中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

智能交通的的设计

由于我国经济的快速发展，导致大中型城市汽车数量激增，城市交通面临严峻的考验，导致交通问题增加，其主要表现为：交通事故频发，给人类生命安全造成巨大的威胁，造成严重的交通拥堵，出行时间增加，能源消费的增加；空气污染和噪声污染程度加深等，日常交通拥堵成为人们司空见惯而又不得不忍受。在此背景下，结合实际情况城市道路交通，发展真正适合我们自己的特点的智能信号控制系统已成为主要任务。

前言

在国内外实际应用中，根据实际交通信号控制的应用检验，平面独立的交叉口信号控制基本采用了定周期，多时间的设置周期，半感应，全传感器等几种方式。前两者的控制模式是完全基于平面交叉口的交通流量数据的统计调查，由于交通流量的现在变性和随机性的存在，这两种方法具有交通效率低的缺陷，该方案，老化和半感应和感应两方法在前两种方式的基础上增加了车辆检测器，根据提供的信息来调整周期和车辆的绿色通道，它比随机到达的适应性大，可以使车辆在交通拥挤前先停车，实现对交通流量的影响。

在现代工业生产中，电流、电压、温度、压力、流量、速度、开关量等都是常用的主要被控参数。例如：在冶金工业、化工药品的生产、电力工程、造纸行业、机械制造和食品加工等诸多领域，人们需要交通的有序控制。通过单片机控制交通运输，不仅具有方便的控制、配置简单、灵活等优点，而且还可以通过控制量大幅度提高技术指标，从而大大提高了产品的质量和数量。因此，单片集成电路的交通灯控制问题是一个工业生产中，我们经常遇到的问题。

在工业生产过程中，有很多行业有大量的交通设备，在目前的系统中，大部分的交通控制信号是通过继电器，而继电器的响应时间长、灵敏度低、长期使用后，故障的机会大大增加，相对于单片机控制，远大于继电器的精度、响应时间短，软件可靠性，不会因为工作时间的缘故而降低其性能，相比，该方案具有较高的可行性。

关于AT89C51

（1）功能特点说明：

AT89C51是一个低功耗，高性能CMOS8位微控制器，具有8K可编程Flash存储器。使用Atmel公司高密度非易失性存储技术技术制造，与工业80S51产品指令和引脚完全兼容。芯片闪存让程序存储器在系统可编程，也适用于常规的程序员。在一个单芯片上，拥有灵巧的8位CPU和可编程Flash，使得AT89C51为众多嵌入式控制应用系统提供高灵活、超有效的解决方案。AT89C51单片机的以下标准功能：8K字节Flash，256字节RAM，32位I/O口线，看门狗定时器，两个数据指针，三个16位定时/计数器，一个6向量2级中断结构，全双工服务通信接口，片内晶振及时钟电路。此外，AT89C51可降至0Hz静态逻辑操作，支持2种软件可选择省电模式。空闲模式，中央处理器停止工作，允许内存、定时/计数器、串口、中断继续工作。掉电保护方式下，RAM内容被保存，已被冻结，单片机一切工作停止，直到下一个界面中断或硬件复位为止。在AT89C51的引脚分配如图1所示。

图1AT89C51的引脚分配

（2）中断介绍

AT89C51有六个中断源：两个外部中断，三个定时器中断（定时器0，1，2）和一个串行中断。每个中断源都可以通过置位或删除IE相关特殊寄存器中断允许控制位分别有效或无效的中断源。也包括一个中断允许完全控制位的环境，它可以是一个禁止所有中断。AT89C51，即5位也不能使用。用户软件不应该给这些位写1。他们的新产品保留AT89系列。定时器2可以TF2和T2CON寄存器RS EXF2逻辑触发或。程序转换为中断服务，可以通过硬件来改善符号位0。实际上，中断服务程序必须确定TF2或EXF2激活Disruption，符号位也必须由软件清0。定时器0和定时器1的标志位TF0和TF1已经在循环计数溢出方式074位了。他们的价值，直到下一个周期电路俘获。然而，定时器2的标志的s2p2 074位周期计数溢出TF2，在同一周期电路捕捉下来。

