Green and healthy housing 绿色和健康的住房
The basic role of a house has not changed since humans lived in caves. It shelters us from the elements and provides a place to live, work, and play. Initial responses fron architects and engineers to that early crisis were to explore such alternative energy sources as active and passive solar heating systems. Years of experimentation followed until the premise of that direction was questioned. Instead of replacing the energy source, why not reduce the need for it ? That questioned to the development of what were called super insulated homes, some of which required as little as 5% of the energy used by conventional homes at the time. But initial applications of this technology suffered serious problems with moisture generated from normal household activities and resulted in s focus on indoor air quality. That focus evolved beyond moisture and resulting biological contaminants to gradually include radon and other soil gases , volatile organic compounds, and combustion pollutants.
房子的基本作用没有改变自人类住在山洞里。它我们遮挡了元素和提供一个地方生活、工作和娱乐。最初的反应出发,建筑师和工程师,早期危机是探索这样的替代能源作为主动和被动太阳能加热系统。年的实验后的前提下,方向是质疑。而不是把能量来源,为什么不减少需要它吗?那质疑发展什么被称为超级绝缘房屋,其中一些需要尽可能少使用能源的5%,当时传统的住宅。但这种技术的初始应用遭受了严重问题与水分产生正常的家庭活动,并导致年代专注于室内空气质量。专注进化超越水分和产生的生物污染物逐渐包括氡和其他土壤气体、挥发性的有机化合物和燃烧污染物。
In recent years, house design and construction issues have brosdened beyond energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality to include embodied energy content and durability of construction materials.A green house is s high-performance home with respect to its energy use and a healthy home regarding its indoor environmental quality. Its small carbon footprint also makes it an earth-friendly home. The challenge facing designers facing designers and builders is to incorporate each of these concerns into the housing process without compromising affordability, aesthetics, or function . In other words, green design represents construction techniques that minimize impacts on the natural environment and create healthy indoor spaces for building occupants.
近年来,房子的设计和建设问题已经扩大超出能源效率和室内环境质量,包括具体能源内容和耐久性的建筑材料。一个绿色的房子年代高性能回家就其能源使用和一个健康的家庭室内环境质量关于其。它的小的碳足迹也使它成为一种环境友好的家。设计师所面临的挑战和建筑商面临设计师是将每个这些担忧房地产过程不影响负担能力、美学、或函数。换句话说,绿色设计代表了施工技术,减少对自然环境和创造健康的室内空间的住户。
The environmental benefits of green design include a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. Reductions come principally from less energy used for space conditioning but also fron lower manufacturing and transportation.costs associated with building materials .
绿色设计的环保效益包括:减少二氧化碳的排放。削减主要来自更少的能量用于空间条件作用也较低的制造和运输出发。建筑材料的相关成本。
Other significant benefits of green buildings might result from improved well-being of the occupants, Nearly all materials used in buildings shed particles or give off gases, particularly when new. Outside pollutants also find their way into buildings through air intakes and inadequate filtering systens. Such indoor environments can affect the physical and psychological well-being of building occupants.
其他重要好处绿色建筑可能源于人类福祉改善的居住者,几乎所有材料用于建筑颗粒脱落或释放气体,特别是当新。外界污染也发现进入建筑通过空气过滤系统和不适当的摄入量。这种室内环境会影响生理和心理健康的住户。
Indoor Environmental Quality 室内环境质量
From 1992 through 1994 , the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency conducted the probability-based National Human Activity Pattern Survey . The results showed that Americans spent, on average, 87% of their time indoors . This time was broken down into 69% of the time at home and 18% of the time indoors but not at home , including work , school , shopping , and restaurant. Sociological studies also suggest that the time Americans spend indoors has remained fairly uniform over the past few decades. These studies indicate that most of our time is spent in the artificially controlled environments of buildings, particularly homes . Therefore , it is imperative that the indoor environment be designed to avoid negative effects on occupant health and to enhance occupant well-being.
