04初三英语复习 名词
【同步教学信息】
一.教学内容：
复习名词
二. 重点、难点：
（一）名词概述
名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念的名称的词，它们可以是人的名字：Joe，Wang Ming；地方名称：New York纽约，China中国；职业称呼：doctor医生，teacher教师；物品名称：pen钢笔，ruler尺；行为名称：study学习，work工作；抽象概念：history历史，grammar语法，等等。
（二）普通名词和专有名词
总体上来说，名词可分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。
1. 普通名词：
凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词，都属于普通名词。这类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有个体名词、集合名词、物质名词和抽象名词四类。
（1）个体名词：表示人或某种东西中的个体，如a singer（一个歌唱家），a book（一本书），a river（一条河），a house（一幢房子）等。
（2）集合名词：表示一些人或事物的总称，如class（班级），team（队），people（人民），family（家庭）等。
（3）物质名词：表示物质或没有一定形状，大小的实物，如ink（墨水），tea（茶），bread（面包），water（水）等。
（4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质或其他的抽象概念，如life（生命），happiness（幸福），health（健康），advice（忠告）等。
2. 专有名词：用来表示某一特定的人、团体、地方或机构等专有名称的名词统称为专有名词。许多专有名词实际上是由普通名词组成的，但组成专有名词后，这些名词的第一个字母必须大写，如Turner（特纳），April（四月），Monday（星期一），New York（纽约），the Beijing Children’s Palace（北京少年宫），the Great Wall（长城）等。
（三）可数名词和不可数名词
名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词两类，可数名词有复数形式，不可数名词一般没有复数形式。
普通名词中的个体名词和集合名词一般是可数的，所以它们又可称为可数名词。可数名词的单数往往要同不定冠词a / an连用，复数则要使用其复数形式。如：a country（单数），countries（复数）国家；a pencil（单数），pencils（复数）铅笔，a sheep（单数），sheep（复数）绵羊；a watch（单数），watches（复数）手表。
普通名词中的物质名词和抽象名词及专有名词一般是不可数的，这些名词又可称为不可数名词。不可数名词不能用不定冠词修饰，也不存在复数形式，如ice（冰），rice（稻子）等。
注意：在英语中个别名词既可作不可数名词，又可作可数名词。
但由于用法不同，它们的意思往往也不尽相同，对这些名词要特别注意：
一般说来，汉语和英语对某一个名词是否可数的看法基本上是一致的。但也有不少名词在汉语中常被用作可数名词，而在英语中却绝对是不可数名词，对这些名词也要特别注意，如fun（乐趣），work（工作），advice（忠告），weather（天气），homework（家庭作业），news（新闻），money（钱），information（信息），hair（头发），chalk（粉笔），furniture（家具）等等。
（四）可数名词复数形式的构成
可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加-s或-es，现将其复数的一般构成方法及读音列表如下：
注意：
（1）少数以辅音字母加o结尾的名词变为复数时只加-s，如photophotos（照片），piano
pianos（钢琴）等。
（2）有些以f结尾的名词变为复数时也只加-s。如handkerchiefhandkerchiefs（手帕），roof
roofs（屋顶）等。
（3）英语中还有不少名词的复数形式是不规则的，必须把这些特殊的词记住。如：manmen，woman
women，Frenchman
Frenchmen，child
children，tooth
teeth，foot
feet，goose
geese，mouse
mice，sheep
sheep，deer
deer，fish
fish，crisis
crisis（危机）等等。
（五）名词的所有格
在英语中，有些名词的词尾可以加上’s，用来表示所有关系，这种结构称为名词的所有格，所有格表示人或事物的所有和所属关系在句子中作定语。
1. 名词所有格的构成：名词所有格的构成一般有以下三种情况：
（1）如果名词是单数，只在词尾加’s，如the boy’s schoolbag（这男孩的书包），the worker’s shoes（这工人的鞋子）等。
（2）复数名词如果以s结尾，在s的右上角加’即可，如teachers’ office（老师们的办公室），the students’ classroom（学生们的教室）等。
（3）复数名词如果不以s结尾，则在词尾加’s，如Women’s Day（妇女节），the People’s Park（人民公园）等。
2. 名词所有格的用法：
（1）表示人或动物与其他人、动物或事物的所有关系。
如：
He is Mary’s younger brother . 他是玛丽的弟弟。
Anne and Jane’s room is bright and clean . 安妮和简的房间明亮而又清洁。
We are going to the Children’s Palace this afternoon .
