汉译英
句子的翻译专题
1. 主语的确定
• 主语的三种处理方法：
• ① 以原句主语作译文主语
• 直接法
• ② 重新确定主语
• 间接法
• ③ 增补主语
• 添加法
• ① 直接法
• 例句1：我们的房子是一百多年前制造的。
• Our house was built over a hundred years ago.
• 例句2：我是地球人。
• I come from the earth.
• 例句3：如果不恰当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。
• Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.
• 例句4：如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。
• If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts” of writing.
• 例句5：中国有两点是靠得住的，一是讲原则，二是说话算数。
• China can be counted on. Among other things, first, it upholds principles and second, it honors its words.
• 例句6：人有失错，马有漏蹄。
• As a horse may tumble, a man may make mistakes.
• 非常简单
• 文化差异
• 应用有限
• ② 间接法
• 中英文表达的习惯不同
• 语言地道，句式多样
• 例句7：世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
• 译法1（直接法）：At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.
• 译法2（间接法）：The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.
• 例句8：1964年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世界大为震惊。
• 译法1：In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world significantly.
• 译法2：China’s first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world.
• 例句9：胎又瘪了。
• 译法1：We’ve got another flat tire.
• 译法2：Our tire is flat again.
• 例句10：人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。
• 译法1：It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints.
• 译法2：We cannot judge people from their appearance, just as we cannot measure the ocean by pints.
• 回忆：海纳百川，有容乃大。
• ③ 增补法
• 推敲语境
• 考虑英语语法习惯和行文的需要。
• 例句11：沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。
• Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence.
• 练习1：中国社会主义建设的航船将乘风破浪地驶向现代化的光辉彼岸。
• 菜鸟级
• The ship of China’s socialist construction will brave the wind and waves and sail to the glorious destination of modernization.
• 魔王级：
• China will stride forward in building socialism, like a ship braving the wind and the waves, towards the glorious destination of modernization.
• 练习2：我们之间关系的发展使我们不仅成为亲密的朋友，而且成为兄弟。
• 菜鸟级：
• The development of our relations has made us not only close friends but brothers as well.
• 魔王级：
• Our relations have so grown that bind us not only as close friends but also as brothers.
• 练习3：他心直口快，总是愿意和任何人交朋友，所以很快赢得了大家的信任。
• 雏鸟级：
• His outspokenness and readiness to make friends with anyone soon won their trust.
• 小妖级：
• He was very outspoken and always ready to make friends with anyone, so he won their trust.
• 大师级：
• He was so frank, outspoken and constantly willing to make friends with anyone that he soon won their trust.
• 练习4：中国的富强和发展不会对任何国家构成威胁。
• 菜鸟级：
• The strength, prosperity and development of China will pose no threat to any countries.
• 小妖级：
• A strong, prosperous and developed China will pose no threat to any countries.
• 大师级：
• The rest of the world will confront no threat from a strong, prosperous and developed China.
• 练习5：轻纺工业产品的花色品种增多，质量继续有所提高。
• 菜鸟级
• The designs and variety of light industrial and textile products have increased and their quality has continued to improve.
• 魔王级
• Light industry and textile products are now available in better designs and quality and richer variety.
• 口译：楼的质量不好
• The quality of the building is poor.
• The building is not well built.
• 练习6：天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。
• Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.
• 练习7：真是太荒谬了。
• It’s utterly absurd.
• 练习8：只有冷静才能成功。
• Success depends on calm minds.
• 练习9：端午节吃粽子。
• On the Dragon Boat Festival, people eat zongzi.
• 练习10：上海近几年发生的巨大变化赢得了全世界人民的赞叹。
• That Shanghai has changed greatly in recent years has won admiration from people all over the world.
• 从句做主语
• The fact that …
2. 谓语确定和主谓一致
• 谓语的确定基于表意的需要
• 例句1. 中国政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。
• The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.
• The Central Government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR.
• 例句2：中国的经济将融入世界经济的大潮。
• The economy of China will converge with that of the world economy.
• The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy.
• China will merge into the world tide in terms of economy.
• 例句3：这事到了现在，还是时时记起。
• Even now, I still often think about it.
• Even now, this remains fresh in my memory.
• 例句4：在同新闻界谈话的时候，上海人使用越来越多的最高级形容词。
• You can hear Shanghai people using more and more adjectives of the superlative degree when they talk to the press.
• When they talk to press, the Shanghai citizens use more and more adjectives of the superlative degree.
• 例句5：（颐和园）1900年遭八国联军破坏。
• The summer palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign powers in 1990.
• The summer palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers in 1990.
• 例句6：她们逐渐地镇定下来，有了自信。
• They gradually calm down with self-confidence restored.
• Gradually, they calmed down and regained self-confidence.
• Self-confidence came over them as they gradually calmed down.
• 例句7：封建社会代替奴隶社会，资本主义代替封建主义，社会主义经历了一个过程发展后必然代替资本主义。
• Feudal society replace slavery society, capitalism supplanted feudalism, and after a long time, socialism will necessarily supersede capitalism.
• 例句8：第一次是辛亥革命，第二次是中华人民共和国的成立，第三次是改革开放。
• The first change was represented by the Revolution of 1911 … The second change was marked by the founding of the people’s republic of China … The third change was featured by the reform, opening policy …
• 谓语的确定应该基于构句的需要
• 例句9：农业搞好了，农民能自给，五亿人口就稳定了。
• If agriculture is in good shape and the peasants self-supporting, then the 500 million people will feel secure.
• If agriculture is in good shape and the peasants are self-supporting , then the 500 million people will feel secure.
• 例句10：关于如何改进市民的居住条件问题市政府给予了充分重视。
• Full attention has been paid by the municipal government to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.