从1992年到1994年,美国环境保护署进行了概率国家人类活动模式的调查。结果表明,美国人花了,平均而言,87%的时间在室内。这一次是分解成69%的时间在家里,18%的时间在室内但不在家,包括工作、学校、购物、和餐馆。社会学的研究也表明,美国人花在室内的时间一直较为均匀过去几十年。这些研究表明,我们的大多数时间都花在人为控制的环境的建筑物,特别是房屋。因此,当务之急是室内环境设计,以避免负面影响居住者的健康和提高居住者健康。
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) 室内空气品质(IAQ)
Indoor air may be defined as the air within a building occupied for a period of at least one hour by people in varying states of health . The U.S. Deparment of Health attributes the rise in indoor air pollution and associated health.The U.S. Department of Health attributes the rise in indoor air pollution and associated health problems to reduced ventilation and increased use of synthetic building materials.
室内空气可以定义为建筑物内的空气占领一段至少一个小时,人们在不同国家的健康。美国军队卫生属性上升的室内空气污染和相关的健康。美国卫生部门属性上升的室内空气污染和相关的健康问题,降低通风和增加使用合成建筑材料。
Indoor air pollutants may be categorized as chemical and biological . Chemical pollutants with potential health effects include asbestos , radon , carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide ,nitrogen oxides (NOx) , respirable suspended particulates (RSPs) , construction chemicals, ozone, unpleasant odors, and lead . Biological pollutants with potential health effects include molds, dust mites , dust mites , certain animals , cockroaches, house plants , pollen , and other infectious agents.
室内空气污染物可分为化学和生物。化学污染物与健康的潜在影响包括石棉、氡、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、氮氧化物(NOx)、呼吸道悬浮粒子(一些区域服务商)、建筑胶粘剂、臭氧、不愉快的气味,和铅。生物污染物与健康的潜在影响包括模具、尘螨、尘螨,某些动物、蟑螂、房子植物、花粉、和其他传染性病原体。
Temperature 温度
Room tenperature has potential effects on SBS and occupant satisfaction with air quality. High temperatures are associated with the prevalence of sick building syndrome whereas low temperatures can induce temporary deterioration in the dexterity of hands. Temperature also has a role in the off-gassing from building materials.
房间有潜力较大温差影响SBS和居住者满意的空气质量。高温度的流行程度相关病态建筑综合症而低温可以诱发暂时恶化灵巧的双手。温度也有一个角色在浓浓的从建筑材料。
Humidity 湿度
Various publications discuss significant associations between humidity levels and concentrations of indoor air pollutants. Correlations between humidity levels and health effects are often found to be building-specific. Temperature appears to be warmer than it would be in drier air.
各种出版物讨论重大之间的关联的湿度和室内空气污染物的浓度。湿度之间的相关性和健康影响常常发现构建特定的。温度似乎比在温暖干燥的空气。
Ventilation 通风
Ventilation is used to bring outdoor air to the inside and remove or dilute indoor air pollutants. The air supplied can be entirely outdoor air or be mixed with recirculated return air. Studies show that health and perceived air quality will usually improve with increased outside air ventilation.
通风是用来把室外空气内部和删除或稀释室内空气污染物。空气提供可以完全室外空气或混有循环回流空气。研究表明,健康和感知空气质量通常会改善与增加外部空气通风。
Lighting 照明
Lighting is a significant factor in the indoor environment .Daylight has the potential to reduce the incidence of health problems caused by rapid fluctuations in artificial lighting. Studies suggest that classrooms without daylight may upset the basic hormone pattern of children, and thes problem in turn may influence their abilityto concentrate or cooperate or negatively affect their performance. The amount of light that we need in an indoor environment varies withthe type of surfaces,the individual’s vision, and the type of task being done. Glare , flicker , lack of contrast , inadequate illumination , or unsuitable spot lighting can all lead to health problems and discomfort..
