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全新版大学英语快速阅读第二册课文

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Unit1
HowtoStudy
Thereisalotofmisunderstandingaboutstudying.Moststudentshavenotbeentaught
theprinciplesbehindreallyeffectiveworking.Imagineagraphshowingtheamountapersonlearnsagainstthenumberofhoursheworksinaday.Ifhedoesn'tdoanywork,helearnsnothing(point0.Ifhedoesanhour'sworkhelearnsacertainamount(point1.Ifhedoestwohours'workhelearnsabouttwiceasmuch(point2.Ifhedoesmoreworkhe'lllearnstillmore(point3.However,ifhetriestodotwenty-threeandahalfhours'workinoneday,he'llbesotiredthathe'llhardlyrememberanything:whathelearnswillbeverylittle(point4.Ifhedidlessworkhe'dlearnmore(point5.
Nowwhatevertheexactshapeofthegraph'scurve,madebyjoiningthesepoints,it
musthaveahighpoint.Point"X"istheverymaximumanyonecanlearnintheday.Andthisrepresentstheoptimum,thebest,amountofworktodo.Itisthebestpossiblecompromisebetweenadequatetimeatthebooksandfatigue.Fatigueisanabsolutelyrealthing;onecan'tescapeitorignoreit.Ifyoutrytoignoreitandpressyourselftoworkpasttheoptimum,youwillonlygetonthisdownwardslopeandachievelessthanthebest—andthenbecomeverytiredandloseyourpowerofconcentration.
Theskillinbeingastudentconsistsofgettingone'sdailystudyasneartheoptimum
pointaspossible.Icannottellyouwhattheoptimumis.Itdifferswiththetypeofwork,itdiffersfrompersontoperson,andeveninthesamepersonitvariesfromweektoweek.Youmusttrytofindyourown.Everydayyoustudy,bearthisprincipleoftheoptimuminmind.Whenyoufeelyourselfgettingfatigued,ifyoufindyourselfreadingthesameparagraphoverandoveragainandnottakingitin,that'saprettygoodsignyou'vereachedyourhighestpointforthedayandshouldstop.Mostordinarystudentsfindtheiroptimumataboutfivehoursaday.Yoursmaybealittlemoreoralittleless—butifyougetinfivehours'goodworkaday,youwillbedoingwell.
Now,whatareyoudoingwithyourselfwhenyouaren'tworking?Beforeexaminations
somestudentsdonothingatallexceptsitinachairandworry.Hereisanothermisunderstanding.Peopleoftenthinkthatthemindworkslikethebody;itdoesnot.Ifonewantedtosaveone'sphysicalenergyinordertocutthemaximumamountoffirewood,onewouldlieflatonabedandrestwhenonewasn'tchopping.Butthemindcannotrest.Eveninsleepyoudream,evenifyouforgetyourdreams.Themindisalwaysturning.Itgetsitsrelaxationonlybyvariety.Thatiswhatmakesthemindrest.
Whenyou'vefinishedyouroptimumnumberofhoursyoumuststop.Youmustnot
thensitaroundinthechairthinkingaboutthework—thatonlytireswithoutanylearning.Youmustgetoutanddosomething.Itdoesn'tmatterwhat—anythingsolongasyouareactivelydoingsomethingelsebutwork.
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有一个关于学习有许多误解。大多数学生都没有真正有效的背后教工作的原则。想象一下，一个图表显示的数额一人对他的小时数在一天工作学习。如果他没有做任何工作，他学习什么（点0）。如果他没有一小时的工作，他学到一定数额（第1点）。如果他做了两小时的工作，他知道了两倍多（2点）。如果他做更多的工作，他将学习更多的（3点）。不过，如果他试图做23个半小时的工作，有一天，他会因为太累了，他会很难记住任何东西：他学习将是非常小（4点）。如果他这样做较少的工作，他倒是学到更多（5点）。
现在，无论在图形的曲线精确形状，由这些点连接了，它必须有一个高点。点“X”是任何人都可以学习很最高的一天。这代表了最佳，最好的，要做大量的工作。这是最好的可能的妥协之间有充分的时间在书籍和疲劳。疲劳是绝对真实的东西，一个无法逃避它或忽略它。如果你试图忽略它，然后按自己过去工作的最佳，也只获得这个走下坡路，实现比最好的，然后变得非常疲倦，失去你的集中力不足。
在当学生的技能获得一个'S作为由尽可能接近最佳点的日常学习。我不能告诉你什么是最佳的。它与不同类型的工作，它不同于他人的人，即使在同一人有异，从一周到一周。你必须努力去发现你自己的。每天你学习，牢记这个优化的原则。当你觉得自己越来越疲惫，如果你发现自己阅读同一段一遍又一遍，不肯接受它，这是一个非常好的迹象你'维生素E达到了当天的最高点，应该停止。最普通的学生发现在大约5个小时，每天的优化。你可能会多一点还是少一点，但如果你在5个小时的工作，取得良好的一天，你会做得很好。现在，什么是你自己做时，你不工作吗？一些学生考试前什么也不做，除了坐在椅子上和担心。这里是另一个误解。人们往往认为，思想就如同身体的工程，它不是。如果有人想挽救一个人的身体能量，以减少对木柴的最高限额，一会平躺在床上休息时，一不砍。但头脑不能休息。即使在睡觉你的梦想，即使你忘了你的梦想。心是永远转动。它以品种，仅得到了缓和。这就是使身心得到休息。
当你已经做完你的时间的最佳数目你必须停止。你不能再坐在椅子上的思考的工作，没有任何学习的唯一轮胎。你一定要出来做一点事。这并不重要，任何事情只要你干点别的什么，但积极的工作。
LearningtoKeepYouCoolDuringTests
Haveyoueverfeltsoanxiousduringanexaminationthatyoucouldn'tevenputdown
theanswersyouknew?Ifso,youweresufferingfromwhatisknownastestanxiety.
AccordingtopsychologistRalphTrimble,testanxietyisaveryrealproblemformany
people.Whenyou'reworriedoveryourperformanceonanexam,yourheartbeatsfasterandyourpulsespeedsup.Thesereactionsstartothers:Youmaysweatmorethannormalorsufferfromastomachacheorheadache.Yourfieldofvisionnarrowsandbecomestunnel-like.Beforeyouknowit,you'rehavingdifficultyfocusing.
"WhatIhearstudentssayoverandoveragain,"saysDr.Trimble,whoisworkingatthe
PsychologicalandCounselingCenterattheUniversityofIllinois,"is,'Mymindwentblank.'"Foranumberofyears,Dr.Trimblehelpedmanystudentslearnhowtoperformbetter
duringexamsandtobringuptheirgrades.Someofthesestudentswereinterestedinsharingwhattheylearnedand,withTrimble'shelp,beganholdingworkshopsonovercomingtestanxiety.Formanystudents,justbeinginaworkshopwithothersufferersmadethemfeelbetter.Theyrealizedthattheywerenottheonlyoneswhohaddonepoorlyontestsbecauseoftension.
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Theworkshopsweresosuccessfulthattheyarestillgiven.
Intheworkshops,studentsaretaughtthatanxietyisnormal.Youjusthavetopreventit
fromgettingthebestofyou.Thefirststepistolearntorelax.Ifbeforeorduringanexaminationyoustarttopanic,stretchashardasyoucan,tensingthemusclesinyourarmsandlegs;thensuddenlyrelaxallofthem.
Thiswillhelprelievetension.Butkeepinmindthatyoudon'twanttobetoorelaxed.
Beingcompletelyrelaxedisnobetterthanbeingtootense."Ifyouaresocalmyoudon'tcarehowyoudoonanexamination,youwon'tdowell,"Trimblesays."Thereisanoptimumlevelofconcernwhenyouperformatyourbest.Somestresshelps.Therearepeoplewhocan'ttakeevenslightstress.Theyhavetolearnthatinachallengingsituation,beinganxiouslyexcitedisgoodandwillhelpthemtodobetter.Butiftheycallitanxietyandsay,'It'sgoingtohitmeagain,'thatwillmakethemnervousandworried."
Asastudentyoumustalsorealizethatifyouleavetoomuchstudyinguntiladayor
twobeforetheexamination,youcan'tdotheimpossibleandlearnitall.Instead,concentrateonwhatyoucandoandtrytothinkwhatquestionsarelikelytobeaskedandwhatyoucandointhetimeleftforstudying.
Whenyousitdowntostudy,setamoderatepaceandvaryitbyreading,writingnotes,
andgoingoveranypapersyouhavealreadywrittenforthecourse,aswellasthetextbooksandnotesyoutookinclass.Reviewwhatyouknow.Takebreaksandgotosleepearlyenoughtogetagoodnight'srestbeforetheexam.Youshouldalsoeatamoderatebreakfastorlunch,avoidingdrinkslikecoffeeandstayawayfromfellowstudentswhogettense.Panicspreadseasily.Gettotheexamroomafewminutesearlysothatyouwillhaveachancetofamiliarize
yourselfwiththesurroundingsandgetoutyoursupplies.Whentheexaminationishandedout,readthedirectionstwiceandunderlinethesignificantinstructions,makingsureyouunderstandthem.Asktheteachertoexplainifyoudon't.Firstanswertheeasiestquestions,thengobacktothemoredifficult.
Onessayquestions,insteadofstartingrightaway,takeafewminutestoorganizeyour
thoughts,makeabriefoutline,andthenstartoffwithasummarysentence.Keepworkingsteadily,andevenwhentimestartstorunout,don'tspeedup.