（3）外部时钟驱动特性

8255芯片

8255特点

（1）并行输入/输出LSI芯片，功效的I/O设备，CPU总线和外设接口。

（2）它有24个可编程设置的I/O的口，甚至8组的三位口，口对口，PB口和PA PC口他们被分为2组I/O口，一组包括端口A和端口C（高四，PC4 ~ PC7），其中B组和C组B端口（低四，PC0 ~ PC3）。一组可设置为基本的I/O口，闪光控制（选通）的I / O闪光控制，双向I / O模式，B组只能设置为基本I/O或闪光控制

（3）阅读标准的灯线1，当输入引脚为低水平，即/路0和/或0，允许8255通过数据总线向中央处理器发送数据或状态信息，即中央处理器8255从数据中获得信息。

（4）WR：写一个标准的灯，当输入引脚为低的水平，即/ WR = 0 / CS = 0，允许CPU将数据或控制字写8255。

（5）D7：三状态D0 ~双向数据总线，8255与CPU的数据传输通道，当CPU执行输入输出指令，通过它实现8位数据的读/写操作，控制CH通过数据总线传送的人物类型和状态信息。

（6）PA0~PA7：PA0端口的输入和输出线，8位数据输出锁存器/缓冲器，一个8位数据输入锁存器。

（7）PB0~PB7：PB0端口B的输入和输出线，一个8位的I/O锁存器，一个8位的输入和输出缓冲区。

（8）PC0~PC7：C口输入和输出线，8位数据输出锁存器/缓冲器，一个8位数据输入缓冲器。端口可以通过工作地点的方式进入二四个端口，每4个数字端口包含一个4位数的锁存器，分别用端口A和端口B进行配合使用，可作为控制标准灯输出或状态标准灯的输入端口

（9）A0、A1：地址选择线，用于选择PA 8255口，PB口，PC口控制寄存器。

当A0 = 0，A1= 0，PA口选择；当A0 = 0，A1= 1，PB口选择；当A0 = 0，A1 = 1，PC的选择；当A0 = 1，A1= 1，控制登记选择。

关于七段数码管显示介绍

通过发光二极管芯片适当的连接（包括串并联）和适当的光学结构。可构成发光显示的发光段或发光点。通过这些电子发光点或发光点可以由数码管、符号管、管、管、多电平矩阵显示管等。通常数码管、符号管、米管被称为中风显示。洛克显示，但行程显示和矩阵管统称为字符显示。

1。主导显示分类

（1）按字高分：行程监视器高至少1mm（单片集成型数码管的话一般在2 ~ 3mm高）。其他类型的笔画显示最高可达1.27毫米（0.5英寸）甚至高达几百毫米.

（2）颜色编码的得分红色，橙色，黄色，绿色和几个种类。

（3）根据结构点，反射罩型、单点弹性和单片集成式。

（4）从阳极和阴极两种点的发光截面电极连接方式。

2。发光显示参数

由于发光二极管的显示是基于发光二极管的，所以它的光、电特性和参数的最终含义与大多数的发光二极管相同。LED含多个发光二极管显示器,它必须有以下具体参数：

发光强度比

由于数码管段在同一驱动电压下，各不相同，所以正向电流各不相同。发光强度值的所有节段的发光强度比最大值和最小值的输入输出小比例在1.5~2.3之间，最大不能超过2.5。

交通信号控制类型

交通信号控制的目的有三：第一，在时间和空间上的空间交叉路口交通，控制交通运行秩序；二，使平面交叉的道路网络上的人和事物的运输效率最高，第三，为道路使用者提供必要的信息，帮助他们有效地利用交通设施。道路交通基本类型的信号控制有很多点方法。

根据控制几何特征分为：单交叉口控制点控制，交通干线协调控制线，交通网络协调控制OL表面控制；根据控制原理划分：定时控制、感应控制和自适应控制。

关于看门狗电路

由单片机构成的微型计算机系统中，由于单片机的工作往往可以由外部电磁干扰的影响，造成程序跑飞而进入死循环，这程序的正常运行中断由单片机控制系统无法正常工作，会导致整个系统陷入停顿，发生不可预知的后果，所以单片机的运行状态进行实时监测的考虑，便产生了一种专门用于监测单片机程序运行状态的芯片，俗称“看门狗”（Watchdog）

max692系统监控电路芯片，具有后备电池开关，电源失去判别函数监控、看门狗。如图2所示的封装和引脚说明

图2 max692封装和引脚

看门狗电路的应用，使单片机可以在任何条件下实现连续工作，其工作原理是：看门狗芯片和单片机的一个I/O引脚相连，I/O引脚通过程序M控制定期引脚的看门狗到高电平（或低电平），这一程序语句是散落在单片机等控制语句，一旦由于单片机之间的干涉使应用程序运行的程序段进入死循环状态后，写看门狗引脚程序不能被执行，这个时候，看门狗电路将无MI信号发送的信号，然后在它和单片机的复位引脚连接引脚复位，设置信号发出，使单片机复位时，即从程序存储器splittext程序开始，所以我们意识到了他单片机自动复位。