照明是一个重要的因素在室内环境。白天有潜力减少健康问题的发生率的快速波动造成的人工照明。研究表明,教室没有阳光可以打乱了基本激素模式的孩子,可问题反过来可能会影响他们的能力集中或合作或消极的影响到他们的表现。的光量,我们需要在一个室内环境变化与类型的表面,个人的视野,和类型的任务被完成。眩光、闪烁、缺乏之下,不充分的照明,或不合适的局部照明,都可能导致健康问题和不适。
Occupant Health and Well-Being 居住者的健康和幸福
A growing number of studies demonstrate an association between indoor environment-related asthma and allergies and indoor exposures to respiratory allergens and irritants; Allergic disorders are major causes of illness and disability in the United States, afflicting more than 35 million people with upper respiratory symptoms . Two of the most common indoor allergens are mold and duct. The design of indoor environments can promote or reduce allergens and irritants, which can trigger symptoms of allergies and asthma .
越来越多的研究证明之间的一个关联室内环境哮喘和过敏和室内接触呼吸道过敏和刺激物;过敏性疾病的主要原因是疾病和残疾折磨,在美国有超过3500万人患有上呼吸道症状。两种最常见的室内过敏原是模具和管道。室内环境的设计能促进或减少过敏原和刺激,也会触发过敏和哮喘的症状。
The psychological health of occupants may also be linked with a building’s indoor environment. Psychological health includes such issues as anxiety , depression, and stress. It can also be described in positive ways such as feelings of confidence , energy, and generally being in good spirits. Empirical research has shown that improved view , ventilation , and air temperature conditions in office spaces positively affect the productivity of workers.
心理健康的居住者也可能与建筑的室内环境。心理健康包括等问题焦虑、抑郁和压力。它也可以被描述在积极的方面比如感觉自信,能源,和一般被精神抖擞。实证研究表明,改进的观点,通风,空气温度条件在办公室空间积极地影响到工人的生产力。
The construction of healthy indoor environments is linked with economic benefits related to health.Given the economic implications, it is imperative that building indoor environments be designed to enhance the health and well-being of occupants . The recent sustainable green building movement has shown promise in this regard .
健康的室内环境的建设是与经济效益相关的健康。考虑到经济影响,当务之急是建筑室内环境被设计来提高居住者的健康和福祉。最近的可持续发展的绿色建筑运动在这方面显示出了希望。
Although green homes were initially viewed as a subset of luxury home markets, recent trends indicate that they are becoming more mainstream . Two main initiatives in this regard are the U.S.Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design guidelines for homes and the National Association of Home Builders . The inclusion of green and healthy features in new homes is no longer limited to niche markets and is quickly becoming routine.
尽管绿色家园最初被视为一个子集的豪华住宅市场,最近的趋势表明,他们正变得越来越主流。两个主要的计划在这方面是美国绿色建筑委员会领导的能源和环境设计指南家庭和全美住宅建筑商协会。将绿色和健康的特性在新住房不再限于利基市场,并迅速成为例行公事。
Any discussion about housing design must involve concepts of beauty and how beauty is evaluated. Because beauty is thought of as an elusive idea we are reluctant to acknowledge it. Some aspects of beauty and design can design can only be dealt with subjectively, however , most are easily understood and can be reviewed objectively.
任何讨论住宅设计必须包括概念的美丽和美丽是评估。因为美丽是被认为是一个难以捉摸的概念,我们都不愿意承认这一点。某些方面的美和设计可以设计只能处理主观上,然而,最易于理解,可以客观地回顾了。
Beauty is not abstract , it is real . Beauty is not necessary in the eye of the beholder ; it is largely objective and quantifiable. There are threee criteria which Sir Henry Wotton paraphrased in the seventeenth century, from the first century BC writings of Vitruvius , that are still applicable today and are the basic measuring blocks of housing design . These criteria are:
美丽不是抽象的,它是真实的。美是没有必要在旁观者的眼里,这很大程度上是客观的、可量化的。有三个标准,亨利爵士沃顿转述在十七世纪,从公元前一世纪的著作,仍适用维特鲁威今天和基本测量块住宅设计的。这些标准是:
Commodity,大宗商品,
Firmness,坚定,
Delight. 喜悦。
Commodity poses the question , is the building suitable for its purpose and does it look like what it is ? We are talking about housing so ask yourself , does it liik like a Canadian house and not like a Swiss Chalet or a Jacobean Manor or a California Bungalow Are the materials appropriate to the location and are they arranged so that they respect the existing surroundings ? The honest use of building materials dose not mean building houses only with wood and stone; glass and aluminum maybe more appropriate , indeed , may be more natural in some circumstances. Suitability for purpose also affects the floor plan and ths is particularly critical in small house. Does the circulation work well ? Is the house zoned to provide both living and quiet areas ? Is there adequate space for cooking , cleaning , and all the activities connected with bringing up a family ?