你们可曾想过在一个考试，你甚至不能放下手中的答案你知道这样紧张？如果是这样，你的痛苦，什么是已知的考试焦虑。
据心理学家拉尔夫特林布尔，考试焦虑是对许多人来说是非常现实的问题。当你'再对你的考试成绩担心，你的心跳加速，脉搏加快。这些反应开始别人：你可能出汗多正常或患有胃痛或头痛。您的视野变窄，成为隧道等。你知道它之前，你'再有困难的重点。
“我听到学生说一遍又一遍，”博士说特林布尔，谁是在心理与咨商在美国伊利诺斯大学的中心工作，“是，'我的脑子里一片空白。”对于一些年来，博士特林布尔帮助了很多学生学习过程中如何更好地履行考试和造就他们的成绩。这些人在分享他们的经验和与Trimble的帮助下，一些有兴趣的学生，开始举办讲习班上克服考试焦虑。对于很多学生来说，只是在与其他患者车间正在使他们感觉更好。他们意识到，他们不是谁做了，因为紧张的测试，只有不好的。这些讲习班是如此成功，他们仍然获得。
在工作坊中，学生告诉我们，焦虑是正常的。你一定要阻止你得到最好的。第一步是要学会
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放松。如果在考试之前或您开始恐慌，拉伸和你们一样硬可以，绷紧的手臂和腿部的肌肉，然后突然放松他们。
这将有助于缓解紧张局势。但是要记住，你不想过于宽松。他们完全放松，没有更好的比过于紧张。“如果你是如此平静你不关心你如何做一个检查，你不会做得很好，”特林布尔说。“有一个令人关注的最佳水平，当您在您的最佳演出。减压有些压力帮助。有些人谁也不能稍有压力。他们必须知道，在一个充满挑战的情况下，正在焦急地兴奋是一件好事，将帮助他们做得更好。但如果他们称之为焦虑地说，'这将再次打我，'这将令他们紧张和忧虑。“作为一个学生，你还必须认识到，如果你离开太多，直到考试前一天或两个学习，你不能这样做不可能，学习一切。相反，你可以专注于做去想想有什么问题可能要问，哪些是你可以在左侧的学习时间。
当你坐下来学习，设置一个温和的步伐，改变它通过读，写笔记，并准备在任何你已经写论文的过程，以及课本和笔记你在课堂上宣读。回顾一下你知道。以休息和睡觉及早得到一夜好考试前的休息。你也应该吃早餐或午餐适中，避免像咖啡饮料，远离同学谁紧张了。传播很容易恐慌。
到达考场提早几分钟，这样您将有机会了解自己和周围的环境得到了你的供应。当检查发放，阅读的方向，并强调了两次重要指示，确保你理解他们。请老师解释，如果你不知道。首先回答最简单的问题，然后再返回到更困难。
关于论文的问题，而不是马上开始，花几分钟时间来组织你的思想，作简短的提纲，然后启动一个摘要句子了。保持工作稳定，甚至开始时，时间用完了，也不会加快。
PayingYourWay
TherewereredfacesatoneofBritain'sbiggestbanksrecently.Theyhadaccepteda
telephoneordertobuy?100,000worthofsharesfromafifteen-year-oldschoolboy(theythoughthewastwenty-one.Thesharesfellinvalueandtheschoolboywasunabletopayup.Thebanklost£20,000onthedealwhichitcannotgetbackbecause,foronething,thisyoungspeculatordoesnothavethemoneyand,foranother,beingundereighteen,heisnotlegallyliableforhisdebts.Iftheshareshadriseninvaluebythesameamountthattheyfell,hewouldhavepocketed£20,000profit.Notbadforafifteen-year-old.Itcertainlyisbetterthandeliveringthemorningnewspaper.Inanotherrecentcase,aboyoffourteenfound,inhisgrandmother'shouse,asuitcasefullofforeignbanknotes.Theclean,crisp,banknoteslookedveryconvincingbuttheywerenownotusedintheircountryoforiginoranywhereelse.Thisyoungboyheadedstraighttothenearestbankwithhispocketsfilledwithnotes.Thecashiersdidnotrealisethatthecountryinquestionhadreducedthevalueofitscurrencyby90%.Theyexchangedthenotesattheirfacevalueatthecurrentexchangerate.Inthreedays,beforehewasfoundout,hetook£200,000fromninedifferentbanks.Amazingly,hehadalreadyspentmorethanhalfofthisontaxi-rides,restaurantmeals,concertticketsandpresentsforhismanynewgirlfriends(atleasthewasgenerous!beforethepolicecaughtupwithhim.Becauseheisalsoundereighteenthebankshavekissedgoodbyetoalotofmoney,andseveralcashiershavelosttheirjobs.Shouldweadmiretheseyoungstersforbeingenterprisingandshowinginitiativeor
condemnthemfortheirdishonesty?Maybetheyhadmanagedforyearswithtinyamountsofpocketmoneythattheygotfromtight-fistedparents.MaybetheyhaddoneSaturdayjobsforpeanuts.Itishardlysurprising,giventheexpensivethingsthatyoungpeoplewanttobuy,such
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asfashionablerunningshoesandcomputergames,iftheysometimesthinkupmoreimaginativewaysofmakingmoneythandeliveringnewspapersandbaby-sitting.Theseladssawthechancetomakealotofmoneyandtookit.
Anotherrecentstorywhichshouldgiveusfoodforthoughtisthecaseofthemanwho
paidhissix-year-olddaughter£300aweekpocketmoney.Hethenchargedherforthefoodsheateandforhershareoftherentandhouseholdbills.Afterpayingforallthis,shewasleftwithafewcoinsforherpiggybank."Shewillsoonlearnthevalueofmoney,"hesaid."There'snosuchthingasafreelunch.Everythinghastobepaidforandthesoonershelearnsthatthebetter."Attheotherextremetherearefondparentswhoprovidefreebedandboardfortheirgrown-upchildren.Whileeventhemosthard-heartedparentsmighthesitatetothrowtheirchildrenoutonthestreets,weallknowofpeopleintheirlatetwentieswhostillshamelesslyliveofftheirparents.Surelytherecomesatimewheneveryonehastoleavetheparentalnest,lookafterthemselvesandpaytheirownwayinlife.Butwhenisit?

有红色的面孔在英国最大的银行之一最近。他们接受了电话订购买？10万美元的股票从一个15岁的小学生（他们以为他是21）。的股票价值下跌和小学生无法付款。该银行损失了交易，是因为它不能获得，一方面是回2万英镑，这个年轻的投机者没有钱，另一个，未满18岁的存在，他不是法律上为他的债务承担责任。如果股票价值已经上升了相同数额，他们摔倒，他将有2万英镑的利润中饱私囊。不坏的一个15岁。这当然是比早晨的报纸提供更好的。在最近的另一个例子，一个十四岁的男孩在他的祖母，家，一个手提箱的外国纸币爆满。在干净，清爽，钞票看起来很有说服力，但他们现在并不在他们的原籍国或其他任何地方使用。这位年轻男孩直奔与笔记充满了他的口袋到最近的银行。收银员没有意识到，在有关国家已减少了90％，其货币价值。他们交换了其面值按目前汇率的说明。在3天前，他被发现了，他把20万英镑从9个不同的银行。令人惊讶的是，他已经花了更多的出租车乘坐，餐厅用餐，演唱会门票，并提出了许多新的女朋友，他赶上了他，前警察（至少他是慷慨！）高于今年上半年。因为他还未满18岁的银行有亲吻告别了很多钱，一些收银员也失去了工作。
如果我们很佩服正在积极进取，显示出他们的不诚实行为或谴责他们这些青少年？也许他们已设法与他们的零用钱从吝啬父母微量年了。也许他们已经做了花生星期六工作。这是不足为奇的，因为，年轻人们希望购买如时尚跑鞋和电脑游戏，有时会觉得如果他们作出了比送报纸和保姆的钱更富有想象力的办法昂贵的东西。这些小伙子们看到了机会，使了很多钱，把它。
最近的另一个故事，应该让我们深思，是谁付的男子，他6岁的女儿每周300英镑的零用钱案件。然后，他被控为食品她，她吃了她的租金和家庭支出的份额。经过这一切付出，她留下了她的存钱罐几个硬币。“她很快就会知道钱的价值，”他说。“天下没有免费的午餐。一切这样的事情，必须支付，而且越快越好，她得知。”在极端情况下还有谁喜欢其他家长为他们长大的儿童提供免费膳宿。而即使是最硬心肠的父母可能会毫不犹豫地扔在街头的儿童中，大家都知道的人谁在20年代末还无耻地住了他们的父母。毫无疑问，我们来的时候，每个人要离开父母的羽翼，照顾自己，付出自己的方式生活。但是什么时候？
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TheDayIWenttoOpenaBankAccount
Idon'tknowwhymyfatherneverlikedbanks.Everytimewepassedonehewould
frownandwalkjustalittlefastertogetpastitjustthatlittlebitquicker.ItseemstometheremusthavebeenabigcollisionbetweenabankandmyfatheralongtimeagobeforeIknewanythingaboutanything.Thatis,itmayhavebeenabigcollisionformyfatherbutitwasonethatthebankalmostcertainlydidnotremember.
That'showIwasbroughtup.Foreverwalkingquicklypastbanks.PerhapsItookonmy
father'sopinionsasItookonhisotherunusualbehavior.IquicklylearnttofrownandwalkjustalittlebitfastereverytimeIpassedabank.Ialsolearnttofeartheshinysteelandchromecountersandthetrim,slimandsmartlydressedyoungwomenwhosatbehindthem.
Ineverunderstoodthenecessityforbanksuntil,attheendofmyfirstmonthasaclerk
inanoffice,Iwashandedacheckfor$1,500,Istaredatitingreatsurprise.Ihadneverseensuchathingbefore.IunderstoodcashwellenoughbutthislongslipofpaperwassomethingIwasn'tquitesureabout.
"Everythingallright?"askedMrs.Smith,ouraccountsmanager."Yes...yes!"Isaid
andsignedforithurriedly.WhatonearthwasIgoingtodo?IknewtoowellwhatIhadtodoandmyheartdroppedatthethought.Ihadtoopenabankaccount.
ForsomereasonIthoughtyouhadtotalktothemanagerofabankbeforetheywould
letyouopenanaccount.Iwentuptoanemptycounterandcaughttheeyeofabankclerk.
"Yes?CanIhelpyou?"heasked.
"Yesplease,"Isaid,"I'dlikeawordwiththemanager.Ifthat'spossible;"Helookedsurprisedbutaskedmetowaitandwentoff.
ThemanagerwasyoungerthanIexpectedandwasclearlyverybusy."Yes.CanIhelpyou?"heasked.
"Yes.I'dliketotalktoyou.Ifyoudon'tmind,"Isaid.Iwasjustassurprisedashewas
attheconfidentmannerinwhichIspoke.Ididn'tknowwhattosaynextsoIsaidnothing.Foramomentneitherofussaidanything.
HemusthaveunderstoodthatIwishedtoseehimalone,forheinvitedmeintohis
officeandofferedmealargecomfortableseat.
"Now,then,sir.WhatcanIdoforyou?"heasked,clearlypuzzled."Iwouldliketoopenabankaccount,"Iinformedhim.
"Isee,"hesaid,noddinghisheadslowly,"Andhowmuchdoyouwishtodepositin
thisaccount?"
"Iwishtodepositthis,"Isaidandhandedhimthecheck.Heexaminedthecheckcarefullybeforehandingitbacktome."Asavingsaccount?"heasked.Inodded.
"Pleasefollowme."
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Heledmeoutofhisofficebacktothebankinghall.Therehetookmetoalargedesk
mannedbyayoungladybythenameof"CandiceLee"—asIsawfromthenamecardonthedesk.
"Thisladywillhelpyouopenasavingsaccountinwhichyoucandeposityourcheck
for$1500,"hesaidinavoicethatwas,Ifelt,abitlouderthanabsolutelynecessary."Goodday,sir,"hesaidandwalkedbacktosafetybehindthebarrier.
Iwaited.MissLeefilledoutformsformeandIsignedthem.Shestampedthem.She
mademesignalittlestripofplasticandshefixedthisinsidealittleredbook.Sheputthecheckinandbackcamethebookwiththerightamountprintedinit.ItwasatthatmomentthatIrealisedIneededtowithdrawsomemoneyandIaskedhowthismightbeachieved.
"I'mafraidyoucan'twithdrawitfortwodays,sir.Notuntilthecheckhasbeen
cleared."
Istaredatheringreatsurprise.Iwastrustingherbankwithmymoney.Itseemedonly
fairthattheyshouldtrustmycheck.
"What?"Isaidinshock."What!!?"Iburstoutangrily.Silencefellovertheentirebank
aseveryoneturnedtoseewhatwashappening.Idecidedtoleavewithmyself-respectsafeandsound.
"Ifyoudonottrustmycheck,wouldyoubesokindastoreturnitimmediately.Your
passbook,"IsaidasconfidentlyasIcould.MissLeeseemedreallysurprised.Thebankmanagermusthavebeenlisteningtoeveryword.Hecameoutonceagainfrombehindthebarriersofsteelandchrome.Heheldmycheckbyacornerandpresentedittomeasifitwereawetfish.Ihandedhimhislittleredpassbookinasimilarfashion,turnedaroundandleft.Asthedoorsclosedbehindme,Iclearlyheardthesoundoflaughter.
TheaccountsdepartmentandIhavemanagedtocometoanarrangementabouttheway
inwhichmysalaryispaidtomeattheendofeachmonth.Inowkeepmysavingsinasock,asdidmyfatherbeforeme,whichIhide,asdidmyfatherbeforeme,undermybedathome.
我不知道为什么我的父亲从来不喜欢银行。每当我们经过一，他会皱眉，然后步行一点点过去更快地得到它只是有点快。在我看来，一定有一个很久以前银行之间的大碰撞和我的父亲我才知道什么事情。也就是说，它可能是我父亲的大碰撞，但它是一个银行，几乎可以肯定不记得。
这就是我长大。永远走很快过去银行。也许我把我父亲的意见，我对他的其他异常行为发生。我很快就学会了皱眉，步行只是一点点快，每次我经过一家银行。我还学会了害怕闪亮钢和铬柜台和装饰，纤细，穿着整齐谁背后骑上年轻妇女。我永远无法理解的是银行的必要性，直到在我的第一个月作为一个办公室文员结束时，我交了1500美元支票，我盯着它看很惊讶。我从来没有见过这样的事情之前。我理解现金不够好，但这种纸张的长条是什么我不十分清楚了。
“一切都还好吗？”问史密斯太太，我们的帐户经理。“是...是的！”我说的，因为它签署匆匆。究竟什么是我该怎么办？我深知，我必须做什么，心里在想下降。我必须开立银行帐户。出于某种原因，我以为你说话，然后才让你开一个帐户，银行经理。我走到一个空柜台，引起了银行职员的眼睛。
“是吗？我可以帮你吗？”他问道。
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“是请，”我说，“我就像一个与经理字Ð。如果这是可能的;”他看起来非常吃惊，但让我等待和走了。年轻的经理比我预期，显然是十分繁忙。“是的。我能帮你吗？”他问道。
“是的。我想和你谈谈。如果你不介意，”我说。我只是感到很惊讶，因为他在自信地在我发言了。我不知道该说什么了，所以我没有说什么。对于一个时刻，我们谁也不说什么。他必须明白，我希望看到他一个人，因为他邀请我到他的办公室，并给了我一大舒适的座位。“现在，那么，先生。我能为您做点什么？”他问，明确疑惑。“我想开一个银行帐户，”我告诉他。
“我明白了，”他说，他的头慢慢地点头道：“你想多少钱存入此帐户？”“我想存这一点，”我说，交给他的支票。他仔细地检查，然后交给给我送过来检查。“一个储蓄帐户吗？”他问道。我点了点头。“请跟我来。”
他带领我走出他的办公室回到银行大厅。在那里，他带我去一个大桌子由一个由年轻女子的名字载人“康迪斯李”，因为我看到书桌上的名片。
“这或许会帮你开一个储蓄帐户，你可以把你的1500美元支票，”他说，在一个声音的时候，我觉得，有点胜于绝对必要的。“你好，先生，”他说，走回背后的安全屏障。
我等待着。李小姐为我填写表格和我签了字。她盖上他们。厍签署了我的塑料小地带和她定在一个小红书的。她把在检查和背部出现了与印有适量的书。正是在那一刻，我意识到我需要收回一些钱，我问这如何可能实现。
“我怕你不能撤回两天，先生。直到支票已被清除。”
我看着她很惊讶。我是信任我的钱她的银行。似乎只有公平的，他们应该相信我的支票。“什么？”我在震惊。“什么！？”我愤怒地爆发出来。沉默下降了全行大家都转过身来，要看是怎么回事。我决定离开我的自尊安然无恙。“如果你不相信我的支票，你会这么好心地立即返回。您的存折，”当时我说我可以满怀信心。李小姐似乎感到很惊讶。银行经理必须一直在听每一个字。他出来再次从后面的钢和铬的障碍。他拉着我的一个角落里检查，并提交给我，就好像它是一个湿鱼。我递给他以类似的方式传递他的小红书，转身走了。由于我身后的门关闭，我清楚地听到了笑声。账目管理部门和我来一个关于我的工资中支付在每月月底向我这样的安排。我现在保存在我的储蓄袜子一样，我父亲在我面前，我隐藏，就像我的父亲在我面前我的床，在家里。
Unit2
RememberingMyGrandparents
Whenmemorybeganforme,mygrandfatherwaspastsixty—agreattallmanwith
thickhairbecominggray.Hehadblackeyesandastraightnosewhichendedinaslightlyflattenedtip.Onceheexplainedseriouslytomethathegotthatflattenedtipasasmallchildwhenhefelldownandsteppedonhisnose.
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Thelittlemarksoflaughteratthecornersofhiseyesweretheproductofakindlyand
humorousnature.Theyearsofworkwhichhadbenthisshouldershadneverdulledhishumornorhisloveofajoke.Everywherehewent,"Gramp"madefriendseasily.Attheendofhalfanhouryoufeltyouhadknownhimallyourlife.Isoonlearnedthathehatedtogiveorders,butthatwhenhehadto,hetriedtomakehisorderssoundlikesuggestions.
OneJulymorning,ashewasleavingtogotothecornfield,hesaid,"Edwin,youcan
pickupthepotatoesinthefieldtodayifyouwanttodothat."Thenhedroveawaywithhishorses.
Thedaypassed,andIdidnothaveanydesiretopickuppotatoes.Eveningcameand
thepotatoeswerestillinthefield.Gramp,dustyandtired,ledthehorsestogettheirdrink.
"Howmanybagsofpotatoeswerethere?"Grampinquired."Idon'tknow."
"Howmanypotatoesdidyoupickup?""Ididn'tpickany.""Notany!Whynot?"
"YousaidIcouldpickthemupifIwantedto.Youdidn'tsayIhadto."
InthenextfewminutesIlearnedalessonIwouldnotforget:whenGrampsaidIcould
ifIwantedto,hemeantthatIshouldwantto.
Mygrandmother("Gram"workedhardallday,washingclothes,cleaningthehouse,
makingbutter,andevenworkinginthefieldwhenhelpwasscarce.Intheevening,though,shewasnottootiredtoreadbooksfromthecommunitylibrary.FormorethanfortyyearsGramreadaloudtoGrampalmosteveryevening.InthiswaysheandGramplearnedaboutallthegreatbattlesofhistoryandbecamefamiliarwiththeworksofgreatauthorsandthelivesoffamousmen.
Gramhatedcrueltyandinjustice.Theinjusticesofhistory,eventhoseofathousand
yearsbefore,angeredherasmuchastheinjusticesofherownday.
Shealsohadadeeploveofbeauty.Whenshewasalmostseventy-five,andhadgoneto
livewithoneofherdaughters,shespentadelightfulmorningwashingdishesbecause,asshesaid,thebeautifulpatternsonthedishesgaveherpleasure.Thebirds,theflowers,theclouds—allthatwasbeautifularoundher—pleasedher.ShewaslikethefatheroftheFrenchpainter,Millet,whousedtogathergrassandshowittohisson,saying,"Seehowbeautifulthisis!"
Inapioneersocietyitistheharderqualitiesofmindandcharacterthatareofvalue.The
softervirtuesareconsideredunnecessary.Menandwomenstrugglingdailytoearnalivingareunable,evenforamoment,toforgetthebusinessofpreservingtheirlives.Onlyunusualpeople,likemygrandparents,managetokeepthesofterqualitiesinaworldofdailystruggle.
SuchwerethetwopeoplewithwhomIspentthemonthsfromJunetoSeptemberinthe
wonderfuldaysofsummerandyouth.