红外探测电路

在半导体材料的红外辐射光子stimutes非平衡载流子（电子或空穴），造成电气性能的变化。因为载不离体，所以称为内光电效应。量子光电效应灵敏度高，响应速度快，热探测器速度快，是可选的探测器。为了达到最佳性能，通常需要在低温下工作。光电探测器可分为：

（1）基准带，造成空化增加，电导光导电特征。入射光子在禁带中激发了在禁带中均匀的半导体电子，并在导带中离开。因为空化的增加，电导光导电特征。从带隙的杂质能级也能激发光进入导带或生载流子的导带，和对于杂质的导电性用杂质电离能（即）决定的截止波长。低于本征光学的量子效率，需要较低的工作温度。

（2）光伏型：主要是对光生伏的伏打效应。“区域内的红外光子带隙宽度及其附近的电子空化效应，现有的“电场使空穴进入对区域，电子进入氮区域，2个部分出现电位，除氧器有电压或电流信号。与光探测器相比，光伏探测器的检测率超过百分之四十的数字限制，不需要额外的偏置电场负载电阻，无功耗，具有高阻抗。这些特性的准备和使用的焦平面阵列带来巨大的好处

（3）发光-肖特基势垒探测器：金属和半导体接触，通常包括PtSi／Si结构和形式是肖特势垒，红外光子通过四层PtSi吸收电子的费米能级，获得能量，跨越左空化势垒到Si衬底，收集电子PtSi层，完成红外检测。充分利用硅集成技术，方便生产，以更低的成本和良好的均匀性等优势，但使其质量（1024×1024甚至更大）的焦平面阵列来弥补或量子效率低的缺陷。有严格的低温要求。有了这种探测器，国内外都已经产生了定性的好热成像。铂硅/硅结构是最早的红外焦平面阵列FPAA.

定时计数与流量计算

采用MCS—51内部定时器/计数器定时，配合软件延时实现定时器。这种方法节省硬件成本，减少了阅读器在定时器/计数器的使用、中断和编程得到锻炼和提高。计算公式如下：

TC = M - C

类型，M用于反触值，值和反工作方式有关。

对于一个交通路口，它可以在尽可能短的时间内实现最大流量，甚至达到最佳性能，我们在单位时间内调用以实现最大流量的多能量车.

使用方程：（交通=交通/时间）代表。

参考文献

[1] Hughes, T. A. Programmable Controllers, Third Edition. ISA – The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society, 2000, 334 p.

[2] Jack, H. Automating Manufacturing Systems with PLC-s, 828 p., Available:

[3]http://claymore.engineer.gvsu.edu/~jackh/books/plcs/pdf/plcbook4_2.pdf,Accessed:3.10.2003

[4] LOGO! Manual. Siemens AG, 2003, 312 p.

[5] OPC Foundation homepage: http://www.opcfoundation.org/, Accessed: 9.11.2003

[6] Rosin, A. Programmable Controllers Simatic S7. Tallinn, TTU, 2000, 120 p. [Master Thesis] – in Estonian.

[7] Berger, H. Automating with SIMATIC. Siemens AG, 2003, 214 p.

Design of Intelligent Transportation

Because of the rapid development of our economy resulting in the car number of large and medium-sized cities surged and the urban traffic, is facing serious test, leading to the traffic problem increasingly serious, its basically are behaved as follows: traffic accident frequency, to the human life safety enormous threat, Traffic congestion, resulting in serious travel time increases, energy consumption increase; Air pollution and noise pollution degree of deepening, etc. Daily traffic jams become people commonplace and had to endure. In this context, in combination with the actual situation of urban road traffic, develop truly suitable for our own characteristics of intelligent signal control system has become the main task.

