future B. journey C. friendship D. wealth
36. A. legal B. different C. poor D. public
37. A. system B. trend C. basis D. design
38. A. make up for B. keep away from C. look down on D. go along with
39. A. By no means B. On the contrary C. As a result D. In addition to
40. A. enjoys B. explains C. sends D. gathers.
第Ⅱ卷
第一部分 语法填空(共10小题，每小题1．5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡上。
The Chinese New Year is now 41 (popular) known as the Spring Festival because it starts from the 42 (begin) of Spring．The climax of the Chinese New Year，Nian，lasts only two or three days，the New Year’s Eve 43 (include)．And the New Year season extends from the mid—twelfth month of the previous year to the middle of the first month of the new year．A month from the New Year，it is 44 good time for business．People will pour out their money to buy 45 (pile)of things．Transportation department，railroad in particular， 46 (be) nervously waiting for the travelers taking their days off for a family reunion from all parts of the country．
Days before the New Year every family is busy 47 (give) its house a thorough cleaning，hoping to sweep away all the ill—fortune there may have been in the family 48 (make) way for the wishful in- coming good luck．People also give their doors and window-panes a new paint，usually 49 red color with the very popular theme of “happiness”，“wealth”，“longevity”．
However，many people today don’t know 50 they are doing all this，except that they feel it adds to the excitement of the celebration．
第二部分 写作（共两节，满分35分）
第一节 短文改错(共10题；每小题1分，满分10分)．
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(八)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1．每处错误及其修改均限一词。
2．只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处开始)不计分。
Recently，a famous basketball player has caused public angry by writing on the Great Wall．In the fact，this happens in many place of interest．I had some suggestions to solve this problem．
First．make more posters to inform the public the damage of graffiti(涂鸦)．Besides，punishments，such as a fine，is necessary to tourists with so bad behaviors．Also，I think it’s helpfully to put up some boards along the tourist attractions that tourists can leave messages．
I’m sure with our efforts，more and more people will become concerning about protecting cultural relics．
第二节 书面表达(满分25分)(注意：在试题卷上作答无效)
1995年联合国教科文组织宣布每年的4月23日为“世界读书日”。在今年的世界读书日来临之际，某中学的研究性学习小组分别对高一、高二和高三学生每周课外阅读所花费的时间情况进行了调查，下面的图表显示了他们的调查结果。
根据上图信息，请以“Senior High School Students' Outside Reading”为题目，用英语写一篇短文，内容包括：
1．简要描述图中信息；
2．分析产生这种结果的原因(如没有认识到阅读的重要性、课外作业多……)；
3．谈谈你的看法。
注意：词数100～120，文章的题目和开头已经给出(不计入总词数)。
As is shown in the chart ,
Yours,
Li Hua
高三英语答案
一 阅读理解（40分）
1- 4 BCAB 5-8 CADB 9-12 BCCA 13-15 BAD16-20 ACDEG
二 完形填空（30分）
21-25 ABDCC 26-30 DABBA 31-35DCCDA 36-40 BCDCB
三 语法填空 （15分）
41. popularly 42.beginning 43.included 44.a 45. piles
46. is 47.giving 48.to make 49.in 50. why
四 短文改错（10分）
Recently，a famous basketball player has caused public angry
anger
by writing on the Great Wall．In the fact，this happens in many
place of interest．I had some suggestions to solve this problem．
places have
First．make more posters to inform the public ^ the damage of
of
graffiti(涂鸦)．Besides，punishments，such as a fine，is necessary
are
to tourists with so bad behaviors．Also，I think it’s helpfully to
such help
put up some boards along the tourist attractions that tourists can
where
leave messages．
I’m sure with our efforts，more and more people will become
concerning about protecting cultural relics．
concerned
五 写作
Senior High School Students' Outside Reading
As is shown in the chart, senior high school students spend less time on out–of–class reading as their grade rises. On average, students in Senior One spend seven hours on reading per week and those in Senior Two four hours, with Senior Three students spending only two hours on reading.
There are several reasons for this. First, most students don't attach enough importance to outside reading. As a consequence, their spare time is often taken up by other activities. Second, with their grade becoming higher, they have more homework to do, leaving less spare time for reading.