当我的记忆开始，我的祖父是过去60，一个伟大的高大男子厚厚成为白发。他的黑眼睛和鼻子直而尖在一座坡度平缓结束。有一次，他向我解释说，他认真了，作为一个小的孩子扁
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平小费时，他掉下来，他的鼻子加强。
笑声在他的眼角小标志是一个善良和幽默自然的产物。弯曲的工作，他的肩膀已经过去数年从未和他的迟钝，他幽默的笑话爱。所到之处，“格兰普”让朋友很容易。在一个半小时结束时，您觉得自己已经知道他所有的生活。我很快了解到，他讨厌下达命令，但，当他要，他设法使他的命令像建议的声音。
7月的一个早晨，当他正准备出门去的玉米地，他说，“埃德温，你可以选择在该领域的土豆今天，如果你想这样做。”然后，他赶走了他的马匹。
一天过去了，我没有任何欲望拿起马铃薯。晚上来了，土豆是在外地还是。格兰普，灰尘和疲倦，带领马匹得到他们的饮料。“如何多袋土豆在那里？”格兰普询问。“我不知道。”
“有多少你拿起土豆？”“我没有任何选择。”
“不是任何一个！为什么不呢？”
“你说我能接他们回家，如果我想。你没有说我要。”
在接下来的几分钟内，我学到了教训，我不会忘记：当格兰普说我可以，如果我想，他的意思，我应该想。
我的祖母（“克”）辛苦了一天，洗衣服，打扫房子，使黄油，甚至在外地工作时，帮助是有限的。到了晚上，虽然，她太累了，没有从社区图书馆阅读书籍。对于读取超过40年革兰大声格兰普几乎每天晚上。这样，她和格兰普了解所有历史上的伟大斗争，并成为与伟大的作家和名人的作品熟悉的生活。
克憎恨残酷和不公正。历史的不公正，即使是那些1000年以前，激怒了她高达她那个时代的不公正现象。
她还有一个美丽的深深的爱。当她几乎是75，并已前往现场与她的一个女儿，她花了一个愉快的上午洗碗，因为她说，在菜的美丽图案让她感到高兴。鸟，花，云，这是她周围的一切，她高兴美丽。她喜欢的法国画家，小米，谁用来收集基层和展示给他的儿子，说：“瞧，这是多么美丽的父亲！”
在社会的先驱，是心灵和性格的价值是难以素质。较温和的美德被认为是不必要的。男人和女人每天挣扎谋生不能，即使是现在，忘记了自己的生命维护业务。只有不寻常的人，像我的祖父母，管理，以保持在世界的日常斗争的柔软品质。
这样的两个人一起花了我6个月的夏季和青年的美妙天至9月
LeafandLoaf
Leaf
Atlastwewentoutandstoodonthelawnandwatchedthesungodown,andmyfather
said,"Ifitweren'tforart,we'dhavevanishedfromthefaceoftheearthlongago."
Whatartreallyis,though,andwhatahumanbeingreallyis,andwhattheworldreally
is.Ijustdon'tknow,that'sall.
Standingthere,watchingthesungodownintothesea,myfathersaid,"Ineveryhouse
thereoughttobeanarttableonwhich,onebyone,thingsareplaced,sothateverybodyinthathousemightlookatthethingsverycarefully,andseethem."
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"Whatwouldyouputonatablelikethat?"
"Aleaf.Acoin.Abutton.Astone.Asmallpieceoftornnewspaper.Anapple.Anegg.
Apebble.Aflower.Adeadinsect.Ashoe."
"Everybody'sseenthosethings."
"Ofcourse.Butnobodylooksatthem,andthat'swhatartis.Tolookatfamiliarthings
asiftheyhadneverbeforebeenseen.Aplainsheetofpaperwithtypingonit.Anecktie.Apocketknife.Akey.Afork.Acup.Abottle.Abowl.Awalnut."
"Whataboutabaseball?Abaseball'sabeautifulthing."
"Itcertainlyis.Youwouldplacesomethingonthetableandlookatit.Thenext
morningyouwouldtakeitaway,andputsomethingelsethere—anything,forthereisnothingmadebynatureorbymanthatdoesn'tdeservetobelookedatparticularly."
Now,thesunwasgoneallthewayintothesea.Therewasalotoforangelightonthe
water,andintheskyabovethewater.LegionofHonorHillgrewdark,andmyfatherbroughtoutacigaretteandlighteditandinhaledandthenletthesmokeoutofhisnoseandmouth,andhesaid,"Well,boy,there'sanotherdayofthewonderfulworldgoneforever."
"Newdaytomorrow,though."
"Whatdoyousaywedrivetotheseasideandlookattheshipsfromalloverthe
world?"
Loaf
Weloafedthroughthewholetown,becausethatwaswhatwehadplannedtodo.Itwas
nothingmorethanjustanotherlittletownwithanotherbunchofpeoplelivinginit.Wesawsomeofthepeople.AllofasuddenInoticedtheireyes.
Thismademelaugh.
"Tellmeaboutit,"myfathersaid.
"Eyes,"Isaid."Wesurehavegoteyes,haven'twe?""Verygood,"myfathersaid.
Hebegantosing,"Isawyoureyes,yourwonderfuleyes."Prettysoonhestoppedsingingandbegantobreathedeeply.
"Somebody'sbakingbreadsomewhere.Wouldyoulikesomefreshbread?""Isurewould."
Wewalkedtothecorner,thenaroundthecorner,butwedidn'tfindabakerythere,so
wewentbacktowherewehadbeen,andneartherewefoundtheplace,butthedoorwaslocked.Myfatherknocked,andthenwesawamaninabaker'swhitecoatwithflouronhis
handsandfacecometothedoorandopenit.
"Weopenatseven,"themansaid."It'snotsixyet.""Whatareyoubakingbackthere?""Breadandrolls."
"Howaboutlettingmebuysome?Idon'toftengetachancetoeatfreshlybakedbread."
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"Youwanttocomein,then?"thebakersaid,somyfatherandIwentin.Wefollowed
themantowhereheandhiswifewerebakingbread.Itwascleanandwarmbackthere.Themetalrackshadnewloavesonthemandnewrolls.
"Helpyourself,"thebakersaid.
MyfathertookaloafofFrenchbreadfromamonghalfadozenthatthebaker'swife
broughtoutoftheovenonalongwoodenspadeandheldouttohim,andthenshebroughthimalotofrollsonthespade.Myfathertookhalfadozenrolls,too.Hegavemeone,andhetookabiteoutofanother.Thebigloafheputinhiscoatpocketjustthewayitwas.
"Sitdown,"thebakersaid."There'ssomecheeseoverthereonthatlittletable.Help
yourself."
MyfatherandIwenttothelittletablewherethebakerandhiswifesatandatebread
andcheese,andwesatthere.
"Doyouknowthebaker?""Neversawhimbeforeinmylife."
Thebakercameoverandbrokeopenarollandputsomecheeseinit.Ithoughthewas
goingtobiteintoithimself,buthehandedtherolltomeandsaid,"Alwaysrememberbreadandcheese.Wheneverythingelselooksbad,rememberbreadandcheese,andyou'llbeallright."
"Yes,sir."
"That'swhyI'mabaker,"hesaid."Itriedalotofotherthings,butthisistheworkfor
me."