Preface

In practical application at home and abroad, according to the actual traffic signal control application inspection, planar independent intersection signal control basic using set cycle, much time set cycle, half induction, whole sensor etc in several ways. The former two control mode is completely based on planar intersection always traffic flow data of statistical investigation, due to traffic flow the existence of variable sex and randomicity, the two methods have traffic efficiency is low, the scheme, the defects of aging and half inductive and all the inductive the two methods are in the former two ways based on increased vehicle detector and according to the information provided to adjust cycle is long and green letter of vehicle, it than random arrived adaptability bigger, can make vehicles in the parking cord before as few parking, achieve traffic flowing effect

In modern industrial production,current,voltage,temperature, pressure, and flow rate, velocity, and switch quantity are common mainly controlled parameter. For example: in metallurgical industry, chemical production, power engineering, the papermaking industry, machinery and food processing and so on many domains, people need to transport the orderly control. By single chip microcomputer to control of traffic, not only has the convenient control, configuration simple and flexible wait for an advantage, but also can greatly improve the technical index by control quantity, thus greatly improve product quality and quantity. Therefore, the monolithic integrated circuit to the traffic light control problem is an industrial production we often encounter problems.

In the course of industrial production, there are many industries have lots of traffic equipment, in the current system, most of the traffic control signal is accomplished by relays, but relays response time is long, sensitivity low, long-term after use, fault opportunity increases greatly, and adopts single-chip microcomputer control, the accuracy of far greater than relays, short response time, software reliability, not because working time reduced its performance sake, compared with, this solution has the high feasibility.

About AT89C51

(1)function characteristics description:

AT89C51 is a low power consumption, high performance CMOS8 bit micro-controller, has the 8K in system programmable Flash memory. Use high-density Atmel company the beltpassword nonvolatile storage technology and manufacturing, and industrial 80S51 product instructions and pin fully compatible. Chip Flash allow program memory in system programmable, also suitable for conventional programmer. In a single chip, have dexterous 8 bits CPU and in system programmable Flash, make AT89C51 for many embedded control application system provides the high flexible, super efficient solution. AT89C51 has the following standard function: 8k bytes Flash, 256 bytes RAM, 32-bit I/O mouth line, the watchdog timer, two data pointer, three 16 timer/counter, a 6 vector level 2 interrupt structure, full-duplex serial port, piece inside crystals timely clock circuit. In addition, AT89C51 can drop to 0Hz static logic operation, support two software can choose power saving mode. Idle mode, the CPU to stop working, allowing the RAM, timer/counter, serial ports, interruption continue to work. Power lost protection mode, RAM content being saved, has been frozen, microcontroller all work stop, until the next interruption or hardware reset so far. As shown in figure 1 for the AT89C51 pins allotment.

Figure 1 the AT89C51 pins allotment

(2)interrupt introduction

AT89C51 has six interrupt sources: two external interruption, (and), three timer interrupt (timer 0, 1, 2) and a serial interrupts. Each interrupt source can be passed buy bits or remove IE the relevant special register interrupt allow control bit respectively make effective or invalid interrupt source. IE also includes an interrupt allow total control bit EA, it can be a ban all interrupts. IE. Six is not available. For AT89C51, IE. 5 bits are also not be used. User software should not give these bits write 1. They AT89 series for new product reserved. Timer 2 can be TF2 and the T2CON registers EXF2 or logical triggered. Program into an interrupt service, the sign bit can be improved by hardware qing 0. In fact, the interrupt service routine must determine whether TF2 or EXF2 activation disruption, the sign bit must also by software qing 0. Timer 0 and 1 mark a timer TF0 and TF1 has been presented in the cycle count overflow S5P2 074 bits. Their value until the next cycle was circuit capture down. However, the timer 2 marks a TF2 in count overflow of the cycle of S2P2 074 bits, in the same cycle was circuit capture down

(3)external clock driving characteristics

Table 1

About 8255 chip

1.8255 features:

(1)A parallel input/output LSI chips, efficacy of I/O devices, but as CPU bus and peripheral interface.

(2)It has 24 programmable Settings of I/O mouth, even three groups of 8 bits I/O mouth to mouth, PB mouth and PA PC mouth. They are divided into two groups 12 I/O mouth, A group including port A and C mouth (high four, PC4 ~ PC7), including group B and C port B mouth (low four, PC0 ~ PC3). A group can be set to give basic I/O mouth, flash control (STROBE) I/O flash controlled, two-way I/O3 modes, Group B can only set to basic I/O or flash controlled the I/O, and these two modes of operation mode entirely by controlling registers control word decision.