今天下午我们打算去少年宫。
They are reading Lei Feng’s Diaries . 他们在读雷锋日记。
（2）表示时间、距离、国家、城市等名词与其他事物的所有关系。
如：
Our school is half an hour’s walk from here . 我们学校离这儿有步行半小时的距离。
John is reading today’s newspaper . 约翰在读今天的报纸。
Beijing is China’s capital . 北京是中国的首都。
Shanghai’s weather in spring is warm . 上海春天的天气挺暖和。
（3）表示无生命东西的名词的所有关系，一般使用与of构成的短语结构。
如：
The front door of the house was painted red . 那屋子的前门被漆成了红色。
The cover of the dictionary is very beautiful . 这本字典的封面很美。
There is a map of the world on the front wall of our classroom .
我们教室前面的墙上有一幅世界地图。
The gate of our school faces the south . 我们学校的大门朝南。
（4）名词所有格后面跟地点，往往可将地点名词省略。如：
My sister often goes to my uncle’s . 我妹妹经常到我叔叔家去。
You look ill . You’d better go to the doctor’s . 你脸色不好，最好去看看病。
（5）被名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到过，一般可以省略。
如：
I am using my dictionary . You can use Tom’s . 我的字典我正在用，你可以借用汤姆的。
Our bedroom is much larger than John and Dick’s .
我们的寝室比约翰和迪克的大得多。
（六）可数名词和不可数名词的数量表达
为了表达可数名词或不可数名词的数量多少，往往用像few，little，a lot of，plenty of这样的数量词，有些数量词既可以修饰可数名词，又可以修饰不可数名词，有的数量词只能修饰可数名词，而有的则只能修饰不可数名词。
1. 两种名词都能修饰的数量词有：some，any，plenty of，a lot of，lots of等。
2. 用来修饰可数名词的数量词有：many，several，hundreds of，thousands of，millions of，a number of，a group of，a pair of，quite a few，a few，only a few，very few，few等。
3. 用来修饰不可数名词的数量词有：much，a great deal of，a bit of，a drop of，a piece of，quite a little，a little，only a little，little等。
（七）名词的用法
在句中可充当主语，表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。
1. 作主语。
如：
The boy opened the door . 那个男孩打开了门。
2. 作表语。
如：
Class 3 were the winners ! 三班获胜了！
3. 作宾语。
如：
I told him a story . 我告诉了他一个故事。
4. 作宾语补足语。
如：
He named her Jenny . 他给她取名詹妮。
5. 作定语。
如：
There is a girl student in the classroom . 教室里有一位女生。
6. 作状语。
如：
He sat here a long time . 他坐在这儿很久了。
7. 与介词组成词组：
如：
I am working hard on my Chinese . 我正在努力学习汉语。
8. 作介词宾语：
Give the money to your sister . 把钱给你的姐姐。
【模拟试题】
一. 单项选择
1. His fake（假的）teeth are . They hurt when he eats .
A. expensive B. beautiful C. outstanding D. uncomfortable
2. The quiet boy his classmates with his fantastic dances at the party . Now everyone looks at him differently .
A. surprised B. encouraged C. helped D. cheated
3. The boy more time playing computer games than doing his homework .
A. costs B. spends C. takes D. pays
4. The media newspapers , magazines , radio and TV .
A. is made of B. is made by C. is made up of D. is made in
5. To make a , you need to use your head and think for a while .
A. fire B. mistake C. decision D. promise
6. You can ask your parents for if you don’t know which kind of shoes to choose .
A. money B. price C. prize D. advice
7. We have to wait in long to buy food in our school cafeteria .
A. breaks B. queues C. times D. moments
8. I think friends should be to each other . Anyway I don’t like my friends to lie to me .
A. interesting B. kind C. honest D. polite
9. Kobe plays football . He’s the most popular on the Internet this year .
A. singer B. driver C. actor D. athlete
10. The students have a radio station to play songs at noon in school .
A. set off B. set up C. put up D. put away
二. 完形填空
Last year I went to Australia to study and travel . I stayed in Sydney for two weeks . I visited places of 11 in the morning and attended English lessons in the afternoon . A friend and I stayed with a family from Sydney . The homestay parents and brothers were very 12 to us . We talked about a lot of things with each other in English .
My spoken English improved 13 in Australia . I used to speak very little English in China . But in Australia , I had to use it very often . I was soon able to 14 with my teachers and homestay family freely .