In my opinion, it is very important for students to do more reading to broaden their horizons. Meanwhile, teachers should encourage their students' out–of–class reading by offering them a list of good books.
1．下列温度最接近23 ℃的是( C ) A．人体的正常体温 B．北方冬季的平均气温 C．让人感觉温暖、舒适的房间温度 D．冰水混合物的温度2．当温度发生变化时，物质的状态通常会发生变化。下列现象中物态变化判断正确的是( C ) A．初秋的早晨，草叶上出现的晶莹剔透的露珠属于固态变为液态现象 B．晒在太阳下的湿衣服变干是气态变为液态现象 C．擦在皮肤上的酒精很快变干是液态变为气态现象 D．初冬树上的霜是液态变为固态现象3．下面是四位同学用温度计测水温的实验操作过程，其中正确的是( C )4．在测量水的温度时，甲、乙、丙三位同学按如图所示方法读数，正确的是__乙__，水的温度是__42__℃，温度计的工作原理是利用液体的__热胀冷缩__。5．摄氏温度规定，在标准大气压下，沸水的温度为( B ) A.120 ℃ B.100 ℃ C.90 ℃ D.80 ℃6.下列温度值最接近实际的是( B ) A．健康成年人的体温是39 ℃ B．让人感觉温暖而舒适的室内温度是25 C．洗澡时淋浴的适宜水温是60 ℃第一节 物态变化与温度 D．在一个标准大气压下盐水的凝固点是0 ℃7．下面分别表示几位同学在“练习用温度计测液体的温度”实验中的做法，正确的是( D )8．如图所示的温度计，关于它的说法正确的是( D ) A．该温度计是根据固体热胀冷缩的原理制成的 B．在使用该温度计测量物体温度时，可以离开被测物体读数 C．该温度计的量程是20 ℃～100 ℃ D．该温度计此时的示数约为21 ℃9.如图所示是实验室常用温度计，关于它的说法正确的是( A ) A．该温度计的示数为39 ℃ B．该温度计的分度值是0.1 ℃ C．常用温度计是根据固体热胀冷缩的原理制成的 D．在使用该温度计测量物体温度时，可以离开被测物体读数10．物质通常有三种状态：__固__态、__液__态和__气__态。在1个标准大气压下5 ℃的酒精、氢气、铁三种物质中，有固定的体积和形状的是__铁__，既没有固定的体积又没有固定的形状的是__氢气__。11．把①糖、②醋、③白雾、④碗、⑤勺子、⑥味精、⑦水蒸气、⑧二氧化碳、⑨干冰按物质的状态进行分类：属于气态的是__⑦⑧__；属于液态的是__②③__；属于固态的是__①④⑤⑥⑨__。(均填序号)12．气象学里的平均气温是一日当中的2时、8时、14时、20时这四个时刻气温的平均值，若某地某日这四个时刻的气温如图所示，则此地的最高气温是__5 ℃__，最低气温是__－2 ℃__，一天的温差为__7 ℃__，平均气温是__1.25 ℃__。13．在寒冷的冬天，河面上结了一层厚厚的冰，若冰面上方气温是－10 ℃，那么，下列说法中正确的是( A ) A．冰的上表面为－10 ℃，下表面是0 ℃ B．整个冰层的温度都是－10 ℃ C．整个冰层的温度都是0 ℃ D．冰层下表面的温度是－10 ℃14.科学家发明了一种世界上最小的温度计“碳纳米管温度计”。研究人员在长约10－6米，直径10－7米的碳纳米管中充入液态的金属镓，当温度升高时，管中的金属镓会膨胀，通过电子显微镜就可读出温度值。