2. 8255 pins efficacy:

(1). RESET: RESET input lines, when the input outside at high levels, all internal registers (including control registers) were removed, all I/O ports are denoting input methods.

(2). CS: chip choose a standard lamp line 1, when the input pins for low levels, namely/CS = 0, said chip is selected, allow 8255 and CPU for communications, / CS = 1, 8255 cannot with CPU do data transmission.

(3). RD: read a standard lamp line 1, when the input pins for low levels, namely/RD = 0 and/CS = 0, allow 8255 through the data bus to the CPU to send data or state information, namely the CPU 8255 read from the information or data.

(4). The WR: write a standard lights, when the input pins for low levels, namely/WR = 0 and/CS = 0, allows the CPU will data or control word write 8255.

(5). D7: three states D0 ~ two-way data bus, 8255 and CPU data transmission channel, when the CPU execution input/output instruction, through its realization 8 bits of data read/write operation, control characters and status information transmitted through the data bus.

(6). PA0 ~ PA7: port A input and output lines, A 8 bits of data output latches/buffers, an 8 bits of data input latches.

(7). PB0 ~ PB7: port B input and output lines, a 8 bits of I/O latches, an 8 bits of input and output buffer.

(8). PC0 ~ PC7: port C input and output lines, a 8 bits of data output latches/buffers, an 8 bits of data input buffer. Port C can through the way of working setting into two four ports, every 4 digit port contains A 4 digit latches, respectively with the port A and port B cooperate to use, can be used as control standard lights output or state standard lights input ports.

(9). A0, A1: address selection line, used to select the PA 8255 mouth, PB mouth, PC mouth and controlling registers.

When A0=0, A1= 0, PA mouth be chosen;

When A0=0, A1 = 1, PB mouth be chosen;

When A0=0, A1 = 1, PC mouth be chosen;

When A0=1, A1= 1, control register is selected.

Concerning seven section LED display introduction

Through light emitting diode chip appropriate link (including series and parallel) and appropriate optical structure. May constitute a luminous display light-emitting segments or shine points. By these luminous segments or shine point can be composed digital tube, symbols tube, m word pipe, tube, multilevel matrix display tube etc. Usually the digital tube, symbols tube, m word tube were called stroke display, but the stroke displays and matrix tube collectively referred to as character displays.

1. The LED display classification

(1) by word high marks: stroke monitors word high least 1mm (monolithic integrated type more digital tube word high in commonly 2 ~ 3mm). Other types of stroke display tiptop 1.27 mm (0.5 inch) even up to hundreds of mm.

(2) color-coded score red, orange, yellow, green and several kinds.

(3) according to the structure points, reflecting cover type, a single point-elastic and monolithic integrated type.

(4) from the luminous section electrode connection mode of points of anode and cathode two kinds.

2. LED display parameters

Due to the LED display is LED based, so its light, and the electrical characteristics and ultimate meaning of the parameters with most of the same light emitting diode. But because the LED monitor containing multiple light emitting diode, it must has the following specific parameters:

(1) the luminous intensity ratio

Due to the digital tube paragraphs in the same driving voltage, each are not identical, so positive current each different. The luminous intensity All segments of the luminous intensity values the ratio of the maximum and minimum values for the luminous intensity ratio. The ratio between 2.3 in 1.5 ~, the maximum cannot exceed 2.5.

Traffic signal control type

The purpose of the traffic signal control are three: first,in time and space space intersection traffic in different directions,control traffic operation order; Second, make on planar cross the road network on the people and objects of transport at the highest efficiency, Third, as the road users to provide necessary information, and help them to effectively use the traffic facilities. Road traffic signal control of basic types have many points method.

According to the control geometry characteristic is divided into: single intersection control - point control, the traffic trunk lines of coordinated control - wire, traffic network coordination control surface controlling; -- According to the control principle differentiates: timing control, induced control and adaptive control.

About watch-dog circuit

By single-chip computers.the micro computer system, because of single chip work often can be affected by external electromagnetic interference, causing program run fly while into dead circulation, the program's normal operation be interrupted by single chip microcomputer control system was unable to work, can cause the whole system of come to a standstill, happen unpredictable consequences, so out of microcontroller running status real-time.according consideration, they generate a specially used for monitoring microcontroller program running state of the chip, commonly known as "watchdog" (watchdog).