To me , the best place in Australia is the Sydney Opera House . You can look at it from different sides . It is beautiful to 15 . I cannot sing very well , but when I was inside , I really wanted to sing .
Time 16 while I was in Sydney . Soon came Christmas , then the New Year . I had never spent the New Year 17 my family . But this year , I was so far away from them . I felt a little 18 . I missed them so much . I wondered 19 my parents missed me as much as I missed them . In the evening , I phoned my family . When I heard their 20 , I began to cry . My homestay mother held me in her arms and comforted（安慰）me .
11. A. fun B. value C. interest D. use
12. A. friendly B. rude C. generous D. serious
13. A. strongly B. greatly C. hardly D. widely
14. A. quarrel B. fight C. communicate D. complain
15. A. look on B. look at C. look after D. look up
16. A. ran B. jumped C. flew D. walked
17. A. with B. without C. as for D. but for
18. A. nervous B. relaxed C. tense D. homesick
19. A. why B. if C. when D. that
20. A. faces B. pictures C. voices D. smiles
三. 阅读理解
Are you happy with your teeth ? Becca , a 15-year-old girl from the US is not . She decided her teeth needed to be whiter . They weren’t that bad , but I wanted to make them all the same colour , she said .
In the last five years , teeth whitening has become very popular among young Americans . Now the trend（潮流）has come to China . If you turn on the TV you can see the Hong Kong pop star Karen Mok showing her bright white teeth , saying , “ want to be like me ? Use white teeth strips（牙贴）! ” You may even have decided to buy one .
But wait a minute . Dentists have something to say . They think that kids should not use whitening products until they are 16 or even older .
“ We don’t know what will happen yet , ” says Dr. Nasrin Azim , a dentist in Chicago . “ Studies have not been done on young people . I wouldn’t do teeth whitening on anyone under 18 . ”
The problem with whitening lies in the pulp（牙髓）, the innermost（最深处的）part of the tooth . It has the tooth’s nerve（神经）ending . When we eat very hot or cold things , it’s the pulp that hurts . Kids have larger pulps . The larger pulp might make teeth more sensitive（敏感的）to whitening and get hurt .
Another problem is that the gums around the teeth usually change shape（形状）with age . So , if someone whitens his or her teeth during childhood , the darker , natural colour might show later around the gum line . At that time , your teeth will show two colours . And the darker colour is difficult to whiten .
So , wait another few years before you make your teeth whiter . Or if you really want to do it , ask your dentist . They’ll give you useful advice .
21. This passage mainly talks about .
A. how to whiten your teeth
B. the new trend of whitening teeth
C. Americans with white teeth
D. dentists’ advice on tooth whitening
22. The show done by Karen Mok is probably a（n） .
A. notice B. announcement C. advertisement D. talk show
23. When we eat hot or cold food , the pulp hurts because .
A. it is inside the teeth B. it is sick
C. it is rich in nerves D. it is not used to this kind of food
24. What may happen if children do tooth whitening according to dentists ?
A. Their teeth may show two colours later .
B. Their gums may change shape with age .
C. Their teeth may get darker .
D. They may lose their teeth .
25. We can infer from the passage that .
A. dentists like very much the idea of tooth whitening
B. more and more people in China will get their teeth whitened
C. it’s necessary for children to whiten their teeth
D. tooth whitening will certainly bring good results for people
四. 短文改错（每行有一个错误或正确）
Isaac Newton is born in England in 1642 . 26.
He was one of the greatest scientist in the 27.
world . Little Newton thought a lot things 28.
around him . One day an apple felt off a tree 29.
and hit him . He asked himself why that 30.
happened . Later he discovered gravity（重力）.
五. 根据短文内容和首字母填空
Some students took part in a model ship contest last week . It was to r 31 Zheng He , who was a great seaman from o 32 times . Zheng’s ships were m 33 about 600 years ago .
Students made model ships by t 34 without help . Their ships did not need to travel as f 35 as Zhengs’s . They only needed to travel 10 metres . But students had to make their boats travel fast and straight .
试题答案
一.
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. B
二.
11. C 12. A 13. B 14. C 15. B 16. C 17. B 18. D 19. B 20. C
三.
21. D 22. C 23. C 24. A 25. B
四.
26. iswas 27. scientist
scientists 28. 在a lot后添加about
29. feltfell 30. √
五.
31. remember 32. old 33. made 34. themselves 35. far
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