人教版八年级上册英语

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人教版八年级上册英语1-5单元知识点梳理

Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation

语法知识

一般过去时

1.一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。

2Be动词在一般过去时中的变化:

am is在一般过去时中变为was。(was not=wasn’t

are在一般过去时中变为were。(were not=weren’t

⑶带有waswere的句子,其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样,即否定句在waswere后加not,一般疑问句把waswere放到句首。

3.句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子

否定句:didn’t +动词原形,如:Jim didn’t go home yesterday.

一般疑问句:在句首加did,句子中的动词过去式变回原形。

如:Did Jim go home yesterday?

特殊疑问句:

⑴疑问词+did+主语+动词原形?如: What did Jim do yesterday?

⑵疑问词当主语时:疑问词+动词过去式?如:Who went to home yesterday?

动词过去式变化规则:

1.一般在动词末尾加-ed,如:pull-pulled, cook-cooked

2.结尾是ed,如:taste-tasted

3.末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ed,如:stop-stopped

4.以辅音字母+y”结尾的,变yi,再加-ed,如:study-studied

5.不规则动词过去式:参照P142-P143

二.复合不定代词的使用

复合不定代词是由some-any-no-every-加上-one-body-thing等所组成的不定代词。复合不定代词包括 something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等十二个。这些复合代词具有名词性质,在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。

一、复合不定代词的指代对象

1、含-body-one的复合代词只用来指人,含-body的复合不定代词与含-one的复合不定代词在功能和意义上完全相同,可以互换。只是用-body时显得较通俗些,多用于口语中,用-one时显得较文雅些,更常见于正式场合及书面语中。如:

Someone/Somebody is crying in the next room.有人在隔壁房间哭。

No one/Nobody is stupid. 没有谁是愚蠢的。

2、含-thing的复合不定代词只用来指事物。如:

Are you going to buy anything?你会去买东西吗?

I can hear nothing but your vioce. 我只听到了你的声音。

二、复合不定代词的属格

1、含-one-body等指人的复合代词可有-’s属格形式。如:

Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.大家的事情没人管。

Is this anybody’s seat? 这儿有人坐吗?

2、含-one-body等指人的复合代词后跟else时,-’s属格应加在else之后。如:

Can you remember someone else’s name? 你还记得其他人的姓名吗?

3、含-thing等指事物的复合不定代词没有-‘s属格形式。

三、复合不定代词的数

1、复合不定代词都具有单数的含义,因此通常被看成是单数第三人称。当它们充当句子的主语时,其后的谓语动词用单数形式。如:

Is everyone here today? 今天,大家都到齐了吗?

Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it. 世上无难事,只怕有心人。

2、当要对一群人讲话时,可使复合不定代词作主语的祈使句句中的动词原形。如:

Nobody move= Don anybody move 都别动!

Everyone lie down! 统统趴下!

四、复合不定代词的替代问题

由于复合不定代词都具有单数的含义,所以在正规的英语中用来替代它们的代词也应该是单数形式。

1、含-one-body等指人的复合代词,其代词应该是he/she, him/her,-‘s属格形式的代词应该是his/her, his/hers。如:

Everyone has his/her own words. 每个人都有他(她)自己的说辞。

但是,这样一来就会因为性别的差异而使得在代词的运用上具有不确定性,所以为了避免这种别扭的情况,我们一般都是用they/them/their/theirs,尤其是在口语中以及非正式场合下。如:

No one gave you a ticket, did they? 没人给你票,是吗?

Someone came in, but I didn’t know who they were. 有人进来了,但我不知道是谁。

2、含-thing等指事物的复合不定代词,不会因性别上的差异而使得在代词的运用上产生不确定性,因此我们就使用it。如:

Something goes wrong, doesn’t it?出问题了,是吗?

五、复合不定代词的定语

复合不定代词的定语必须后置,即放在复合不定代词的后面。如:

Can you tell something interesting? 你能讲些有趣的事情吗?

Is there anybody important here? 这儿有大人物吗?

Would you like something to eat? 要来些吃的东西吗?

六、含some-any-的复合不定代词间的用法区别

some-any-所构成的复合不定代词(即somethinganythingsomeoneanyonesomebodyanybody)之间的区别跟someany的区别一样。

1somethingsomeonesomebody通常用于肯定句中,而anythinganyoneanybody一般用于否定句,疑问句或条件状语从句中。如:

He found something strange but interesting.他发现了一些奇怪但却有趣的事情。

Do?you?have?anything?to?say??你有话要说吗?

