飘的简介

美国女作家玛格丽特·米切尔发表过的惟一小说就是这部《飘》。小说1936年问世以来，一直畅销不衰，不仅在美国，而且在全世界都受到广大读者的喜爱。现已公认是以美国南北战争为背景的爱情小说的经典之作。 小说以亚特兰大以及附近的一个种植园为故事场景，描绘了内战前后美国南方人的生活。作品刻画了那个时代的许多南方人的形象，占中心位置的人物郝思嘉、白瑞德、卫希礼、韩媚兰等人是其中的典型代表。他们的习俗礼仪、言行举止、精神观念、政治态度，以至于衣着打扮等等，在小说里都叙述得十分详尽。可以说小说成功地再现了那个时代美国南方这个地区的社会生活。 小说最吸引人的地方是郝思嘉的个性以及她的爱情故事。她的爱情不是充满诗意和浪漫情调的那一种，而是现实的和功利的。为了达到目的，她甚至不惜使用为人所不齿的狡诈伎俩。那么她的爱情故事为什么还那么引人入胜呢？原因很简单，这就是真实。是小说所设置的情景下完全可能发生的真实情况。真实的东西可能并不崇高，但更接近人们的生活，因而也更受读者喜爱。

玛格丽特·米切尔（1900～1949）美国女作家。出生于美国南部佐治亚州亚特兰大市。父亲是个律师，曾任亚特兰大历史协会主席。米切尔曾就读于华盛顿神学院、马萨诸塞州的史密斯学院。其后，她曾担任地方报纸《亚特兰大报》的记者。1925年与约翰·马尔什结婚，婚后辞去报职，潜心写作。

米切尔从幼年时起，就常听到人们乐此不疲地谈论南北战争和战后重建。这在她心中积累了丰富的感性知识,这为后来《飘》的创作奠定了基础。她自幼在南部城市亚特兰大成长，耳濡目染了美国南方的风土人情，这里的自然环境和社会环境成了米切尔文思纵横驰骋的背景和创作的源泉。

小说自1936年问世以来，一直畅销不衰，《飘》被译成27种文字，不仅在美国，而且在全世界都受到广大读者的喜爱。现已公认是以美国南北战争为背景的爱情小说的经典之作。

《飘》在1937年获普利策奖。1938年拍成电影。电影曾以《乱世佳人》的译名在我国上映。

主题分析：

《飘》展现了美国南北战争时期南方动乱的社会现实，以“乱世佳人”斯嘉丽为主线，描写了几对青年的爱情纠葛。斯嘉丽年轻貌美，但她的所作所为显示了没落奴隶主阶级的某些本质特征：残酷、贪婪、自信；为了振兴家业，她以爱情和婚姻作为交易，三次婚姻没有一次出于真心，所以仍无法得到梦想的爱情，糊涂的她发现今生至爱时，爱又离她而去……。

米切尔以“生存”一词作为《飘》的主题，这当然指的是人类在社会大动荡中如何生存。美国南北战争摧毁了佐治亚乃至整个南方的经济，黑奴重新获得自由，昔日奴隶主养尊处优的好时光随风而逝，飘得远远的。为了生存，他们必须放下臭架子，努力奋斗，不然只有死路一条。难怪连亚兰大上流社会的中坚分子也不得不降贵屈尊，卖糕饼的卖糕饼，赶马车的赶马车。为表现这个主题，米切尔还向读者描述了美国南方的许多迷人之处，生动再现了美国佐治亚州内战时期、重建时期的生活。读者可以从中了解到美国南方的风土人情、社会时尚、宗教信仰等方方面面的特征。所有这些都表现了一个传统社会的崩溃瓦解，人们又如何应付这场社会巨变的艰辛过程。

小说《飘》虚写战争，实写战争对人类心灵的影响的；也不简单的是对上个世纪的“生动刻画”或者南北方关系的历史探讨，其关键好象还是斯嘉丽们的心灵——对人类生活的探索靠几个活生生的如斯嘉丽一般的人物来完成了。

[edit] Characteristics

Part of Scarlett's enduring charm for women is her proto-feminism and strength, though recent critics have pointed out that many events in the novel are degrading to women. There is Rhett's ravishing of Scarlett (after which Scarlett is shown to have enjoyed herself immensely), Scarlett's apparent need of a man to be happy (whether it's Ashley Wilkes or Rhett Butler), and Melanie's sweet but submissive character (who is much adored by everyone).

However, there have been many defenses for this. First of all, Melanie is not offensive to women, she is simply a more traditional character - she has equal determination as Scarlett (see the scene in Tara when Melanie praised Scarlett after the latter killed a Northern soldier who wanted to loot the house). Many believe the 'rape scene' quickly becomes consensual (this theory is backed by the novel Scarlett, although it was not written by Mitchell). And again, Scarlett is an individual character, and her need for a man should not be interpreted as universal. (Indeed, her three marriages obviously have ulterior motive, whether these motives are to upset and startle those around her, such as the Hamilton marriage, or for financial security and betterment, for which Scarlett married both Kennedy and Butler.)