最后，我们外出，站在草坪上，看着太阳下去，我的父亲说，“如果它是艺术的话，我们还是有从地球上消失了很久以前。”什么是真正的艺术，虽然，和什么人真的是，什么是真正的世界。我只是不知道，就是这样。站在那里，看着太阳进入大海里，我的父亲说：“在每一栋房屋，就必须有一种艺术桌子上，一个接一个，事情是生命，因此每个人都可能在这家看的东西非常仔细看看他们。““那你把这样一个表？”
“阿叶。硬币。A按钮。石头。撕破报纸的一小块。一个苹果。一个鸡蛋。卵石。花。甲死昆虫。阿鞋。”
“大家都看到这些东西。”
“当然。但没有人在他们看来，这就是艺术。为了看熟悉的事物，如果他们以前从未见过。一张纸，上打字平原表。领带。阿折刀。一个关键。阿叉。一个杯子。一瓶。一个碗。核桃。“
“那是一个棒球吗？棒球是一个美丽的事情。”
“这肯定是。你会放在桌上的东西，看它。第二天早上你把它拿走，把别的东西有任何事情，因为在那里是由自然或人为不值得了什么尤其是看着。“
现在，太阳走了入海的所有道路。有一个橙色光对水很多，水在上面的天空。荣誉山军团渐渐黑，我的父亲拿出香烟，点燃它，吸入，然后让烟雾从他的鼻子和嘴，他说：“好吧，孩子，还有一个美妙的世界一天已经一去不复返了。““新的明天，虽然”。
“你说我们开车到海边，看看来自世界各地的船只？”面包
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我们loafed通过全城，因为这是我们原计划做的事。它只不过是又一个与另一个人生活在这一群小城镇更多。我们看到的一些人。突然，我发现自己的眼睛。这使我发笑。
“告诉我吧，”我的父亲说。
“眼睛，”我说。“我们肯定已经取得的眼睛，是不是我们？”“很好，”我的父亲说。
他开始唱歌，“我看见你的眼睛，你的美好的眼睛。”很快，他停止唱歌，开始深呼吸。
“有人的地方烤面包。你想一些新鲜的面包？”“我肯定会的。”
我们走到一个角落，然后在拐角处，但我们没有发现一家面包店在那里，所以我们又回到我们一直在那里，我们发现附近有这个地方，但大门被锁上。
我父亲撞倒，然后我们看到了一个面包S与一个男人对他的双手和脸部面粉白大衣来到门口，打开它。
“我们在7打开，”那人说。“这不是6呢。”“你回来烤吗？”“面包和面包。”
“如何让我买一些呢？我不是经常有机会吃新鲜出炉的面包。”
“你要进来呢？”贝克说，所以我的父亲和我走了进去，我们遵循的男子，他和他的妻子被烘烤的面包。这是清洁和温暖回到那里。这对他们的金属架和新辊新面包。“帮助自己，”贝克说。
从我的父亲带一打一间半的法国面包的面包师的妻子带出了炉长木铲上，举行了他，然后她给他带来的铁锹一轧辊很多。我的父亲了半打卷，太。他给了我一个，他咬了一出另一个。大面包，他在他的上衣口袋里把本来就这样了。
“请坐，”贝克说。“这里也有一些在那边小桌子上的奶酪。帮助你自己。”
我父亲和我去的小桌子上的面包师和他的妻子坐在那里吃面包和奶酪，我们坐在那里。“你知道面包？”
“在我的生活从来没有见过他。”
贝克走过来，拆开一滚，投入了一些奶酪。我以为他要咬成它自己，但他递给我滚，说：“一定要记住面包和奶酪。当一切看起来不好，记得面包和奶酪，你就会好的。”“是的，先生。”
“这就是为什么我'米面包，”他说。“我尝试了其他很多事情，但是这是为我工作。”
TheTrueStoryofaYoungMan
WhenReginaldLindsayreceivedascholarshiptoMorehouseCollegeinAtlanta,
Georgia,whathewantedmostwasagoodjobwithagoodsalary.Butsoonhebecameinterestedinthecivilrightsmovement.AtpresenthehasaplanwhichhehopeswilltakehimtoCongressasasouthernrepresentative.
NowinhisfirstyearatHarvardLawSchool,Regismakingcarefulplans.After
earninghisdegree,heexpectstoreturntotheSouthtopracticelawamongthepoor."Iwanttohelpthemunderstandwhattheirrightsareandtohelpthemachievethem,"hesays.ThenhehopestorunforpoliticalofficeatthelocalandstateleveluntilheisreadytotryforCongress.
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Reggrewupinalow-incomeNegrosectionofBirmingham,Alabama.Broughtupby
hisgrandparentsafterhisparentsweredivorcedwhilehewasveryyoung,.Reghasbeenlivingthroughaperiodoffar-reachingprogressinracerelations.Inthesummerof1968ReghimselfbecameagoodexampleofthisprogresswhenhebecamethefirstNegrostudentappointedtoaspecialnewprogram.TheprogramintroducesbrightyoungstudentstotheworkingsoftheGeorgiaStategovernmentandencouragesthemtoseekemploymentthereafterfinishingtheireducation."I'vebeenlucky,"hesays."Iseemtohavebeenintherightplaceattherighttime."ButluckisonlypartofReg'sstory,forhehasmadethemostofopportunitiesthat
camehisway.Helearnedtoreadinkindergartenandbeganvisitingthepubliclibraryregularlytoborrowbooks.Hisgrandparentsencouragedhim,thoughneitherofthemhadmucheducation,andtheyboughthimasetofencyclopedias."Ilovedthosebooks,"heremembers."Iusedtocomedownstairsbeforebreakfastandreadshortarticles.Ienjoyedreadingaboutfamousmen,andthenIwouldpretendtobeoneofthem.Iguessitwaspartlyachildishgameandpartlyanescape.Itwasn'ttoomuchfuntobeaNegrowhenIwasakid."
Whilestudyingforhisbachelor'sdegreeatMorehouseCollege,Regworkedonseveral
politicalcampaignshelpingcandidatesgetelectedtogovernmentoffices.Atthesametimehemaintaineda"B"averagewhilemajoringinpoliticalscience.Heworkedasastudentadvisortoearnextramoneyforhiscollegeexpenses,andhewasgrantedascholarshipforayearofstudyattheUniversityofValenciainSpain.
WithjusttwomoreyearstocompleteatHarvardLawSchool,whichalsogavehima
scholarship,Reghasmadeagoodstartonhisprofessionalcareer.Hesays,"ThegoodlifeformeisthekindoflifewhereIcanfindsatisfactioninpublicservice."

当收到雷金纳德林赛在亚特兰大，佐治亚州，他最想向莫尔豪斯学院的奖学金，是一个良好的薪水不错的工作。但很快，他成为民权运动感兴趣。目前，他有一个计划，他希望将他作为南方代表向国会。
现在，在他第一年在哈佛大学法学院，雷吉正在仔细的计划。他获得学士学位，他预计将带回南方去实践穷人之间的法律。“我想帮助他们了解自己的权利，并帮助他们实现这些目标，”他说。然后，他希望在政治竞选地方和国家水平，直至他愿意尝试国会。
章生长在一个低收入的黑人伯明翰，阿拉巴马州部分。他的祖父母带来了他的父母离婚后，虽然他很年轻。雷吉已经历了影响深远的种族关系进展的时期。在1968年夏天自己注册成为一个很好的例子对这一进展时，他成为第一个黑人学生指定为特殊的新方案。该方案介绍年轻有为的学生带到格鲁吉亚州政府的运作，并鼓励他们毕业后寻找就业有他们的教育。“我已经是幸运的，”他说。“我似乎已经在正确的地方已在合适的时间。”但运气只是注册的故事的一部分，因为他已使大多数的机会来了他。他在幼儿园学会了阅读，并开始定期前往公共图书馆借阅图书。他的祖父母鼓励他，虽然他们有很大的不教育，他们给他买了一套百科全书。“我喜欢这些书，”他回忆说。“我常来早餐前楼下看短文章。我很喜欢读有关名人，然后我就假装自己是其中之一。我想这部分是一个幼稚的游戏和部分一逃脱。这不是太多有趣的是一个黑人，当我还是个孩子。“学习期间，他本科在莫尔豪斯大学学士学位，注册工作是帮助一些政治运动的候选人当选的政府机构。同时，他保持了“B”的平均，而在政治学专业。他曾作为一名学生，他的顾问，赚取外快大学费用，他获得了一年的研究在西班牙瓦伦西亚大学的奖学金。随着短短两年多时间才能完成在哈佛法学院，这也给了他一个奖学金，雷吉已就他的职业生
1/1


涯的良好开端。他说：“对我来说，美好的生活是生命在那里我可以找到一种满意的公共服务。”
AGameofLightandShade
Itwasasunnywinterday.Ihadgoneupanddownthetower,andfeltpleasedwith
myselfforhavingtakenthisinitiative,when,outsidethelittledooratthefoot,ablindmancametowardme.Hewasapale,thinman,withblackhairanddarkglassesthatgavehimamysteriouslook.Hekeptclosetotheinnerwallofthecourtyard,touchingitlightlywithhisarm.Onreachingthedoor,hetoucheditandsharplyturnedinside.Inamoment,hedisappearedupthestaircase.Istoodstill,lookingattheemptyspaceleftbytheopendoor,andatthelittlesignthatsaid"TotheTower"nailedtothewall.Ifeltcompelledtofollow.
Ididn'tfollowclosely.Icaughtupwithhimintheticketoffice.ThereIwassurprised
toseetheattendantsellinghimaticketasthoughhewereanyothervisitor.Themanreachedoutforitclumsily,sweepingalittlespaceofdeskwithhishanduntilhehadit,buttheattendantdidn'tseemtotakeanynotice.Then,withtheticketinonehandandtouchingthewallwiththefingersoftheother,hereachedthestaircaseleadingtothehallway.
Istoodbythedesk,watchinghimuntilhewasoutofhearing."Thatmanisblind,"I
saidtotheattendant,andexpectedhimtoshowsomeconcern,buthejustlookedatmewithhissleepyeyes.Hewasaheavymanwhoseemedallonepiecewithhischairanddesk."He'sblind,"Irepeated.
Helookedatmevacantly.
"Whatwouldablindmanwanttoclimbupthetowerfor?"Iasked.Hedidn'tanswer.
"Nottheviewcertainly,"Isaid."Perhapshewantstojump."
Hismouthopenedalittle.Shouldhedosomething?Buthischairwastoocomfortable.
Hedidn'tstir."Well,let'shopenot,"hesaid,andlookeddownatacrosswordpuzzlehehadbegun.
Theblindmanwasnowoutofsight.Iturnedtowardthestaircase.
"Theticket,"theattendantsaid,risingfromhischair.Itseemedtheonlythingthat
couldmovehim.
Ihandedhimafifty-lirapiece,andhetoreaticketfromhisticketbook.ThenIhurried
upthestaircase.
Themanhadn'tgoneasfarasIimagined.MuchlesstimehadpassedthanIthought.A
thirdofthewayupthetower,Iheardhisstep.Isloweddownandfollowedhimatalittledistance.Hewentupslowly,andstoppedfromtimetotime.Whenhegottothebalcony,Iwasadozenstepsbehind.ButasIreachedit,hewasn'ttobeseen.Idashedtothefirstcornerofthebelltower,aroundthenext,andsawhim.
Atlast,aftertenminutes,Iapproachedhim."Excuseme,"IsaidaspolitelyasIcould,
"butIamverycurioustoknowwhyyoucameup."
1/1