I can’t meet?anybody??on?the?island. 在岛上,我没遇见任何人。

2、在表示请求、邀请、提建议等带有委婉语气的疑问句,和希望得到对方肯定答复的疑问句,以及表示反问的问句中,也用somethingsomeonesomebody等复合不定代词。如:

Would?you?like?something?to?eat?要些吃的东西吗?

Isn’t there something wrong with you? 难道你没问题吗?

3、当anything表示任何事(物),无论何事(物)anyoneanybody表示无论谁,任何人等意义时,它们也可以用于肯定句中。如:

Anything is OK. 什么都行。

Anybody knows the answer.任何人都知道答案。

七、复合不定代词的否定

1“not every-”表示的是部分否定,意为“并非都,不都”。例如:

Not everything will go well. 并非一切都会那么顺利。

The teacher didn’t call everyone’s name. 老师并没有点所有人的名。

2“not any-”no-均表示全否定。例如:

He listened, but heard nothing.他听了听,但什么也没听到。

= He listened, but didn’t hear anything.

You haven’t called anyone/anybody up, have you? 你没给谁打过电话,是吗?

= You have called no one/nobody up, have you?

八、复合不定代词作名词

复合不定代词可以充当名词用,表示“……的事情(东西或人)

1someone/somebody, anyone/anybody的意义是重要人物,大人物everyone/everybody意为最重要的人no one/nobody则意指无关紧要的人,小人物。例如:

2somethinganything的意义是重要事情(东西)everything表示最重要的事情(东西)nothing则指毫无趣味的事情,无关紧要的东西

九、合与分的区别问题

1 someoneanyoneeveryone都只能指人,且不和介词of连用;some oneany oneevery one则既可指人又可指物,可与介词of连用。例如:

Anyone should be polite to every one of them.任何人都要礼貌对待他们中的每一个人。

---Which toy would you like? ---Any one is OK. ---你要那个玩具?---随便。

2no one=nobody没有人,只用来指人,通常不和介词of连用;none“没有一个,既可以用来指人也可用来指物。例如:

No one can do it better. 没有人能做得更好。

None of these questions is easy, and none of us can even answer any one of them.这些问题没有一个是容易的,我们中没有一个人能答出其中的一题。

回答who引导的特殊疑问句时用no one回答how many引导的特殊疑问句时用none。例如:

---Who was late ? ---No one. ---谁迟到了?---谁也没有迟到。

---How many pigs do you keep? ---None. ---你养几头猪?---一头也没养。

三.短语词组

1.It seems that+从句

e.g. It seems that she is a good girl.她看起来是个好女孩

------She seems to be a good girl.当去掉it做形式主语时可以将主语置于前。

2. decide to do sth

e.g. I decide to get a full score in the final exam.

我决心期末考试的时候我要考满分

3.try to do sth 尽力去做.

e.g. I try to study English well.我尽力去学好英语

try doing sth 尝试做..

e.g. I try studying English well.我尝试将英语学好。

4.feel like+从句

e.g. I feel like I have got a fever.

feel like doing sth

e.g. I feel like flying like a bird.

5.wait for sb/sth

e.g. I wait for my mother on the road./I wait for the NO.5 bus under the platform

6.because of +介词短语/名词/代词/名词性短语

e.g. Because of you, I have finished the homework.因为你我才能把作业完成。

because+句子

e.g. Because he drived too fast, he hit another car.

因为他开的太快了,他撞上了另一辆车。

7. 一)as作副词,表示程度,意为同样地。在“as...as...“not as...as...结构中的第一个as是副词,作和/与...()一样解。eg

Jack is as tall as his father.杰克和他的父亲一样高。

He doesn't speak English asso fluently as you.他的英语说得不如你流利。

二)as作介词。

1.作如,像解。eg

They got united as one man.他们团结得像一个人一样。

2.作充当,作为解。eg

As a writerhe was famous.作为作家,他是很有名的。

三)as作连词,常用来连接主句和状语从句。

1.引导时间状语从句,作当...的时候解,有随着...之意,与while意义相近,强调两个动作同时发生;或某事一发生,另一事立即发生。eg

He shouted aloud as her ran along.他一边往前跑,一边高声地呼喊。

I was startled as he opened the door.他一开门,我吓了一跳。

as作连词,相当于wheneg

As a little boy (When he was a little boy)he began to learn to play piano.他小时候就开始学弹钢琴。