商品提出了这个问题,是构建适合它的目的和它是否看起来像那是什么吗?我们正在谈论住房所以问问自己,是否像加拿大的房子里,而不是像瑞士小屋或詹姆斯一世的庄园或加州平房是材料适当的位置和他们是这样安排,他们尊重现有的环境吗?诚实的使用的建筑材料不意味着建造房子只有木头和石头;玻璃和铝也许更合适,事实上,可能在某些情况下更为自然。适合用途也影响了平面图和这个特别关键的小房子。并循环工作好吗?那房子分区提供生活和安静的地区?是否有足够的空间用于做饭、清洁、和所有的活动与抚养家庭吗?
Dilight is a wonderfully chosen word ; it means to give pleasure to the beholder . Again, we are not talking about abstract concepts but about quantifiable realities . Delight has to do with scale , proportion, harmony, rhythm, and unity-with what the building, in its setting , looks like. 喜悦是一本选中的词,它意味着给快乐情人眼里出西施。再一次,我们正在谈论的不是抽象的概念,但关于可量化的现实。喜悦与规模、比例、和谐、节奏、团结与建筑,在它的设置,看起来像。
Scale concerns the size relationship between people and buildings or places. When we look at a building we want clues about how to interpret its size . Our eyes seek out things we know. We are familiar with the size of a brick and the dimensions of an ordinary door and we are comfortable when the sizes turn out to be what we anticipate. Another aspect of scale involves our feeling of importance as individuals . If we appear large in relation to our surroundings we feel that we can cope with the elements of our environment .
规模大小人与人之间关系的担忧和建筑或地点。当我们看一个建筑我们希望线索如何解释它的大小。我们的眼睛寻找我们所知的事物。我们都熟悉的大小尺寸的砖头和一个普通的门,我们是舒适当大小变成我们所预料的。规模的另一个方面涉及到我们的感觉作为个人重要性。如果我们出现大关系到我们的环境,我们觉得我们能应付我们的环境的元素。
Proportion is the comparable relationship between the sizes of number of things , or between the size of one thing . A window has a size relationship of width to height . A room has a size relationship of width to length to height . The side of a house is related in size to the size of the windows or doors which it may contain . At a large scale , proportion deals with the size of an open space , such as a play yard , compared with the height of the buildings around it . Some proportions are more pleasing to the eye than others . And there have been many attempts to formulate rules that will give satisfying size relationships . The proportions of the human body are often a source of intense beauty.
比例可比关系的事情的数量的大小,或大小之间的一件事。一个窗口有一个大小关系的宽与高。一个房间大小关系的宽长到高度。一所房子的侧面是相关的大小规模的门窗,它可能包含。在一个大型、比例处理大小的开放空间,比如一个游戏场,与它周围的建筑的高度。一些比例更悦目比其他人。还有许多试图制定规则,将给满足大小之间的关系。人类身体的比例通常是一个源强烈的美丽。
Harmony comes from putting things together in such a way that the individual parts of the building make a consistent and orderly statement .It is inappropriate to mix styles within one buliding or to mix materials at random .For example ,if the principal exterior materical is brick, harmony is lost if there are also large areas of stone, or stone and wood. a group of buildings should present a consistency in their shapes, their exterior materials, the colors used ,and so on. This does not imply rigid uniformity but suggests that variation should be kept within a limited range of agreeable alternatives.