"You'dneverguess,"hesaid.
"Nottheview,Itakeit,orthefreshaironthiswinterday."
"No,"hesaidashelookedatmewithanamusedexpressiononhisface."Tellme,"Isaid.
Hesmiled."Perhaps,comingupthestairs,youwillhavenoticed—andyet,notbeing
blind,perhapsyouwon't—hownotjustlightbutsunpoursintothetowerthroughthenarrowwindowshereandthere,sothatonecanfeelthechange—thecoolstaircasesuddenlybecomesquitewarm,eveninwinter—andhowupherebehindthewallthereisshade,butassoonasonegoesoppositeanarrowwindowonefindsthesun.InallofSiennathereisnoplacesogoodasthisforfeelingthecontrastbetweenlightandshade.Itisn'tthefirsttimethatI'vecomeup."Hesteppedintotheshade."Iamintheshade,"hesaid."Thereisawallthere."He
movedintothesunlight."NowIamoppositeawindow,"hesaid.Wewentdownthebelltower."Anarchisthere,"hesaid.
"Younevermiss.Andthesunisn'tevenverystrong,"Isaid."Strongenough,"hesaid,andadded,"NowI'mbehindabell."
Comingbackdownontothebalcony,hewentaroundit."Light,shade,light,shade,"he
said,andseemedaspleasedasachildwho,inagameofhopscotch,jumpsfromsquaretosquare.
Wewentdownthetowertogether."Awindowthere,"hesaid,upnearthetop.
"Anotherwindow,"hesaid,whenwewerehalf-waydown.
Ilefthim,gladdenedasonecanonlybebythesunlight.

这是一个晴朗的冬日。我去了上下塔，并认为采取这一行动时，外面的小门，脚，一个盲人带着对我自己感到高兴。他是一个脸色苍白，瘦的人，黑头发，这给了他一种神秘的期待墨镜。他不停地靠近内壁的庭院，触摸他的手臂掉以轻心。在到达门口时，他感动，并大幅转向内部。在一刹那间，他失踪了楼梯。我站住，在由开放左侧的空白区域寻找，并在几乎没有迹象表明说：“对于塔”钉在墙上。我不得不走。
我没有紧紧跟随。我赶上了他在售票处。在那里，我惊讶地看到他作为销售员，虽然他是任何其他票旅客。它笨拙地达到了该名男子，用他的手扫了桌子的小空间，直到他，但随之而来的似乎没有采取任何通知。然后，用一只手触摸的机票和与其他手指的墙，他得出这样的楼梯通往走廊。
我站在桌子，看着他，直到他从听证会。“这个人是盲目的，”我说的服务员，并期望他能够表现出一定的关注，但他只是看着我与他的睡眼。他是一个沉重的人谁似乎都与他的椅子，办公桌1件。“他是盲人，”我又说了一遍。他茫然地看着我。
“什么将一个瞎子要爬上塔？”我问。他没有回答。
“当然不认为，”我说。“也许他想跳。”他开一个小口。他应该做一些事？但他的椅子太舒服。他没有轰动。“好吧，咱们希望不会，”他说，看着一个纵横字谜他已经开始了。盲人男子现已脱离视线。我转向了楼梯。
“票”的服务员说，从他的椅子上升。这似乎是唯一能够移动他。
1/1


我递给他一张五十里拉一块，他从他的票撕书一票。然后，我赶紧了楼梯。该名男子并没有完全达到我想象的。少得多的时间已经过去了比我想象的。阿对了塔的方式第三，我听到他的脚步。我放慢脚步，随后他在一个小的距离。他上升缓慢，不时停下。当他到了阳台，我是打后面的步骤。但正如我达成它，他并没有被看到。我冲向了钟楼第一个弯道，围绕未来，看到了他。
最后，10分钟后，我找他。“对不起，”我说的客气，因为我可以“，但我很好奇，想知道为什么你来了。”
“那么，你永远猜不到，”他说。
“不是，我需要它，或者在这个冬日的新鲜空气。”“没有，”他说，他看着我用他的脸开心的表达。“告诉我，”我说。
他笑了。“也许，走到楼梯，你会发现，但是，没有盲目的，也许你不需额外知识，但不只是太阳光线进入，通过狭窄的塔倒在这里和那里的窗户，让人们可以感受到变化凉爽的楼梯突然变得很温暖，即使在冬季，如何在这里背后的墙上有阴影，但只要一对面的一个狭窄的窗口一去发现太阳。西恩纳在所有的地方有没有这么好作为这个感觉明暗之间的对比。这不是第一次，我已经来了。“
他走进阴凉处。“我在树荫下时，”他说。“有一个墙上。”他搬进了阳光。“现在我对面的一个窗口时，”他说。我们走下钟楼。“拱形的，”他说。“你不会错过。，阳光也不十分强烈，”我说。
“强够了，”他说，并补充说，“现在我后面钟'米。”
再说了阳台上，他去周围。“光，影，光，影，”他说，似乎像一个孩子谁，在一个跳房子游戏，从广场到广场跳高兴。
我们走下塔一起。“一个窗口，”他说，附近的顶部。“另一个窗口，”他说，当我们在半路上了。
我离开了他，作为一个欢喜只能由阳光。
Unit3
AGameofLightandShade
Itwasasunnywinterday.Ihadgoneupanddownthetower,andfeltpleasedwith
myselfforhavingtakenthisinitiative,when,outsidethelittledooratthefoot,ablindmancametowardme.Hewasapale,thinman,withblackhairanddarkglassesthatgavehimamysteriouslook.Hekeptclosetotheinnerwallofthecourtyard,touchingitlightlywithhisarm.Onreachingthedoor,hetoucheditandsharplyturnedinside.Inamoment,hedisappearedupthestaircase.Istoodstill,lookingattheemptyspaceleftbytheopendoor,andatthelittlesignthatsaid"TotheTower"nailedtothewall.Ifeltcompelledtofollow.
Ididn'tfollowclosely.Icaughtupwithhimintheticketoffice.ThereIwassurprised
toseetheattendantsellinghimaticketasthoughhewereanyothervisitor.Themanreachedoutforitclumsily,sweepingalittlespaceofdeskwithhishanduntilhehadit,buttheattendant
1/1


didn'tseemtotakeanynotice.Then,withtheticketinonehandandtouchingthewallwiththefingersoftheother,hereachedthestaircaseleadingtothehallway.
Istoodbythedesk,watchinghimuntilhewasoutofhearing."Thatmanisblind,"I
saidtotheattendant,andexpectedhimtoshowsomeconcern,buthejustlookedatmewithhissleepyeyes.Hewasaheavymanwhoseemedallonepiecewithhischairanddesk."He'sblind,"Irepeated.
Helookedatmevacantly.
"Whatwouldablindmanwanttoclimbupthetowerfor?"Iasked.Hedidn'tanswer.
"Nottheviewcertainly,"Isaid."Perhapshewantstojump."
Hismouthopenedalittle.Shouldhedosomething?Buthischairwastoocomfortable.
Hedidn'tstir."Well,let'shopenot,"hesaid,andlookeddownatacrosswordpuzzlehehadbegun.
Theblindmanwasnowoutofsight.Iturnedtowardthestaircase.
"Theticket,"theattendantsaid,risingfromhischair.Itseemedtheonlythingthat
couldmovehim.
Ihandedhimafifty-lirapiece,andhetoreaticketfromhisticketbook.ThenIhurried
upthestaircase.
Themanhadn'tgoneasfarasIimagined.MuchlesstimehadpassedthanIthought.A
thirdofthewayupthetower,Iheardhisstep.Isloweddownandfollowedhimatalittledistance.Hewentupslowly,andstoppedfromtimetotime.Whenhegottothebalcony,Iwasadozenstepsbehind.ButasIreachedit,hewasn'ttobeseen.Idashedtothefirstcornerofthebelltower,aroundthenext,andsawhim.
Atlast,aftertenminutes,Iapproachedhim."Excuseme,"IsaidaspolitelyasIcould,
"butIamverycurioustoknowwhyyoucameup."
"You'dneverguess,"hesaid.
"Nottheview,Itakeit,orthefreshaironthiswinterday."
"No,"hesaidashelookedatmewithanamusedexpressiononhisface."Tellme,"Isaid.
Hesmiled."Perhaps,comingupthestairs,youwillhavenoticed—andyet,notbeing
blind,perhapsyouwon't—hownotjustlightbutsunpoursintothetowerthroughthenarrowwindowshereandthere,sothatonecanfeelthechange—thecoolstaircasesuddenlybecomesquitewarm,eveninwinter—andhowupherebehindthewallthereisshade,butassoonasonegoesoppositeanarrowwindowonefindsthesun.InallofSiennathereisnoplacesogoodasthisforfeelingthecontrastbetweenlightandshade.Itisn'tthefirsttimethatI'vecomeup."Hesteppedintotheshade."Iamintheshade,"hesaid."Thereisawallthere."He
movedintothesunlight."NowIamoppositeawindow,"hesaid.Wewentdownthebelltower."Anarchisthere,"hesaid.
"Younevermiss.Andthesunisn'tevenverystrong,"Isaid."Strongenough,"hesaid,andadded,"NowI'mbehindabell."
1/1


Comingbackdownontothebalcony,hewentaroundit."Light,shade,light,shade,"he
said,andseemedaspleasedasachildwho,inagameofhopscotch,jumpsfromsquaretosquare.
Wewentdownthetowertogether."Awindowthere,"hesaid,upnearthetop.
"Anotherwindow,"hesaid,whenwewerehalf-waydown.
Ilefthim,gladdenedasonecanonlybebythesunlight.

这是一个晴朗的冬日。我去了上下塔，并认为采取这一行动时，外面的小门，脚，一个盲人带着对我自己感到高兴。他是一个脸色苍白，瘦的人，黑头发，这给了他一种神秘的期待墨镜。他不停地靠近内壁的庭院，触摸他的手臂掉以轻心。在到达门口时，他感动，并大幅转向内部。在一刹那间，他失踪了楼梯。我站住，在由开放左侧的空白区域寻找，并在几乎没有迹象表明说：“对于塔”钉在墙上。我不得不走。
我没有紧紧跟随。我赶上了他在售票处。在那里，我惊讶地看到他作为销售员，虽然他是任何其他票旅客。它笨拙地达到了该名男子，用他的手扫了桌子的小空间，直到他，但随之而来的似乎没有采取任何通知。然后，用一只手触摸的机票和与其他手指的墙，他得出这样的楼梯通往走廊。
我站在桌子，看着他，直到他从听证会。“这个人是盲目的，”我说的服务员，并期望他能够表现出一定的关注，但他只是看着我与他的睡眼。他是一个沉重的人谁似乎都与他的椅子，办公桌1件。“他是盲人，”我又说了一遍。他茫然地看着我。
“什么将一个瞎子要爬上塔？”我问。他没有回答。
“当然不认为，”我说。“也许他想跳。”他开一个小口。他应该做一些事？但他的椅子太舒服。他没有轰动。“好吧，咱们希望不会，”他说，看着一个纵横字谜他已经开始了。盲人男子现已脱离视线。我转向了楼梯。
“票”的服务员说，从他的椅子上升。这似乎是唯一能够移动他。
我递给他一张五十里拉一块，他从他的票撕书一票。然后，我赶紧了楼梯。该名男子并没有完全达到我想象的。少得多的时间已经过去了比我想象的。阿对了塔的方式第三，我听到他的脚步。我放慢脚步，随后他在一个小的距离。他上升缓慢，不时停下。当他到了阳台，我是打后面的步骤。但正如我达成它，他并没有被看到。我冲向了钟楼第一个弯道，围绕未来，看到了他。
最后，10分钟后，我找他。“对不起，”我说的客气，因为我可以“，但我很好奇，想知道为什么你来了。”
“那么，你永远猜不到，”他说。
“不是，我需要它，或者在这个冬日的新鲜空气。”“没有，”他说，他看着我用他的脸开心的表达。“告诉我，”我说。
他笑了。“也许，走到楼梯，你会发现，但是，没有盲目的，也许你不需额外知识，但不只是太阳光线进入，通过狭窄的塔倒在这里和那里的窗户，让人们可以感受到变化凉爽的楼梯突然变得很温暖，即使在冬季，如何在这里背后的墙上有阴影，但只要一对面的一个狭窄的窗口一去发现太阳。西恩纳在所有的地方有没有这么好作为这个感觉明暗之间的对比。这不是第一次，我已经来了。“
他走进阴凉处。“我在树荫下时，”他说。“有一个墙上。”他搬进了阳光。“现在我对面的
1/1