2.引导原因状语从句,作因为,由于解,与because的用法相近。eg

I must stop writing nowas I have rather a lot of work to do.我必须停笔了,因为我还有许多工作要做。

3.引导方式状语从句或比较状语从句,作正如,()解。例eg

As in your countrywe grow wheat in the north and rice in the south.正如()你们国家一样,我们在北方种小麦,在南方种大米。(方式状语从句)

When at Romedo as Romans do.入乡随俗。(方式状语从句)

4.引导让步状语从句,作虽然,尽管解。这时从句常用倒装语序,即把从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在as之前。eg

Strange as it may seemit is true.尽管这事看上去很奇怪,但却是真的。

Try as he mightTom could not get out of the difficulties.不管怎样努力,汤姆还是摆脱不了困境。

四)as作关系代词。

1.引导限制性定语从句,用在“such...as”,“the same...as”“as...as”等结构中,常译作像...一样的人(或物)”凡是...的人(或物)”。例eg

He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was.他曾希望做一个像雷锋那样的人。

My hometown is no longer the same as it was.我的家乡再也不像过去一样了。

2.引导非限制性定语从句,用来指代它前面的整个句子(即先行句),意思是这一点。这个分句可以位于句首、句中或句末。eg

As is well knownoceans cover more than 70 of the earth.我们知道,海洋占地球面积的百分之七十以上。

五)含as的固定词组的用法

1as soon as解,引导时间状语从句。eg

As soon as I get to BeijingI'll write to you.我一到北京,就给你写信。

2asso long as只要解,eg

AsSo long as you study hardyou'll make progress.只要你努力,你就会取得进步。

3as ifthough常用来引导方式状语从句,作好像,仿佛解。如果从句中讲的是非真实情况,则用虚拟语气。eg

She loves the child as ifthough he were her own.她爱这个孩子如同爱自己的孩子。

As ifthough也可用来引导表语从句,常用在“It appearslooksseems...+as ifthough”句型结构中。eg

It appears as ifthough it is going to clear up.看起来天要晴了。

It seems as ifthough he knew nothing about it.他好像对此事一无所知。

4as to关于,至于解。eg

There is no doubt as to his honesty.他的诚实是无可置疑的。

5as muchmany as多达...达到...之多解。eg

He can earn as much as 5000 dollars a month.他每月能挣5000美元。

6soas far as I know就我所知解,在句中作插入语。eg

AsSo far as I knowhe will come here next Monday.据我所知,他将于下星期一到这里来。

7as a resultas a result of表示由于...的结果eg

She died as a direct result of the accident.她的死是那次事故的直接结果。

8as well也,还之意。eg

Come earlyand bring your brother as well.早点来,把你的弟弟也带来。

9so as toso...as to若跟动词原形,表示目的或结果。eg

He studied hard so as to pass the exam.他努力学习以便通过考试。(表示目的)

as……as

AS +adj(原级)+AS

AS +adv(原级)+AS

as soon as ……

as soon as possible 尽可能快地

as early as possible 尽可能早的

as carefully as you can 尽可能认真地

as careful as you can 尽可能认真的

so...as 一般用于否定句,as...as 一般用于肯定句,(肯定否定都能用)

so...as不可用于肯定句.as...asso...as均可表示"……一样",as...as...的用法:两个as中间可以加形容词或者副词,由它要修饰的内容决定.

它们的用法有异同之处:

肯定句用as...as,不用so...as;否定句两者均可使用.例如:

I didn't go as /so far as you.我走得不像你那么远.

They walked as far as the station.他们步行到了车站.

:They walked so far as the station.

8.long time no see 好久不见

9.quiet a few 相当多的

a few +可数名词的复数 表示“一些

10.stay at home 呆在家里

11.arrive in +大地点(Beijing/Shanghai/Guangzhou

arrive at +小地点(school/park/

12.a lot of /lots of +可数名词/不可数名词

13. beginstart doing/to do begin / start to do sth /begin / start doing sth.

1 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时,使用doing。例如: How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴?

2 begin, start用进行时时,后面动词用不定式to do。例如: I was beginning to get angry。我开始生起气来。

3事物作主语时。例如: The snow began to melt.雪开始融化了

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