其测量范围为18 ℃～490 ℃，且精确度高，可用于检查电子线路是否异常毛细血管的温度等许多方面。根据以上信息，你认为下列推测错误的是( C )A．碳纳米管的体积在18 ℃～490 ℃之间随温度变化很小，可忽略不计B．金属镓的熔点很低，沸点很高C．金属镓的体积在18℃～490℃之间随温度变化很小，可忽略不计D．金属镓的体积在18℃～490℃之间随温度变化比较均匀15如图所示，甲是体温计，乙是实验室用温度计，它们都是利用液体__热胀冷缩__的性质制成的。可用来测沸水温度的是__乙__；没有甩过的体温计的读数是38℃，用两支这样的体温计给两个病人测体温，如果病人的体温分别是37.3℃和38.6℃，则这两支体温计的读数将分别是__38__℃和__38.6__℃。16．如图所示是小明同学设计的一个气体温度计的示意图。瓶中装的是气体，瓶塞不漏气，弯管中间有一段液柱。(1)这个温度计是根据__气体__的热胀冷缩来测量温度的。(2)将此装置放在室内，温度升高时液柱向__左__(选填“左”或“右”)移动。(3)若放到冰水混合物中，液柱处的刻度应标__0__℃。(4)该温度计测量温度时__会__(选填“会或“不会”)受到大气压的影响17．有一只刻度均匀，但实际测量不准确的温度计，把它放在冰水混合物中，示数是4 ℃；把它放在1标准大气压下的沸水中，示数是94 ℃。把它放在某种液体中时，示数是22 ℃，则该液体的实际温度是__20 ℃__，当把该温度计放入实际温度为40 ℃的温水中时，温度计的示数为___40 ℃__。第四节 地球上的水循1．水是生命的乳汁、经济的命脉，是自然界奉献给人类的宝贵资源。下列关于地球上的水循环和水资源，认知正确的是( A )A．水循环的过程伴随着水的物态变化过程B．水循环按照固态→液态→气态的固定顺序循环进行C．地球上的淡水大约占地球总水量的3%，淡水资源丰富D．大量开采地下水，对环境不会造成损害，可以解决部分地区饮水问题2．霜、露、雾、冰、“白气”中，由液化而形成的是( C ) A．霜、雾、“白气” B．霜、露、“白气” C．露、雾、“白气” D．露、雾、冰3．冬天晾在室外的湿衣服里的水会结成冰，但是冰冻的湿衣服也能晾干，这是因为__衣服上的冰升华成水蒸气了__。4．有下列物态变化：①洒在地上的水慢慢变干的过程；②放入衣箱中的樟脑球变小的过程；③冬天室内的水蒸气在玻璃窗上形成“冰花”的过程；④出炉的钢水变成钢锭的过程。其中属于凝华的是__③__，属于吸热过程的是__①②__(填写序号)。5.有一天，雨、露、冰、雪四姐妹在一起争论自己的出生由来，谁也不认同谁。下列她们的说法中，你认为正确的是( C )A．雨说：我是水汽化而来B．露说：我是水蒸气凝华而来C．冰说：我是水凝固而来D．雪说：我是水升华而来6.对下列现象的成因解释正确的是( D ) A．早春，河中的冰逐渐消融——汽化 B．盛夏，剥开包装纸后冰棒会冒“白气”——熔化 C．深秋，清晨的雾在太阳出来后散去——液化 D．严冬，堆起的雪人逐渐变小——升华7.下列有关物态变化的叙述中正确的是( D ) A．蒸发和沸腾在任何温度下都能发生 B．烧水时在壶口上方看到的“白气”是水蒸气 C．衣柜里的樟脑丸逐渐减少是汽化现象 D．霜的形成是凝华现象，放出热量8.以下常见的物态变化实例中，放热的是( C ) A．春天，冰雪消融 B．夏天，积水干涸 C．秋天，草木上出现了霜 D．冬天，冰冻的衣服变干9.下列有关物态变化的判断，正确的是( C ) A．擦在皮肤上的酒精很快变干，是升华现象，需要吸热 B．夏天会看到冰棒周围冒“白气”，是汽化现象，需要吸热 C．秋天的早晨花草上出现小露珠，是液化现象，需要放热 D．