一个窗口时，”他说。我们走下钟楼。“拱形的，”他说。“你不会错过。，阳光也不十分强烈，”我说。
“强够了，”他说，并补充说，“现在我后面钟'米。”
再说了阳台上，他去周围。“光，影，光，影，”他说，似乎像一个孩子谁，在一个跳房子游戏，从广场到广场跳高兴。
我们走下塔一起。“一个窗口，”他说，附近的顶部。“另一个窗口，”他说，当我们在半路上了。
我离开了他，作为一个欢喜只能由阳光。
TwoKinds
MymotherbelievedyoucouldbeanythingyouwantedtobeinAmerica.Youcould
openarestaurant.Youcouldworkforthegovernmentandgetgoodretirementbenefits.Youcouldbuyahousewithalmostnomoneydown.Youcouldbecomerich.Youcouldbecomeinstantlyfamous.
"Ofcourseyoucanbeatalentedchildorwhattheycallawondergirl,too,"mymother
toldmewhenIwasnine."Youcanbebestatanything.WhatdoesAuntieLindoknow?Herdaughter,atbestsheisonlytricky."
Americawaswhereallmymother'shopeslay.Shehadcomeherein1975afterlosing
everythinginVietnam?hermotherandfather,herfamilyhome,herfirsthusband,andtwodaughters,twinbabygirls.Butsheneverlookedbackwithregret.Thereweresomanywaysforthingstogetbetter.
Everynightafterdinner,mymotherandIwouldsitatthekitchentable.Shewould
presentnewtests,takingherexamplesfromstoriesofamazingchildrenshehadreadinRipley'sBelieveItorNot,orGoodHousekeeping,Reader'sDigest,andadozenothermagazinesshekeptinapileinourbathroom.Mymothergotthesemagazinesfrompeoplewhosehousesshecleaned.Andsinceshecleanedmanyhouseseachweek,wehadagreatcollection.Shewouldlookthroughthemall,searchingforstoriesaboutremarkablechildren.
Thefirstnightshebroughtoutastoryaboutathree-year-oldboywhoknewthecapitals
ofallthestatesandevenmostoftheEuropeancountries.Ateacherwasquotedassayingthelittleboycouldalso,pronouncethenamesoftheforeigncitiescorrectly.
"What'sthecapitalofFinland?"mymotheraskedme,lookingatthemagazinestory.
AllIknewwasthecapitalofCalifornia,becauseSacramentowasthenameofthestreet
welivedoninChinatown."Nairobi!"Iguessed,sayingthemostforeignwordIcouldthinkof.Shecheckedtoseeifthatwaspossiblyonewaytopronounce"Helsinki"beforeshowingmetheanswer.
Thetestsgotharder—multiplyingnumbersinmyhead,findingthequeenofheartsina
deckofcards,tryingtostandonmyheadwithoutusingmyhands,predictingthedailytemperaturesinLosAngeles,NewYork,andLondon.
1/1


OnenightIhadtolookatapagefromtheBibleforthreeminutesandthenreport
everythingIcouldremember."NowJehoshaphathadrichesandhonorinabundanceand,that'sallIremember,Ma,"Isaid.
Andafterseeingmymother'sdisappointedfaceonceagain,somethinginsideofme
begantodie.Ihatedthetests,theraisedhopesandfailedexpectations.Beforegoingtobedthatnight,IlookedinthemirrorabovethebathroomsinkandwhenIsawonlymyfacestaringback—andthatitwouldalwaysbethisordinaryface—Ibegantocry.Suchasad,uglygirl!Imadenoiseslikeanangryanimal,tryingtoscratchoutthefaceinthemirror.
AndthenIsawwhatseemedtobethetalentedsideofme—becauseIhadneverseen
thatfacebefore.Ilookedatmyreflection,blinkingsoIcouldseemoreclearly.Thegirlstaringbackatmewasangry,powerful.ThisgirlandIwerethesame.Ihadnewthoughts,thoughtsfilledwithlotsofwon'ts.Iwon'tletherchangeme,Ipromisedmyself.Iwon'tbewhatI'mnot.
我妈妈相信你能成为任何你想成为在美国。你可以开一家餐馆。你可以为政府工作，取得了很好的退休福利。你可以买下来的钱几乎没有一所房子。你可以致富。你可以立即成为闻名。“当然，你可以是一个天才儿童或他们所谓的奇怪女孩也，”我母亲告诉我，当我九岁。“你可以在任何事情最好。阿姨林德知道是什么？她的女儿，她充其量只是技巧。”
美国是我的母亲，所有的希望所在。这次来这里后，于1975年在越南失去一切？她的母亲和父亲，她的家，她的第一任丈夫和两个女儿，双胞胎女婴。但她再也不愿回首的遗憾。这里有如此多途径，情况会更好。
每天晚上吃过晚饭后，我母亲和我坐在厨房的桌子。她将提出新的考验，同时从她在里普利'读惊人的例子能证明她的孩子的故事信不信由你，或好管家，读者文摘，和十几个她在我们的浴室保持桩等杂志。我的母亲得到了人们的房子，她打扫这些杂志。而且因为她每星期清洗许多房子，我们有一个伟大的收集。她将通过所有这些看起来，约占卓越儿童故事搜索。第一天晚上，她带出了一个约3岁的男孩谁知道所有国家的首都，甚至在欧洲大多数国家的故事。一位老师被引述说，小男孩也可以，宣告了外国城市的名字正确。“什么是芬兰的首都呢？”我母亲问我，看在该杂志的故事。
我所知道的是加州首府萨克拉门托，是因为在街上，我们住在唐人街的名称。“内罗毕！”我猜到了，说外国话，我最能想到的。她检查，看看是否是可能的一种方式宣告“赫尔辛基”之前，显示了我答案。
更难的考验了，在我的头数乘以，发现在一个扑克牌的红心皇后，试图在我头上的立场没有用我的手，预测在洛杉矶，纽约每日温度和伦敦。
一天晚上，我不得不考虑从圣经3分钟的网页，然后报告一切，我记得。“现在约沙法有丰富的财富和荣誉，这是我所记得的，马，”我说。
而在看到我妈妈的脸再一次失望，我内心的东西开始死亡。我讨厌测试，所提出的希望和失败的期望。睡前那天晚上，我看着上面的水槽和浴室的镜子时，我只看到了我的脸盯着后台，它会永远是这个普通的面对面我开始哭了。这种悲哀，丑陋的女孩！我弄得像一个愤怒的动物的声音，尝试在镜面划伤。
然后我看到了似乎是我的天赋副作用，因为我从来没有见过的脸前。我看着我的倒影，闪烁，所以我可以看得更清楚。这个女孩盯着我回来很生气，功能强大。这个女孩和我是一样的。我有了新的想法，很多与won'ts充满想法。我不会让她改变我，我答应自己。我不会什么我不是。
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RitesofPassage
Suddenlytherecometimeswheneverythingisdifferent—you'resomehowanother
person
Severalyearsagomyparents,mywife,myson,,andIateatoneofthoserestaurants
wherethemenuiswrittenonablackboard.Afterawonderfuldinner,thewaitersetthebillinthemiddleofthetable.That'swhenithappened:myfatherdidnotreachforthebill.
Conversationcontinued.Finallyitdawnedonme.Iwassupposedtopickupthebill!
Afterhundredsofrestaurantmealswithmyparents,afteralifetimeofthinkingofmyfatherastheonewhohadthemoney,ithadallchanged.Ireachedforthecheck,andmyviewofmyselfwassuddenlyaltered.Iwasanadult.
Somepeoplemarkofftheirlivesinyears?Imeasuremineinsmallevents—inritesof
passage.Ididnotbecomeayoungmanataparticularage,like13,butratherwhenakidwalkedintothestorewhereIworkedandcalledme"mister".Herepeateditseveraltimes,lookingstraightatme.Therealizationhitlikeapunch:Me!Iwassuddenlyamister.
Therehavebeenothermilestones.Thecopsofmyyouthalwaysseemedbig,evenhuge,
andofcoursetheywereolderthanIwas.Thenonedaytheyweresuddenlyneither.Infact,somewerekids—shortkidsatthat.ThedaycamewhenIsuddenlyrealizedthatallthefootballplayersinthegameIwaswatchingwereyoungerthanIwas.Theywerejustbigkids.Withthatmilestonewentthedreamthatsomeday,maybe,Itoocouldbeafootballplayer.Withouteverhavingreachedthehill,Iwasoverit.
IneverthoughtthatIwouldfallasleepinfrontofthetelevisionsetasmyfatherdid.
Nowit'swhatIdobest.IneverthoughtthatIwouldgotothebeachandnotswim.YetIspentallofAugustattheseasideandneveroncewentintotheocean,IneverthoughtthatIwouldlikeopera,butnowthesadnessandcombinationofvoiceandorchestraappealtome.IneverthoughtthatIwouldprefertostayhomeevenings,butnowIfindmyselfpassingupparties.Iusedtothinkthatpeoplewhowatchedbirdswerestrange,butthissummerIfoundmyselfwatchingthem,andmaybeI'llgetabookonthesubject.IlongforareligiousconvictionthatIneverthoughtI'dwant,andinargumentswithmyson,Irepeatwhatmyfatherusedtosaytome.Istilllose.
OnedayIboughtahouse.Oneday—whataday!—Ibecameafather,andnottoolong
afterthatIpickedupthebillformyownfather.Ithoughtthenitwasariteofpassageforme.Butoneday,whenIwasalittleolder,Irealizeditwasoneforhimtoo.Anothermilestone.
到时候，突然有不同的一切，你'重新他人不知
几年前，我的父母，我的妻子，我的儿子，和我的那些菜单是写在黑板上餐馆吃饭。一个美好的晚餐后，服务员设置在表中的法案。这是当它发生了：我的父亲没有达到该法案。对话继续下去。最后我醒悟过来了。我应该拿起帐单！经过几百个餐厅吃饭我的父母，经过我作为一个谁有钱父亲一生的思想，它已经改变了。我到达的支票，以及我自己的看法突然改变。我是一个成年人。
有些人划在几年的生命？我衡量我的小事件，在成年礼。我并没有成为一个年轻的男子在某一特定年龄，如13，而是当一个孩子到我工作的商店，称我“先生”走了。他重复了好几遍，
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直看着我。实现打出这样一冲：我！我突然被一个老总。
还有其他的里程碑。我国青年的警察似乎总是大，甚至巨大的，当然他们比我大了。后来有一天，他们突然都不是。事实上，一些人在那个孩子短的孩子。直到有一天，我突然意识到，所有在游戏中我是看足球队员们都比我小。他们只是大孩子。随着这一里程碑的梦想有一天去，也许，我也可以是一个足球运动员。从来没有在达到山，我已经结束了。
我从来没有想过我会倒在我父亲设置电视机前睡着了一样。现在，我做什么最好。我从来没有想过我会去海边，而不是游泳。然而，我在海边度过8所有人从来没有一次到海洋去，我从来没有想过我会喜欢歌剧，但现在悲伤的声音和乐队和组合，以吸引我。我从来没有想过，我宁愿呆在家里晚上，但现在我发现自己经过了当事人。我常想，人鸟是谁看了奇怪，但今年夏天，我发现我自己看着他们，也许我会得到一个关于这个主题的书。我渴望的宗教信念，我从来没有想过我倒是希望，在参数与我的儿子，我重复我的父亲曾经对我说。我还是输。
有一天，我买了一栋房子。有一天，什么一天！-我成为一个父亲，而不是后不久，我为我自己拿起父亲的法案。我以为那是我的通过仪式。但是有一天，当我年纪大一点的，我意识到这是对他的想法。另一个里程碑。
TheLastAdventure
"I'mashamedtotalkaboutit,eventoyou,"hissisterNaomisaid."ButI'msoworried
aboutwhatI'mgoingtodowithhim.Ihadtophoneyoutocome."
Whenhe'dreceivedherurgentmessage,heimagineditconcernedtheirfather,who
wasseventy-fourandhadlivedaloneforsixyearssincethedeathofhismother.HelivedaloneinanapartmentafewmilesfromwhereNaomilivedwithherhusbandandchildren.Severalearlierconversationswithhissisterhadsuggestedindirectlythathisfatherwasinvolvedwithagirl.HehadavoidedtalkingtoNaomiaboutitinthepastbutnowheasked'herifthatwastheproblem.
"Notjustagirl!"Naomiexclaimed."Achild!Keith,she'sbarelytwentyyearsold!He
mether...,"sheloweredhervoicesothechildrenplayinginanotherroomwouldnothear,"...inacheaprestaurant!"
"Maybehejustwantedtobeservedquickly,"Keithsaid.
"OhforGod'ssake,Keith,sparemeyourjokes!Thisisthemostterriblecrisiswehave
everhadwithhim!"
"Afterall,he'sbeenlivingalonealltheseyears,"Keithsaid."Maybehe'sjustfeeling
lonely."
"Idon'tknowabouthisbeinglonely,"shesaid."Hedoesplaycardswithfriends
sometimes!Itreallyisterrible!I'msurehe'sgivinghermoneyandshehasn'tanyshameaboutcheatinganoldman."
"Areyousurehe'sgivinghermoney?"
"Headmittedit!AfewtimeswhenItriedtotalktohimaboutthedangerofwhathe
wasdoing,hegrewimpatientandupsetwithmeandtoldmeopenly',hewaspayingherrent,gasandlight!"
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"Thatmeansshe'snotlivingwithhim."
"OhGod,don'tevenmentionthatpossibility!Ifhedidanythingasstupidandshocking
asthatIwouldn'tletthechildrenvisithimagain!"
"Allright,Naomi,"Keithtriedtospeakpatiently."He'sseventy-fouryearsoldandhe's
involvedwithatwenty-year-oldgirlhemetinarestaurant.Thewholebusinessisabitunpleasant,Iadmit,butitseemstohavebeengoingonforsometime.YoumentionedittomewhenIwashereatChristmas.Whatmakesitacrisisnow?"
Sherosefromherchairandwenttopeernervouslyintothediningroom.Thechildren
hadgoneoutsideandshereturnedandsatdown,leaningclosertospeaktoKeithinashakenwhisper.
"He'seventhinkingofmarryingher.""Don'tberidiculous."Keithsaid.
Keithcouldn'tbecomeasupsetasNaomibutheunderstoodherconcern.Hisfather
livedonapensionfromtheColonyBankandhisSomalSecurityanddidn'thavetotouchthemoneyhe'dreceivedfromthesaleoftheirhousewhenhismotherdied.SomeofthatmoneyhadgonetoNaomiwhensheandBruceboughttheirhouseandhisfatherhadgivenKeithtenthousanddollarswhilehestudiedforhisdoctoraldegree.Buttherehadtobeseventytoeightythousanddollarsstillinthebank.Themoneybelongedtohisfathertodowithashewished,buttheyhadaresponsibilitytomakesurethegirldidn'tcheathimoutofit.
"Whatdoyouthinkweshoulddo?"Keithasked.
"Youshouldgoandtalktohim,"Naomisaidseriously."Youarehissonandmaybe
youcanfollowhislineofthinking.Trytomakehimunderstandthatwhatheisdoingisunwise,especiallyforamanhisage."
Hephonedhisfather,whoseemeddelightedthatKeithwasintownandagreedtosee
himatonce.HeleftNaomi'shouseafterpromisingherhewouldreturnthateveningtoreporttoherexactlywhathisfatherhadsaid.
"Youknow,son,"hisfathersaidquietly,"Idon'twanttomakeexcusesbutthewhole
thingcameaboutbecauseofloneliness.Iamnotblamingyoursisteroryou.YoulivefourhundredmilesawayandshehasherlifewithBruceandherchildren.Butwhenamanisaloneashegrowsolder,youhavetounderstandthathisdaysandnightsaredifferent.Hedoesn'thavetheexpectationshehadwhenhewasyoung,orthedreams,orplanningforthethingshehopestodo.Hewakesupinthesilenceofthedarkroomandcan'thelpthinkingthatit'sjustanothernightmovinghimclosertodeath.Oh,Iknow,thereisthecenterforseniorcitizensnearbyandmoviesandtelevision.ButIfindthatgatheringofoldpeopledullandtelevisionisfullofsillycomediesandthemoviesshowfilmsthathavenothingtodowiththelifeIlived.IamgratefulwhenyouandNaomiandthechildrencomeandIenjoyholidaysandbirthdays.Butthosecelebrationspassquicklyandthenthereareempty,lonelyweeksagain."Hisfathershrugged."IsaidIdidn'twanttomakeexcusesbutIguessIjustdid."