和谐来自放东西一起在这建筑物的各个部分做一个一致的、有序的声明。它是不合适的混合风格在一个建筑物或随机混合材料。例如,如果主要外部方法是砖、和谐是失去了如果也有大面积的石头,或者石头和木材。一群建筑应该提出一个一致性的形状、表面材料,颜色的使用,等等。这并不意味着刚性均匀但表明变化应该保持在一个有限的范围的令人愉快的替代品。
Rhythm is a fundamental part of our life processes. There is rhythm to our heart beat, to the way we breathe. Changes in rhythm between sleeping and waking are a fundamental factor in our lives, Therefore rhythm appeals to the deepest roots of our being and provokes a strong emotional reponse. In music the simplest from of rhythm is hand clapping and in dance it is being in step.hang clapping and being in step have to do with time intervals. The same is true in architecture.the distance between the elements creats the pattern.
节奏是一个基本流程我们生命的一部分。有节奏,我们的心跳,我们呼吸的方式。改变节奏半睡半醒之间是一个基本的因素,在我们的生活,因此节奏吸引了我们的最深的根源,引发了强烈的情感反应。在音乐最简单的节奏是手鼓掌和舞蹈的步骤。挂鼓掌,在步骤与时间间隔。在架构也是如此。元素之间的距离创造模式。
Unity means oneness.obviously, there will be many parts in a design; but we should be able to recognize the functions of the parts and the rightness of how they have been put together to make a whole . A buliding must relate to what the observer already knows, In order to do this the architect must have a clear concept of his proect in human and social term.Indeveloping the design he must emphasize everything that express this concept and eliminate everthing that detracts form it.
团结意味着合一。很明显,将会有许多零件在设计;但我们应该能够识别的功能部件和对他们如何被放在一起,他们的整体贡献。一个建筑物必须与观察者已经知道,为了实现这个架构师必须有一个清晰的概念,他的项目在人类和社会术语。该项设计他必须强调一切表达这个概念和消除一切形式,有目共睹。
When building what sort of house we are going to build live in , we need to remember that we live in the twentieth century ; you may not like it, but this is where we are in history. We are not living in the Jacobean , Georgian, or Colonial era. This is a time when people are going to the moon and we are all flying in airplanes as a matter of course. We cannot re-create the past; even if we could, we should not like it. As an architecture who design housing I am not prepared to accept the popular, quick and easy merchandising approach of giving the public “What it wants”. The single-family split-lecel, colonial or gothic house is a shallow and inappropriate answer to the house needs of Canadians living in the last quarter of the twentieth century.If nutritionists ,doctors, and dentists only gave people what they wanted in a similarly superficial way, we might all kill ourselves with cigarettes, drugs and overeating. The medical system’s approach to health care does not acknowledge that people know more about their own bodies than the doctor does . In the same way, I cannot accept the proposition that in house design the public knows better than the architect. I am not prepared to give the public phoney shutters because they want them , any more than I would expect a doctor to prescribe chocolate bars to satisfy the taste of a fat man .
当构建什么样的房子我们要构建生活在,我们需要记住,我们生活在20世纪;你可能不喜欢它,但这就是我们的历史。我们不是生活在詹姆斯一世的,格鲁吉亚,或殖民时代。这是一个时间当人们要去月球,我们都是在飞机飞行是理所当然的事。我们不能重现过去;即使我们可以,我们应该不喜欢它。作为一个架构设计住房我不准备接受流行的、快速和容易的营销方法给公众”它想要的东西”。独栋的分割空间,殖民或哥特式的房子是一个肤浅的和不恰当的回答这房子需要的加拿大人生活在20世纪最后一季。如果营养学家、医生和牙医只有给人们他们想要的东西在一个类似的肤浅的方式,我们可能都杀了自己与香烟、药物和过量饮食。医疗系统的卫生保健做法并不承认,人们更了解自己的身体比医生确实。同样,我不能接受这一主张,在房子设计公众知道比建筑师。我不准备给公众假的百叶窗,因为他们希望他们,任何超过我期望医生开出巧克力来满足一个胖子的味道。
Good design further implies the need to take into account what is happening in the world around us . This applies not just to the individual house but to the design of the whole community. Particularly important nowadays ia the need to understand the relationship between housing and energy. Suburban sprawl leads directly to high energy consumption. The way we lay out suburbia precludes an efficient public transportation system; we are burning up the future of our country driving to the corner store and the hockey rink. The ideal of the detached house with two cars in the garage, isolated on as large as a lot as possible. is inconsistent with today’s energy concerns.