寒冷的冬天室外飘起了雪花，是凝固现象，需要放热10．关于自然界的水循环，下列说法中正确的是( C ) A．水蒸气在高空遇冷吸热液化成小水珠 B．冰山上的积雪只能先熔化，再蒸发成水蒸气升腾至空中 C．江河湖海中的水吸热蒸发成水蒸气升腾至空中 D．积雪放热熔化成水归入大海11.英国科学家研发出一种“激光橡皮”。在激光照射下，纸张上的黑色碳粉直接__升华__(填物态变化名称)为高温碳蒸气，字迹消失；经过特殊冷却装置，高温碳蒸气又直接__凝华__成碳粉。这样，废纸和碳粉重新得到了利用，可有效地节约资源并保护环境。12．夏天，从冰箱中取出饮料瓶，可观察到瓶子表面有小水珠，擦干后很快又形成，这个过程中发生的物态变化是__液化__；南极地区年平均气温是－25 ℃，降水量很小，但这里的空气却很湿润，这是由于冰发生了升华现象，升华过程需要__吸热__(选填“吸热”或“放热”)。13．随着科技的发展，过去“呼风唤雨”的神话已成为现实。人工降雨的原理是用飞机在空中喷洒干冰(固态二氧化碳)，干冰在空气中迅速吸热__升华__，使周围空气温度急剧下降，空气中的水蒸气遇冷__凝华__成小冰粒，冰粒逐渐变大而下落，下落过程中遇到暖气流就__熔化__成水滴，水滴降落就形成了雨。(均填物态变化名称)14．农谚说“霜前冷，雪后寒”，其中蕴含的道理是：气温低的时候水蒸气会__凝华__形成霜，雪熔化形成水的过程中需要__吸__热。15．阳光照射下，海洋、陆地上的水会不断地__汽化__成水蒸气；夜间气温降低时，水蒸气会__液化__成小水珠，附着在空气中的浮尘上，形成了雾。冬天，夜晚气温如迅速降到0 ℃以下，你家窗户的玻璃上会形成一层冰花，这是水蒸气__凝华__而成的，这层冰花在你家窗户玻璃的__内侧__(选填“外侧”或“内侧”)。16．某同学在探究物态变化的实验中，在试管中放入少量碘。塞紧盖子放入热水中，观察到试管中固态碘逐渐消失，变为紫色的碘蒸气并充满试管。(1)此过程固态碘发生的物态变化是__升华__(填物态变化名称)。(2)在上述实验中，小明同学猜想：固态碘是先变成液体，再变成气体，因为速度太快，液态碘出现的时间太短，因而没有观察到。为验证猜想，他查询了一些小资料：碘的熔点是113.5 ℃；碘的沸点是184.4 ℃；水的沸点是100 ℃。请你根据上述资料分析说明小明的猜想是错误的原因：__热水温度低于碘的熔点，碘不可能熔化__。(3)为了进一步探究此类现象，小明在试管中放入适量温水，然后放入一小块干冰(固态二氧化碳)，此时观察到水中有大量气泡产生，同时水面上有大量白雾。水中大量的气泡是由__干冰升华吸热__形成的。水面上大量的白雾是由__水蒸气遇冷液化__形成的17．有霜的季节，农作物常被冻坏，这就是人们常说的遭到霜冻。实际上，农作物不是因为霜而受冻的，0 ℃以下的低气温才是真正的凶手。当空气干燥时，即使温度降低到－20 ℃～－10 ℃，也不会出现霜，但此时农作物早就被冻坏了，农民们称这种情况为“黑霜”。(1)霜是由__水蒸气__直接变为小冰晶形成的，对应的物态变化名称是__凝华__。(2)请根据短文，对“霜”形成的条件提出猜想。猜想：霜的形成条件是__空气湿润__和__气温在0 ℃以下__。(3)某同学为验证上述猜想，做了如下实验：从冰箱取出一些－10 ℃的冰块，放在不锈钢杯子里，一段时间后可看到在杯底出现一些白色的小冰晶(即霜)。你认为该实验能否验证上述猜想，请简要陈述理由第三节 汽化和液1．下列措施中，能使蒸发加快的是( D )A．给播种后的农田覆盖地膜B．把新鲜的蔬菜装入保鲜袋中C．把盛有酒精的瓶口盖严D．给湿头发吹热风2．下列哪一种现象属于液化？( C )A．钢水浇铸成火车轮B．倒在地上的水一会儿变干了