我是羞于谈论它，甚至给你，”他的妹妹拿俄米说。“但我'米这么担心我得给他做。我要你打电话来。”
当他的D收到她的紧急消息，他想象的关注他们的父亲，谁是74和生活了6年以来，仅他
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的母亲去世。他独自住在一公寓几英里的地方拿俄米和她的丈夫和孩子住。与他的妹妹曾提出几个较早的谈话，他的父亲是间接地与一个女孩有关。他回避谈论它纳奥米在过去，但现在他问'她如果是这样的问题。
“不只是一个女孩！”内奥米喊道。“孩子！基思，她刚刚20岁！见到了她...，”她压低声音，让孩子们在另一个房间打不听，“...在一个便宜的餐馆！”“也许他只是想尽快送达，”基斯说。
“哦，腾出神的缘故，基思，我你的笑话！这是最可怕的危机，我们曾经与他！”“毕竟，他一直独居这些年来，”基斯说。“也许他只是感到孤独。”
“我不知道他是孤独的，”她说。“他不打牌，有时与朋友！这真的很可怕！我敢肯定他给她钱，她没有任何欺骗一个老人的耻辱。”“你确定他给她的钱？”
“他承认了！阿当我试图谈论他在做什么危险，他几次，他变得不耐烦和不安，并告诉我与我公开'，他还支付她的房租，煤气和光明！”“这意味着她不与他一起生活。”
“哦，上帝，甚至没有提到这种可能性！如果他没有什么了，因为愚蠢和令人震惊的是，我不会让孩子去看他了！”
“好吧，内奥米，”基思想说话耐心。“他的七十四岁，他与一个20岁的女孩，在一家餐馆会面参与。整个企业是一个有点不愉快，我承认，但它似乎已经持续了一段时间。你刚才提到它我当我在圣诞节这里。是什么使这一场危机吗？“
她从她的椅子上，上升到同行进入饭厅紧张。孩子们走了，她外面回来，坐了下来，靠在接近发言，动摇交头接耳基思。“他甚至娶了她的想法。”“不要可笑的。”基斯说。
基思不能成为作为打乱内奥米但他了解她的关注。他的父亲住在一个从殖民地银行和他的Somal养老保障，也没有触及的钱他从他们的房子出售时，收到他的母亲去世Ð。其中一部分已前往拿俄米当她和布鲁斯买他们的房子和他的父亲给基斯万美元，而他为他的博士学位研究。但是，必须有在银行70至80000美元依然。这笔钱属于他的父亲与他希望，但他们有责任确保该女童没有作弊他走出来。“你认为我们应该怎么办？”基思问。
“你应该去和他谈谈，”纳奥米认真地说。“你是他的儿子，也许你可以按照他的思路。试着让他明白，他是做是不明智的，尤其是一个人他的年龄。”
他打电话给他的父亲，似乎谁高兴的是，基斯在该镇，并同意一次看到他。他离开后的前途纳奥米的房子，他会回到她的当晚，她的报告正是他的父亲说。
“你知道，儿子，”父亲平静地说：“我不想为自己找借口，但整个事情的出现，是因为寂寞。我不责怪你姐姐或你。你住400英里远，她有她生活与布鲁斯和她的孩子。然而，当一个人是孤独的，因为他年纪越大，你必须明白，他的日日夜夜是不同的。他没有他的期望时，他年轻，或梦想，或计划的东西，他希望做的事。他醒来，在黑暗的房间沉默，也忍不住想，这只是一个晚上移动他接近死亡。噢，我知道，那里是高龄中心附近的电影和电视。但我发现，老人的沉闷收集和电视是完全愚蠢的喜剧电影和电影节目有没有跟我住的生活。我很感激当你和拿俄米和孩子来和我享受假期和生日。过得很快，但这些庆祝活动，然后还有空的，孤独星期了。“他的父亲耸了耸肩。“我说我不想为自己找借口，但我想我只是做到了。”
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Unit4
TheFunandExcitementof"Reality"
It'soddtowatchafriendclimbonaplatform,putonahelmetandthensuddenlystart
twistingcrazilyandpunchingtheairinalldirections.Butvideogamefansareusedtoit.Theycomeacrosssceneslikethiseverydayinvideoarcades.
Virtualrealityisthenewest,andhottest,typeofcomputergameavailable.Playerslove
itbecauseit'sthefirstgamethatletsthemfeelasthoughtheyareactuallyinsidethegame,takingpartintheactionaroundthem.
Throughthemagicofvirtualreality,youcanbecomeaboxerorturnintoarobotby
simplyputtingonahelmetandsteppinguptothecontrols.Thekeytothe"reality"youfeelisthehelmet.Itcoversyoureyesandears,blockingoffyournormalvisionandhearing.Turnonaswitchandyou'resurroundedbythesightsandsoundsofthegameworld.
Intheboxinggame,youhearcheeringcrowdsandtheboomingvoiceofanannouncer
callingoutinstructions.Thenyoufindyourselfstandinginaboxingring,facetofacewithabig,nasty-lookingopponent.Thebellringsforthefirstroundandyougoinpunching.Youcanevenchooseatwo-playeroption,sothatthefaceyou'rehittingbelongstoafriend!
Eversincethefirstelectronicgamescameoutmorethan15yearsago,gamedevelopers
havebeenworkingonprogramsthatcouldincreasethefeelingofrealityintheirgames.Theirnewestproducts,calledinteractivegames,involvethemostadvancedgametechnologyeverdeveloped.Virtualrealitygamesarethemostcomplexofthese.
Itisimportanttounderstandthedifferencebetweeninteractiveandpassive
entertainmentwhentalkingaboutvideogames.Watchingtelevisionispassive:yousitinachairinfrontofaTVsetandtakeinwhateverisshownonthescreen.Youdon'thavetodoanythingexceptkeepyoureyesopen.
Listeningtotheradiocan'tbecalledinteractivebecauseyouaren'tactivelyinvolvedin
whatissaidorwhatyouhearovertheairwaves.ButitisalesspassiveactivitythanwatchingTVbecauseyouuseyourimaginationtofillinimagestogowiththesoundsyouhear.Computergamesareinteractivebecausewhatyoudoinfluenceshowthegameturns
out:ifyoudon'tfindtherightsecrettunnels,youcan'tescapetheevilcastle,andunlessyouavoidthetrapsalongtheway,youdieandthegameisover.
Invirtualreality,youreachanewlevelofinteraction.Withimagesandsoundall
aroundyou,thankstothehelmetandsomeveryexpensivecomputertechnology,youmovefromsimplywatchingorplayingagame,toexperiencingit.
Youcanhangfromahelicopterandwatchthegroundspeedbyfarbelowyourfeet.Or
turnaround180°andseethebadguycomingupbehindyou.Thecreatorsofvirtualrealityarefarfromfinished.Theydreamofonedaycomingupwithagameworldthatplayerswon'tbeabletotellapartfromtherealthing.Itwouldallow
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peopletofeel,andeventasteandsmell,theenvironmenttheyhavesteppedinto.Accordingtothegamedevelopers,it'sonlyamatteroftime.