好的设计进一步意味着需要考虑什么是发生在我们周围的世界。这不仅适用于个体的房子但到设计的整个社区。今天尤为重要的是需要理解的关系在住房和能源。郊区蔓延,就直接导致高能源消耗。我们制定一个有效的公共交通郊区使得系统;我们正在燃烧的未来我国开车去街角商店和曲棍球溜冰场。独立式住宅的理想与两辆车的车库,孤立在大如尽可能多。是不符合今天的能源问题。
Commodity, Firmness and Delight may be old , but they still apply today. Meeting these criteria ia not a limiting experience ; a Gothic Cathedral is built according to them . Given the materials we now have available and pressing concerns with issues of conservation, energy, and transportation; we know our buildings must be different from historic examples. The architect can select and arrange materials to form beautiful buildings with greater freedom than ever before.
大宗商品,坚定和快乐可能是旧的,但他们今天依然适用。满足这些标准ia不是限制经验;一个哥特式大教堂是建立根据他们。考虑到材料我们现在有可用的和紧迫的问题在环保、能源和运输;我们知道我们的建筑必须不同于历史的例子。建筑师可以选择和安排材料形成美丽的建筑比以往更大的自由。
Since the 1990s, China has obviously speeded up its steps to open the architectural field to the outside world. That is fully testified by its extensive adoption of the competition mechanism, introducing international bidding for some important constructions. As a result, visions of domestic architects have been expanded, their mentality updated, and a number of prominent masterworks created. 自1990年代以来,中国显然加速它的步骤来打开建筑领域到外面的世界。这是完全由它的广泛采用作证的竞争机制,引入国际投标某些重要的建筑。因此,国内建筑师的愿景已经扩大,他们的心态更新,许多知名大师的创建。The successful bidding for quite a few major projects by foreign architects marks the beginning of China's integration into the international community in the architectural sector. 成功的投标不少重大项目由外国建筑师起步的标志中国融入国际社会在建筑行业。 Just like the country's accession into the World Trade Organization, which originally provoked controversies among some Chinese people who worried about the fate of domestic enterprises, only a temporary sacrifice of domestic architectural sectors can create chances for their future success in ever-increasing international competitions. 就像中国加入世界贸易组织,最初引发争议在中国一些人担心国内企业的命运,只是暂时牺牲国内建筑行业可以创建他们未来的成功的机会在不断增加的国际比赛。 We still remember the words sighed out by a participating Chinese group of architects after the first round of review of the designing bidding for the National Center for the Performing Arts. "We admit our inferiority to foreign competitors," they said. 我们还记得单词叹了口气了参与中国群建筑师在第一轮的审查设计申办国家表演艺术中心。“我们承认我们对外国竞争对手的劣势,”他们说。 Paul Andreu, a renowned French architect, finally won the tender of the project. In its following layout improvements and construction, a lot of Chinese architects were involved. Such kinds of interactions and cooperation with foreign architects are undoubtedly helpful for our domestic counterparts.
保罗·安德鲁,一个法国著名建筑师,最后赢得了投标的项目。在它的下面布局改进和建设,很多中国设计师介入了。这种类型的互动与合作与外国建筑师无疑是帮助我们的国内同行。 The Water Cube, the National swimming center especially built for the Beijing Olympics, was also the product of cooperation between Chinese and foreign architects. But the designing inspiration of the marvelous building originally came from our Chinese architects and it won a prize in the 2004 biennial architecture exhibition held in Venice. This was a persuasive example that Chinese architects, once integrated into international environment, can also come up with world-class works.