C．清晨，草的叶子上有露水凝结D．用久了的灯泡的钨丝比新时3．如图是对一定质量的水持续加热过程中温度随加热时间变化的图像，由图像可知：水的沸点是__98__℃；水在沸腾过程中，需要不断__吸热__(选填“吸热”或“放热”)，其温度__保持不变__。第3题图题图4．如图是草叶上出现的露珠，露珠的形成是__液化__现象，形成的过程中需要__放__(选填“吸”或“放”)热。5．张家界景区雨后云雾缭绕，犹如仙境。关于雾，下列说法中正确的是( D ) A．雾是水蒸气 B．雾是山中冒出来的烟 C．雾是水蒸气凝固形成的 D．雾是水蒸气液化形成的6.人游泳上岸以后，风一吹感觉身上很凉。这是因为( C )A．水中的温度比岸上的气温高B．人的皮肤产生的错觉C．人身上的水分蒸发，要从人体吸热D．风把身上的热量带走了．下列说法正确的是( B ) A．春天，早晨经常出现大雾，是汽化现象 B．夏天，从冰箱中取出的易拉罐过一会儿表面出现水珠，是液化现象C．深秋，枯草上出现的霜，是凝固现象
D．冬天，窗玻璃上会出现冰花，是汽化现象8.如图甲、乙所示，是在“探究水的沸腾”实验时，两组同学分别安装的实验装置，图丙是他们根据实验数据绘制的水的温度跟时间的关系图像。根据有关信息，下列说法中正确的是( C )A．图线a对应的是乙实验中的数据B．图线b对应的是甲实验中的数据C．水的沸点跟水的多少无关D．到100 ℃时温度不再上升是因为水不再吸热9.夏天，人们常吃雪糕解暑，剥开雪糕包装纸时，雪糕周围冒“白气”，下列说法正确的是( C ) A．吃雪糕解暑，是因为雪糕熔化时要放热 B．吃雪糕解暑，是因为雪糕汽化时要放热 C．雪糕周围冒“白气”是液化现象 D．雪糕周围冒“白气”是汽化现象10．下列关于水沸腾的实验说法正确的是( B ) A．水沸腾时冒出的“白气”是水蒸气 B．水的沸点随气压的降低而降低 C．水沸腾的现象只发生在液体的表面 D．水沸腾后继续加热，水的温度会不断升高11.取一只大的注射器吸进适当的乙醚，用橡皮帽堵住注射器的小孔，向拉活塞到一定的程度时，液体乙醚消失的现象称为__汽化__；向里推活塞，一会儿观察到液态乙醚出现的现象称为__液化__。12.如图所示，用酒精灯对装有水的烧瓶加热一段时间后，发现烧瓶中水量减少，这是由于水__汽化__造成的，而瓶口上方的金属盘底部出现水滴是由于水蒸气发生__液化__形成的，该变化过程需要__放__热。(前两空均填物态变化名称)13.请解释以下生活中的热现象，皮肤涂上酒精后觉得凉快是因为酒精__汽化__(填物态变化名称)时从人体吸热；夏天吃冰棒时看见冰棒冒“白气”是冰棒周围空气中的__水蒸气__遇冷液化形成的小水珠所致，在海拔高的地方烧开水不到100℃就已沸腾，原因是水的沸点随__气压__减小而降低。14．炎热的夏天，戴眼镜的小明从开着空调的屋里出来后，镜片上出现了一层薄雾而模糊不清，过一会儿，镜片又变得清晰起来，镜片上这两种现象对应的物态变化是先__液化__后__汽化__。15．在打扫教室清洁时，用湿抹布擦黑板，过一会儿黑板就会变干，这是水的__汽化__(填物态变称现象。夏天，从冰箱中取出一瓶饮料，空气中的水蒸气遇冷__液化__(填物态变化名称)成小水珠附着在饮料瓶外表面，水蒸气在液化过程中要__放热__(选填“吸热”或“放热”)。16.在“探究水的沸腾”实验时，小敏一边观察水中发生的现象，一边从水温91℃开始，每隔1 min记录一次温度计的示数(数据见记录表格)，直到水沸腾一段时间为止。(1)在此过程中，小敏观察到水中气泡有两种情况，分别如图甲、乙所示。