MAX692 was slightly system monitoring circuit chip, have back-up battery switching, power lost discriminant functions monitoring, the watchdog. The encapsulation and pin instructions as figure2shows.

Figure 2 MAX692 encapsulation and pins

Watch-dog circuit application, make SCM can in no condition to achieve continuous work, its working principle is: the watchdog chip and MCU an I/O pins are linked together, the I/O pins through program control it regularly to the watchdog of the pins on into high level (or the low level), this program statement is scattered on SCM other control statements, once among single-chip due to the interference makes application run into a fly after the procedures section into dead circulation state, write the watchdog pins program cannot be executed, this time, the watch-dog circuit will be without microcontroller sent signals, then at it and MCU reset pin connected pin reset signal give out a a, make SCM reposition occurs, namely the program from program memory splittext started, so we realized the MCU automatic reset.

Infrared detection circuit

The infrared radiation photon in semiconductor materials stimutes the non-equilibrium carriers (electronic or holes), cause electrical properties change. Because carrier does not escape in vitro, so called within the photoelectric effect. Quantum photoelectric effect high sensitivity, response speed heat detectors much faster, is optional detectors. In order to achieve the best performance, generally need worked in low temperature. Photoelectric detector can be divided into:

(1) optical type: also called photoconductive resistance. The incident photon stimulate the valence band uniform semiconductor electronic across forbidden band into the conduction band and left in valence band, cause cavitation increases, for electric conductance eigen light conductivity. From the band gaps of impurity level also can stimulate light into the conduction band or born carriers valence band, and for impurities light conductivity. The cutoff wavelength by impurity ionization energy (ie) decision. Quantum efficiencies below eigen optical and require lower working temperature.

(2) photovoltaic type: mainly p - n knot of light born volts effect. Energy more than the width of infrared photonic band gaps in "area and its nearby of electrons cavitation. Existing "electric field make hole into p area, electronic into n area, two parts appear potentials. Deoxidization device have voltage or current signal. Compared with optical detectors, pv detector detect rate more than forty percent of figure limit, Don't require additional bias electric field and load resistance, no power consumption, having a high impedance. These characteristics of preparation and use of the focal plane array bring great benefits.

(3) light emitting - Schottky potential barrier detector: metal and semiconductor contact, typically include PtSi/Si structure and form was Schott potential barrier, infrared photon through Si layer for PtSi absorption, electronic Fermi level, obtain energy leap over left cavitation potential barrier into the Si substrate, PtSi layer of electronic was collected, complete infrared detection. Make full use of Si integration technology, facilitate production, with lower cost and good uniformity wait for an advantage, but make it mass (1024 x 1024 even greater) focal plane array to make up for the defect of quantum low efficiency. Have strict low temperature requirements. With this kind of detector, both at home and abroad has already produced as qualitative good thermography. Pt Si/Si structure made of FPA is the earliest IRFPA.

Timing counting and traffic calculation

Using MCS - 51 internal timer/counter for timing, cooperate software delay realizes the timer. This method hardware cost saving, cut allows the reader in timer/counter use, disruptions and programming get exercise and improve. Computation formula is as follows:

TC = M - C

Type in, M for counter touch value, the value and the counter working way concerned.

For a traffic intersection, it can in the shortest possible time to achieve maximum traffic, even reached the best performance, we call in unit of time to achieve the maximum flow multi-energy for cars.

Use the equation: (traffic = traffic/time) to represent.

REFERENCES

[1] Hughes, T. A. Programmable Controllers, Third Edition. ISA – The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society, 2000, 334 p.

[2] Jack, H. Automating Manufacturing Systems with PLC-s, 828 p., Available:

[3] http://claymore.engineer.gvsu.edu/~jackh/books/plcs/pdf/plcbook4_2.pdf,Accessed:3.10.2003

[4] LOGO! Manual. Siemens AG, 2003, 312 p.

[5] OPC Foundation homepage: http://www.opcfoundation.org/, Accessed: 9.11.2003

[6] Rosin, A. Programmable Controllers Simatic S7. Tallinn, TTU, 2000, 120 p. [Master Thesis] – in Estonian.

[7] Berger, H. Automating with SIMATIC. Siemens AG, 2003, 214 p.

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