Scarlett is by far the most developed character in Gone with the Wind. She stands out because she is strong and saves her family but is incredibly selfish and petty at the same time. She challenges nineteenth-century society's gender roles repeatedly, running a store and two lumber mills at one point. Scarlett is in some ways the least stereotypically feminine of women (in other ways the most), and the more traditional Melanie Wilkes is in many ways her foil. But Scarlett survives the war, the birth of children, and even a miscarriage. Melanie, on the other hand, struggles with fragile health and a shy nature. Without Melanie Wilkes, Scarlett might simply be seen as harsh and "over the top," but beside Melanie, Scarlett presents a fresher, deeper female characterization; she lives a complicated life during a difficult period of history.

Some of Scarlett's lines from Gone with the Wind, like "Fiddle-dee-dee!," "Tomorrow is another day," "Great balls of fire!" and "I'll never go hungry again!", have become modern catchphrases.

Similarities between Scarlett and the actress who played her (Vivien Leigh) are striking:

Both had strong career ambitions, and wanted little to do with motherhood. Both swore they would never again have a child.

Scarlett's father was Irish, and her mother was French. Leigh's mother was Irish and father was French.[3]

Both Scarlett and Leigh were famed for their appearance, their heart-shaped faces, their unusual eyes, and petite body proportions.

Both were reputed to be "difficult" in relationships.

[edit] Historical sources for the character

While Margaret Mitchell used to say that her Gone with The Wind characters were not based on real people, modern researchers have found similarities to some of the people in Mitchell's own life as well as individuals she heard of. Rhett Butler is thought to be based on Mitchell's first husband, Red Upshaw, who reportedly raped her during their brief marriage. Scarlett's upbringing resembled that of Mitchell's maternal grandmother, Annie Fitzgerald Stephens (1845-1934), who was raised on a plantation in Clayton County, Georgia (where the fictional Tara was placed), and whose father was an Irish immigrant. Another source for Scarlett might have been Martha Bulloch, the mother of US president Theodore Roosevelt. Like the fictional "Tara," Martha grew up in a beautiful southern mansion, Bulloch Hall, just north of Atlanta, Georgia. Her physical appearance, beauty, grace, intelligence were well known to Mitchell and the personality similarities (the positive ones) between Martha, who was also called Mittie, and Scarlett were striking. Some say that some of Scarlett's plotting and scheming aspects might have been drawn from Martha Bulloch Roosevelt's beautiful and vivacious, independently wealthy and grandparent-spoiled, rebellious and attention-seeking granddaughter, Alice Roosevelt Longworth.

Scarlett O'Hara

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Scarlett O'Hara (full name Katie Scarlett O'Hara Hamilton Kennedy Butler) is the protagonist in Margaret Mitchell's novel, Gone with the Wind, and in the later film of the same name. Scarlett is also the main character in the 1991 book Scarlett, a sequel to Gone with the Wind that was written by Alexandra Ripley, and in the 1994 television mini-series based on the book.

Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.

Scarlett is a pretty, coquettish Southern belle who grows up on the Georgia plantation of Tara in the years before the American Civil War. Scarlett is described as being 16 years old at the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, which would put her approximate birthdate at about 1845. Selfish, shrewd and vain, Scarlett inherits the strong will of her Irish father Gerald, but also desires to please her well-bred, genteel French American mother Ellen, from a good Savannah family. Scarlett loves Ashley Wilkes, her aristocratic neighbor, but when his engagement to meek and mild-mannered Melanie Hamilton is announced, she marries Melanie's brother Charles out of spite. Her new husband dies early in the war, and Tara falls into the marauding hands of the Yankees. In the face of hardship, the spoiled Scarlett uncharacteristically shoulders the troubles of her family and friends, and eventually the not-so-grieving widow marries her sister's beau, Frank Kennedy, in order to get funds to restore her beloved home. Repeatedly, she challenges the prescribed women's roles of her time, as a result, she becomes very disliked by the people of Atlanta. Scarlett's ongoing internal conflict between her feelings for the Southern gentleman Ashley and her attraction to the sardonic, opportunistic Rhett Butler—who becomes her third husband—embodies the general position of The South in the Civil War era.

Scarlett by Alexandra Ripley is controversial to fans. Scarlett grows up over the course of the book, and while this is appealing and believable to some readers, others claim it cheapens the original novel and film and compromises her character. Either way, Scarlett was a runaway best-seller after its publication in 1991.

In the 1939 film version of Gone with the Wind, Scarlett O'Hara is similar to the character in the original novel, but there are some noticeable differences. In the book, Scarlett gives birth to three children: Wade Hampton Hamilton, Ella Lorena Kennedy, and Eugenia Victoria "Bonnie Blue" Butler. In the film version, only Bonnie Blue is mentioned. (In the novel Scarlett, Scarlett O'Hara gives birth to another daughter by Rhett, Katie Colum "Cat" O'Hara Butler.)

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