图__甲__(选填“甲”或“乙”)是水沸腾时的情况。(2)由数据记录可知，在4 min到7 min这段时间内，水的温度没有变化，但酒精灯要持续进行加热，这说明水在沸腾时需要__吸热__。(3)根据表中实验数据，可知水的沸点是__99__℃；由水的沸点，可判断出当时的大气压__低于__(选填“高于”“等于”或“低于”)1标准大气压。17.镇江某药厂在制药时，为从溶液中提取某一抗菌素，要用加热的方法使水沸腾而除去水分，但抗菌素不能在超过90℃的条件下提取，应采用的方法是( C )A．增加容器内的气压，使水的沸点低于90 ℃B．用小火加热使其沸腾C．降低容器内的气压，使水的沸点低于90 ℃D．缩短加热沸腾的时间18.生活中常把碗放在锅里的水中蒸食物，如图所示。当锅里的水沸腾以后，碗中的水( C ) A．同时沸腾 B．稍后也沸腾了 C．温度达到沸点，不会沸腾 D．温度低于沸点，不会沸腾19.小李同学看到在沸腾的油锅中取铁球的表演后，得知锅中的“油”是由油和醋组成的混合液体，油的沸点为287 ℃，醋的沸点只有60 ℃，当温度达到__60__℃时液体就沸腾了，继续加热，液体的温度__不会__(选填“会”或“不会”)升高，表演时铁球的温度不可能超过__60__℃，只有当__醋全部汽化__时，继续加热，液体温度才会升高。20.．夏天，小雨将冰水和热水分别注入常温下的两只透明烧杯中，如图所示。一会儿发现两只烧杯的杯壁上都有一部分出现小水珠，变得模糊了。针对这一现象，下列说法正确的是( D ) A．甲、乙两杯都在内壁出现了水珠 B．甲、乙两杯都在外壁出现了水珠 C．甲杯的内壁出现了水珠，乙杯的外壁出现了水珠 D．甲杯的外壁出现了水珠，乙杯的内壁出现了水珠第五章 物态变化本章复习1．以下温度中接近23℃的是( A )A．让人感觉温暖而舒适的房间温度B．北方冬季最冷的气温C．健康成年人的体温D．冰水混合物的温度2．如图所示是一支常用体温计。下列关于该体温计的说法中，正确的是( D ) A．它的示数是8 ℃ B．它的分度值是1 ℃ C．它不能离开被测物体读数 D．它是根据液体热胀冷缩的规律制成的3．某工厂要生产三种温度计，厂内可以利用的液体有：比较贵的水银，很便宜的甲苯和酒精。为降低成本，又切实可行，请根据下表所给数据为以下几种温度计选用液体：几种液体的沸点/℃(标准大气压下)(1)能测出铅(熔点为328 ℃)、锡(熔点为232 ℃)熔点的温度计应选__水银__。(2)能测出开水温度的温度计应选__甲苯__。(3)家用的寒暑表应选__酒精__。4.下列现象与物态变化的对应关系中，正确的是( A ) A．加在饮料中的冰块逐渐变小——熔化
B．用久了的灯泡钨丝变细——熔化 C．在烈日下晾晒的湿衣服变干——升华 D．烧水时壶嘴冒着“白气”——汽化5．关于自然现象对应的物态变化及吸、放热过程，下列说法正确的是( B ) A．冰融化——凝固(放热) B．雾生成——液化(放热) C．露产生——汽化(吸热) D．霜形成——升华(放热)6．户外活动时，为了给食物保鲜，将结了冰的矿泉水和食物一起放在泡沫塑料箱中，就制成了一个简易冰箱。下列说法正确的是( A ) A．食物保鲜利用了冰熔化吸热 B．食物保鲜利用了矿泉水结冰放热 C．取出食物，外包装上的水珠是汽化形成的 D．取出食物，外包装上的水珠是升华形成的7．下列所述的物态变化中，属于液化现象的一组是( C )①吃冰棒解热；②烧开水时冒“白气”；③夏天湿衣服晾干；④冬天，戴眼镜的人从室外进入温暖的室内，镜片上出现一层雾。 A．①③ B．②③ C．②④ D．①④8．