• The municipal government has paid full attention to the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.
• 注意英文文法的严谨
• 谓语的确定
• 根据主语
• 根据宾语
• 练习1：本文所讲的内容对通讯工程来说是很有趣的。
• The content that this paper talks about is of great interest to communication engineers.
• What this paper discusses is of great interest to communication engineers
• 练习2：在零售和烹调行业方面，家办企业的买卖完全超过了国家办的。
• In the retail and catering sectors, the business of household operations has surpassed that of the state.
• In the retail and catering sectors, household operations have completely outmarketed the state.
• 练习3：在我们这个时代，任何人想要在社会上起作用，就必须接受必要的教育。
• In our times, substantial education is indispensible for anyone to play his role in society.
• In our times, anyone who wants to play his role in society must receive substantial education.
• 练习4：中国观察问题不是看社会制度。
• China studies these questions not in the light of social system.
• China does not regard social system as a criterion in its approach to problem.
• 练习5：互相尊重的精神是我们今天文化合作的基础。
• The framework of mutual respect sustains our own culture cooperation today.
• The spirit of mutual respect is the basis of our culture cooperation.
• 练习6：脍炙人口的传统京剧《白蛇传》讲的是源自明朝的故事。
• The White Snake, one of the most popular traditional Peking operas, is based on a story handed down from the Ming Dynasty.
• derive from …
• originate from …
• 练习7：意大利著名旅游家马可•波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己是在天堂。”
• The famous Italian traveler Marco Polo was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the most fascinating city in the world, where one feels as if he was in paradise.”
• 练习8：英雄造时势，时势造英雄。
• Heroes create the times, the times produce their heroes.
• 练习9：一踏进门槛，屋子里的混乱景象使我吃了一惊。
• Crossing the threshold, I was taken aback by the mess /chaos in the house.
• 练习10：四川被称为“天府之国”。
• Sichuan is noted as the “Land of Abundance”.
• be noted as …
• be reputed as …
• be eulogized as …
3. 语序的调整
• 英语汉语相同处
• 主语+谓语+宾语（SVO）
• 施事+行为+受事
• 英语汉语不同处
• 定语的位置
• 状语的位置
• 句内主要成分位置的调整
• SVO
• 主语+谓语+宾语
• 施事+行为+受事
• 中文明显灵活
• 英文相对固定
• 例句1：沙发上坐着一个人。
• A man was sitting on a couch.
• 例句2：马可•波罗的中国之行，给他留下最深刻印象的是杭州西湖之秀美。
• The beauty of the West Lake in Hangzhou was what impressed Marco Polo most during his trip to China.
• 状语位置的调整
• 中文：主语→状语→谓语→宾语
• 英语：主语→谓语→宾语→状语
• 例句3：我们明天上午九时动身。
• We are going to start at nine tomorrow morning.
• 例句4：这本书是三天前买的。
• The book was bought three days ago.
• 例句5：他每晚都要看电视。
• He watches TV every evening.
• 例句6：在机器中很多能量是由于部件之间的摩擦而损失的。
• In a machine a great deal of energy is lost due to the friction between its parts.
• 例句7：他们很细心地观察化学变化。
• They observed the chemical reaction with great care.
• 例句8：他们肩并肩地以疯狂速度向那座石塔奔去。
• They ran side by side at a fantastic speed towards the stone pagoda.
• Side by side and at a fantastic speed they ran towards the stone pagoda.
• Side by side they ran at a fantastic speed towards the stone pagoda.
• Side by side they ran towards the stone pagoda at a fantastic speed.
• 一系列表示时间，地点，方式状语的位置的调整
• 中文：时间→地点→方式→动词
• 英文：动词→方式→地点→时间
• 例句9：大会将于①今年九月②在北京③隆重开幕。
• The meeting will begin ceremoniously in Beijing the following September.
• 例句10：①他每晚②都在图书馆③用心读书。
• He reads hard in the library every evening.
• 例句11：他①一九三五年②八月③二十二日④早晨⑤六点三十分诞生在⑴湖南的⑵一个小县城。
• He was born in a small town of Hunan Province at six thirty on the morning of August 22, 1935.
• 例句12：设在位于①纽约市②中心③一座摩天大楼④第四十层楼里的⑤那间办公室，就是他工作的小天地。
• The office on the fortieth floor of a skyscraper in the center of New York City is the world he works in.
• 例句13：一九四九年解放以前，中国人民曾经遭受①世界罕见的②恶性通货膨胀的灾祸。
• Before liberation in 1949 the Chinese people suffered from ②some of the worst inflation ①the world had ever known.
• 例句14：①中国现存②规模最大③保存最完好的古代建筑群。
• ③the best-preserved ②magnificent ancient architectural complexes ①in China
• 练习1：海洋覆盖了地球的表面的71%，是全球生命支持系统的一个基本组成部分，也是资源的宝库，环境的重要调节器。
• The ocean, which covers 71 percent of the earth’s surface, is a basis component of the global bio-support system and also a treasure house of resources and an important regulator of the environment.
• 练习2：邓小平的经济思想给了中国改革开放一股巨大的推动力，为中国改革开放做出了历史贡献。
• Deng Xiaoping’s economic thought, giving huge impetus to China’s reform and opening-up, is a historical contribution in this regard.
• 练习3：事虽经纬万端，但综观全局，合则对国家有利，分则必伤民族元气。
• Complicated as the matter was, an overall view of the situation will show that united the country and the nation benefit; divided they suffer.
• 不经整理的版本
• Though the matter was as complicated as could be, and all-round view of the situation would show that cooperation is beneficial to the country and nation while division is detrimental to them.
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