在水立方,国家游泳中心特别建造的北京奥运会,也该产品的中国和外国建筑师之间的合作。但是设计灵感的了不起的建筑最初来自我们的中国建筑师和它得了奖在2004年的双年展在威尼斯建筑。这是一个有说服力的例子,中国建筑师,一旦融入国际环境,也可以想出世界级的作品。
Another example is the Tianjin-based 350 meter-high Sinosteel International Plaza. Chinese architect Ma Yansong overpowered competitors in the competitive international bidding for the building. 另一个例子是天津的350米高的中钢国际广场。中国建筑师马岩松(音译)压倒竞争对手在竞争激烈的国际招标的建筑。
Architecture is a kind of art, which knows no national boundary. The successful tenders for Chinese projects by foreign architects in recent years are mostly the world's first-class ones. Just like artists, modern architects hate to imitate others' works. Creativity and uniqueness are the ultimate pursuit for world's top architects and duplication is regarded to be the work of commonplace craftsmen. 建筑是一种艺术,它知道没有国家边界。中国项目的成功的投标外国建筑师近年来主要是世界一流的。就像艺术家,现代建筑师讨厌模仿别人的作品。创意和独特性的终极追求世界顶级建筑师和重复被认为是司空见惯的工作工匠。 There is no doubt that the beauty of the modern arts, including architecture, is not the synonym for a new, unique or bizarre appearance, but modern aesthetics often contains these elements. 毫无疑问,美丽的现代艺术,包括架构,并不是一个新的,独特的同义词或奇异的外观,但现代美学经常包含这些元素。 The well-known Sydney Opera House is the paramount masterpiece among a lot of excellent post-modern ar chitectures. Its new-type architectural style and inspiring shape have received encomiums from across the world. The 30-year-old architecture was listed by the United Nations as a human heritage, marking itself as the youngest human heritage among the world's architectures. 著名的悉尼歌剧院是派拉蒙的杰作在很多优秀的后现代的架构。它的新型建筑风格和鼓舞人心的形状已经收到了来自世界各地的东亚联盟十国赞颂。这位30岁的建筑被列入联合国作为一个人类的遗产,标志着自己是最年轻的人类遗产在世界的架构。 Over the past decade, hundreds of China's architectures have been erected with the designs of foreign architects. Among these high-rise constructions, some are worth praising. They include the towering Jinmou Mansion in Shanghai's Pudong New Area. The inspiration for the skyscraper comes from the shape of Chinese ancient pagodas. 在过去的十年里,数以百计的中国的架构与设计已经建成了外国建筑师。在这些高层建筑,有些值得赞扬。它们包括高耸的Jinmou大厦位于上海浦东新区。摩天大楼的灵感来源于中国古代宝塔的形状。 Rem Koolhaas, chief designer of the China Central Television twin towers, like Jacques Herzog, designer of the Bird's Nest, the National Stadium as the venue of the Beijing Olympics track and field items, is a winner of the renowned Pritzker Architecture Prize. The successful connection of the twin towers' heavy cantilever steel-structure can be a new breakthrough in the history of human architecture. Rem Koolhaas首席设计师的中国中央电视台双子塔”,犹如雅克•赫尔佐格、设计师、鸟巢的国家体育场举办的北京奥运会田径项目,是一个赢家的著名的普利兹克建筑奖。成功的连接双塔的“重型悬臂钢结构可以是一个新的突破人类建筑的历史。 The construction of the National Center for the Performing Arts once caused great controversies, which mainly involved its egg-shaped, round exterior. Some critics thought this kind of shape is in disharmony wit h neighboring buildings. 建设国家表演艺术中心一旦造成了极大的争议,这主要涉及其蛋形,圆外。一些批评者认为这种形状是在不和谐与邻近的建筑。 However, it creates a contrasting visual effect with the surrounding historical architectures, such as the imposing Great Hall of the People, mysterious Zhongnanhai, which accommodates the headquarters of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, and the serene Rear Lake, Shichahai, and Beihai Lake, all historical spots yards away. 