塑料袋属于非晶体、高压输电线路上飘挂的塑料袋会影响输电安全，供电部门利用光炮”向塑料袋发射激光，使塑料袋熔化，达到清除目的。下列说法错误的是( A )A．塑料袋熔化过程中温度不变B．塑料袋熔化过程中需要吸热C．激光具有能量D．激光在空气中传播的速度约为3×105 km/s9．下列现象中，属于吸热的物态变化是( C )A．春天，“天街小雨润如酥”B．夏天，剥开包装纸后冰棒会冒“白气”C．秋天，清晨的雾在太阳出来后散去D．冬天，“千里冰封”10．如图是宿迁地区某天天气预报的信息图片，关于图片中信息的解释正确的是( C ) A．预报的最低气温读作“摄氏零下1度” B．全天气温不会高于2 ℃ C．雪的形成过程中会放出热量 D．雨的形成是汽化现象11．超市里出售的海鲜周围要铺一层碎冰块，这是因为冰块__熔化__(填物态变化名称)时要__吸__(选填“放”或“吸”)热，所以能起到保鲜的作用；装着冰鲜鱼的袋子放在空气中一段时间后，袋子的外壁出现了一层冰珠，这是__液化__(填物态变化名称)现象。12．如图所示，一次性打火机里的燃料是一种叫丁烷的物质，通常情况下呈气态。它是在常温下，用压缩体积的方法使它__液化__后储存在打火机里；如果不小心将其摔坏，待里面的液体刚消失时，立刻捡起碎片，会感觉碎片较__冷__(选填“冷”或“热”)，这是因为里面的液体迅速__汽化__时要__吸收__大量的热13．小明利用如图甲所示装置探究冰的熔化特点，他每隔相同时间记录一次温度计的示数，并观察物质的状态。绘制成图像如图乙所示，下列分析错误的是( C ) A．冰是晶体 B．冰的熔点是0 ℃ C．冰的熔化过程持续了15分钟 D．冰在熔化过程中吸收热量，但温度不变14．如图是某种物质在凝固时温度随时间变化的图像，下面从图像中获得的信息正确的是( D ) A．这是非晶体的凝固图像 B．在AB段物质处于固液共存 C．该物质的凝固过程经历了15 min D．在BC段物质放热，温度保持不变15．对甲、乙两种物质同时持续加热，其温度随时间变化的图像如图所示，下列说法正确的是( C )A．甲物质的沸点一定是80 ℃B．乙物质的熔点一定是60 ℃C．甲物质在4～6 min内一定持续吸收热量D．乙物质在6～10 min内一定是固液共存态16．在探究“冰熔化时温度的变化规律”实验中：(1)实验时所用温度计是根据液体的__热胀冷缩__性质制成的。(2)为了使试管中的冰受热均匀，且便于记录各时刻的温度值，小明应选用__乙__(选填“甲”或“乙”)装置来进行实验。(3)如图丙所示是小明根据实验数据作出的加热时温度随时间变化的图像，分析图像可知，冰的熔点是__0__℃，熔化过程经历了__6__ min。(4)通过实验可知，冰熔化过程中温度__不变__，但要继续__吸__热。17．小云用如图甲所示装置探究水的沸腾(1)组装实验器材时，应按照__自下而上__(选填“自上而下”或“自下而上”)的顺序。实验室现有水银温度计(－20 ℃～120 ℃)、酒精温度计(－80 ℃～60 ℃)、体温计、寒暑表等不同种类的温度计，本实验应选用的温度计是__水银温度计__。(2)实验中，小云观察到水在沸腾前和沸腾时水中气泡的上升情况不同，如图甲、乙所示。表示沸腾前气泡上升情况的是图__乙__；水沸腾时，烧杯中不停地冒出“白气”，这些“白气”实际上是__小水滴__(选填“小冰晶”“小水滴”或“水蒸气”)。(3)实验中，小云撤去酒精灯后发现水继续沸腾了一段时间，原因是__石棉网的余热仍高于水的沸点__。
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