然而,它创建了一个截然不同的视觉效果与周围的历史建筑,比如强加在人民大会堂、神秘的中南海,可以容纳总部,中国共产党和国务院,平静后湖,什刹海里,和北海湖,所有的历史景点码远。 The Water Cube is one of the high points of the sprawling Beijing Olympics constructions. The square architecture was also built in an aesthetic, visual perspective. Lying in a lower profile with the more imposing and higher Bird's Nest, the Water Cube leaves more room to the more marvelous steel construction, thus achieving a kind of harmony between the two. 在水立方是高点这个庞大的北京奥运会建设。广场的建筑也是建立在一个审美、视觉角度。躺在一个低调的更多的实施和更高的鸟巢,水立方留下更多的空间更了不起的钢结构,从而达到一种和谐的两个。 The Bird's Nest can be considered a symbol of the new architectures built in the capital. Its marvelous, complex steel structure has also created a wonder in architectural history. It will forever stand in Beijing like a resplendent jewel for people to visit and appreciate after the end of this summer Olympics.
鸟巢可以被认为是象征着新架构建立在资本。其非凡的、复杂的钢结构也创造了一个奇迹的建筑历史。它将永远站在北京就像一个华丽的珠宝供人参观、欣赏结束后,这个夏季奥运会。
Harmony comes from putting things together in such a way that the individual parts of the building make a consistent and orderly statement .It is inappropriate to mix styles within one buliding or to mix materials at random .For example ,if the principal exterior materical is brick, harmony is lost if there are also large areas of stone, or stone and wood. a group of buildings should present a consistency in their shapes, their exterior materials, the colors used ,and so on. This does not imply rigid uniformity but suggests that variation should be kept within a limited range of agreeable alternatives.
和谐来自放东西一起在这建筑物的各个部分做一个一致的、有序的声明。它是不合适的混合风格在一个建筑物或随机混合材料。例如,如果主要外部方法是砖、和谐是失去了如果也有大面积的石头,或者石头和木材。一群建筑应该提出一个一致性的形状、表面材料,颜色的使用,等等。这并不意味着刚性均匀但表明变化应该保持在一个有限的范围的令人愉快的替代品。
Rhythm is a fundamental part of our life processes. There is rhythm to our heart beat, to the way we breathe. Changes in rhythm between sleeping and waking are a fundamental factor in our lives, Therefore rhythm appeals to the deppest roots of our being and provokes a strong emotional reponse. In music the simplest from of rhythm is hand clapping and in dance it is being in step.hang clapping and being in step have to do with time intervals. The same is true in architecture.the distance between the elements creats the pattern.
节奏是一个基本流程我们生命的一部分。有节奏,我们的心跳,我们呼吸的方式。改变节奏半睡半醒之间是一个基本的因素,在我们的生活,因此节奏吸引了我们的deppest根源,引发了强烈的情感反应。在音乐最简单的节奏是手鼓掌和舞蹈的步骤。挂鼓掌,在步骤与时间间隔。在架构也是如此。元素之间的距离创造模式。
Unity means oneness.obviously, there will be many parts in a design; but we should be able to recognize the functions of the parts and the rightness of how they have been put together to make a whole . A buliding must relate to what the observer already knows, In order to do this the architect must have a clear concept of his proect in human and social term.Indeveloping the design he must emphasize everything that express this concept and eliminate everthing that detracts form it.
团结意味着合一。很明显,将会有许多零件在设计;但我们应该能够识别的功能部件和对他们如何被放在一起,他们的整体贡献。一个建筑物必须与观察者已经知道,为了实现这个架构师必须有一个清晰的概念,他的项目在人类和社会术语。该项设计他必须强调一切表达这个概念和消除一切形式,有目共睹。
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