这是一个奇怪的平台上观看朋友攀升，头盔上的投入，然后突然开始疯狂地扭动，冲压，全方位的空气。但是，视频游戏迷都习惯了。他们遇到这样的情景每天都在视频商场。虚拟现实是最新的，和最热门的，可用的电脑游戏类型。球员们都很喜欢它，因为它是第一场比赛，让他们觉得好像他们在游戏中其实，在他们周围采取行动的一部分。
通过虚拟现实魔术，你可以成为一个机器人进入或打开一个拳击手，只需放在一个头盔，并加强对管制。到“现实”，你觉得关键是头盔。它涵盖了你的眼睛和耳朵，阻止了你的正常视力和听力。打开开关，你'重新周围的景点和声音的游戏世界。
在拳击比赛，你听到欢呼的人群，一个蓬勃发展的呼唤指示播音员的声音。然后你发现自己在拳击台的地位，面对面与大，很危险的对手。第一轮的钟声响起，而你在冲去。你甚至可以选择一两个球员选项，让你的脸'重新打属于一个朋友！
自从第一个电子游戏来比15年前指出，游戏开发商一直在方案以提高他们的游戏对现实的感觉。他们的最新产品，所谓的交互式游戏，包括最先进的游戏技术不断发展。虚拟现实游戏是其中最复杂的。
重要的是要了解被动之间的互动和娱乐的区别时，对视频游戏说话。看电视是被动的：你坐在电视机前的椅子套，并采取一切是在屏幕上显示。您没有做，除了你的眼睛保持开放的任何东西。
听电台不能被称为互动，因为你不积极参与什么说什么你听到过的电波。但它是一个比看电视，因为你用你的想像力去填补影像与声音你听到的少的被动活动。电脑游戏是互动的，因为你做了什么影响如何游戏结果是：如果你没有找到合适的秘密隧道，你无法逃避的邪恶城堡，除非您避免沿途的陷阱，你死了，游戏已经结束了。
在虚拟现实，你达到一个新的互动水平。由于图像和声音在你周围，以头盔和一些非常昂贵的计算机技术的感谢，您移动从单纯观赏或玩游戏，体验到它。你可以挂在直升机和地面监视远远低于你的脚的速度。或转身180°，看到坏人在你身后来了。
虚拟现实的创作者也远未完成。他们梦想着有一天来了一个游戏世界，玩家将无法分辨真实的东西分开。它将使人们的感觉，甚至味觉和嗅觉，环境，它们已加强到。据游戏开发商，这只是一个时间问题。
FutureTalk
AConversationwithBillGates;Chairman,MicrosoftCorporation;—interviewedby
LarryKingofCNN
LARRYKING:I'mhavingthisconversationwithyouonacomputer,andI'm
wonderingife-mailisgoingtoreplacethepostofficeinthefuture.
BILLGATES:E-mailwon'treplacethepostoffice,butitwillreplacealotofpaperthe
postofficeandovernightservicescarryaroundtoday.
KING:Doyouworryyourchildwon'tlearnpenmanshipbecausethere'salwaysa
keyboardandaprinternearby?
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GATES:WhenIwasinschool,Ialwaysfeltitwasunfairthatkidswhohappenedto
havebadhandwritingweregivenalowergradeaspunishment.Obviously,everybodyneedstolearnbasicwritingskills.Wewantourkidstohaveafullcomplementofbasiccommunicationsskills.I'malotmoreconcernedthatkidswhoonlyusecalculatorsandneverlearntodomultiplicationanddivisionbyhandmayfailtograspthebasicsofmathematics.
KING:Willtherebeanyuseforpencilsandpaper?
GATES:Peoplewillusepencilsandpaperforalongtimebuttheywon'tusethemas
muchastheydonow.
KING:Tellmehowacomputerwillbeusedintheaveragehomethirtyyearsfrom
now.
GATES:You'llhavelotsofthinflatscreenscoveringthewallsofyourhouseandyou'll
carryahand-helddevicearoundwithyou.Thescreenswillfeedwhatevervisualinformationyouwant—livevideofromaplaceintheworldyoulike,anartreproduction,ormaybeastockticker.
KING:Whathappenswhenthepowergoesout?
GATES:We'reverydependenttodayonelectricityandwestillwillbeinfiftyyears.If
there'sapowerfailure,youwon'tgetmuchworkdone,althoughbatterytechnologywillimproveenough(sothatshortpowerfailureswon'tnecessarilyshutdownallofyourcomputers.
KING:ArewegoingtogettelevisionandnewsandentertainmentfromtheInternet
ratherthanfromaTVsethookedtocableinthehouse?
GATES:NewsandentertainmentwillbedeliveredfromtheInternettocabletelevision
andtelephoneconnectionsinourhomes.We'llaccessthisinformationusingavarietyofdevices,someofwhichwillresembletoday'stelevisions.
KING:Willapersonbeabletoworkinthefuturewithouthavinganycomputerskills?
GATES:Therewillstillbejobsforpeoplewithoutcomputerskills,butasmaller
percentagethanexisttoday.Theproportionoftheworkforcethatlackscomputerskillswilldecreaseaspeoplenothavingthoseskillsgetretrainedorretire.Mostyoungpeoplehavecomputerskillsoratleastanenthusiasmtogetthem.
KING:Describeanofficeinthefuture.Telephone?Faxmachine?Conferenceroom?
Willtherebeanofficebuilding?
GATES:Thekeyelementoftheofficeofthefutureisthatitwillhavelotsofflat
screens,justlikeyourhousewill.Andthesescreensaregoingtobeeverywhereoncetheygetthinenough,cheapenough,andhighenoughinquality.You'llcarryaroundalightweightscreenthewayyoucarryawalletorcellphoneornewspapertoday.
Thenotionofafaxwilldisappearbecausedocumentswillbetransferredelectronically
withouthavingtopassthroughtheintermediatestageofbeingprintedonpaper.Iftherecipientwantstoreaditonpaper,she'llprintit."Telephone"referstoanaudio-onlyelectroniccommunicationslink,andwe'llcontinuetohavethiskindofconnection.ButIthinkaudio-onlycommunicationwillbetheexceptionratherthantherule.Communicationswillusuallyinvolvevideoconferencing,collaborativeworkonadocument,orsomeotherkindofdatainterchange
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beyondaudioalone.We'llhaveconferencerooms,butsomeoftheparticipantsinaconferencemaybeinotherplacesandconnectedelectronically.Somewillparticipatefromhomewhenbeingface-to-faceisn'timportant.OfficebuildingsandevencitiesmaylosesomeoftheirimportancebecausetheInternetandcorporateintranet,orinternet-typenetworkslinkingemployeeswithinacompany,willenableworkerstocommunicate,shareinformation,storedata,andworktogetherregardlessofwheretheyare.
KING;Whatworriesyouaboutthefuture?
GATES:Theworld'srapidlygrowingpopulationconcernsme.Weneedtoencourage
peopletostartthinkingabouttheconsequencesofhavingtoomanypeopleontheplanet—foodandwatershortages,pollution,toomanypeoplecrammedintodrug-infestedandviolence-filledurbancenters.

阿比尔盖茨交谈;主席，微软公司;-CNN的拉里金访谈
拉里金：我'米有一台计算机上这与你交谈，我想知道如果E-mail是要在未来取代的邮局。比尔盖茨：电子邮件不会取代邮局，但它将取代大量的纸张，邮政局及周围今天进行通宵服务。
王：你是否担心你的孩子不会学习书法，因为总有一个键盘和一台打印机附近吗？
盖茨：当我在学校读书时，我一直觉得这是不公平的，孩子们谁碰巧有坏手写给予较低等级的处罚。显然，每个人都需要学习基本的写作技巧。我们希望我们的孩子有一个基本的通信能力充分的补充。我是个很大更为关注的是谁的孩子只能用计算器和从未学会做乘法和除法的手可能无法掌握数学的基本知识。国王：是否有任何铅笔和纸张的使用？
盖茨：人会使用很长一段时间铅笔和纸张，但他们不会使用它们尽可能多的现在。王：告诉我电脑如何将在普通家庭使用30年了。
盖茨：你有你的房子覆盖超薄平板显示器的墙壁很多，你会随身携带一个手持设备周围。该屏幕将饲料任何视觉信息你想从一个在世界上可以说是一个艺术品复制，或者股票报价机的地方，实时视频。王：什么时发生断电？
盖茨：我们'重新今天非常依赖电力，我们仍然会在50年。如果有一停电，你不会得到很多工作做，虽然电池技术将提高足够（这样），短期停电不一定会关闭您的所有计算机。金：我们去从互联网电视和新闻和娱乐，而不是从电视上瘾的房子电缆？盖茨：新闻和娱乐将提供从互联网上有线电视和电话联系在我们的家。我们将使用此信息使用多种设备，其中一些将类似于今天的电视。
王：现在一个人能在今后的工作而无需任何电脑技能？
盖茨：我们将仍然为人们的工作没有电脑技能，而是一个较小的比例比今天存在。劳动力的缺乏电脑技能将下降没有得到这些技能培训或退休人的比例。大多数年轻人的计算机技能，或者至少让他们的积极性。
王：描述一个对未来的办公室。电话？传真机？会议室？将有一个办公楼？
盖茨：对未来办公室的关键因素是，它会像你家的平板电视很多，会的。而这些屏幕将无处不在，一旦他们得到足够薄，足够便宜，足够高的质量。您将携带一个轻量级的屏幕上你携带钱包或手机或报纸今天。
一个概念将会消失，因为传真文件将被转移，而不必经过中间阶段的电子被印在纸上。如果收件人要阅读文件的时候，她会打印。“电话”指的是一个只有音频的电子通讯联系，我们将继续有这种连接。但我觉得只有音频的通信将是例外而不是规则。通讯通常会涉及视频会
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议，文件，或一些其他类型的数据交换协同工作之外单独的音频。我们将有会议室，但在一些会议的与会者可在其他地方和电子连接。有些人会参加在家当被面对面并不重要。办公大楼，甚至城市可能失去其重要性，因为一些互联网和企业内部网或因特网连接类型的网络公司内部的员工，使工人沟通，共享信息，存储数据，携手合作，无论他们身在何处。国王对未来有什么担心吗？
盖茨：世界人口迅速增长的关注我。我们需要鼓励人们开始对这个星球上有食品和水短缺，污染的后果的人太多想法，太多的人把毒品横行，暴力，充满城市中心挤。
ElectronicMailBringsBusinessCloserTogether
Internationalelectronicmailsystemsarenolongertheplaythingofhackersand
bug-eyedcomputerenthusiasts.Theyareemergingascrediblebusinesstoolsthatenableindividualsandcompaniestocommunicatecheaplyandefficientlyaroundtheglobe.
Likethein-houseelectronicmailnetworksthathavebecomeafactofbusinesslifein
manycompanies,thesesystemsprovideameansofsendingandreceivingmessagesviapersonalcomputersorcomputerterminals.Withglobalelectronicmailservices,however,messagescanbesentacrosstheworldoracrosstown.
Forevidenceoftherisingpopularityofelectronicmail,alookatthebusinesscards
collectedfromclientsorcontactslatelyshouldbeenough.Thechancesarethatsomeofthemincludeelectronicmail"addresses"alongwithtelephoneandfaxnumbers.
Theadvantagesofelectronicmailarenumerous.Itcaneliminatehoursoffrustrating
"telephonetag"andenablepeopletocommunicateacrosstime-zoneswithease.Italsosubstitutesforbusyfaxmachinesthatprintoutpilesofpaperwhichareoftenmisplacedormisdirected.Withelectronicmail,themessageappearsuponthecomputerscreenoftheindividualbeingcontacted.
Thebiggestroadblocktothesuccessofelectronicmailinthepasthasbeenthelackof
sufficientusers.Althoughdozensofpersonalcomputerelectronicmailservicesareavailable,untilrecentlytheywerenotlinked.Thismeantthattoreachsomebodyitwasnecessarytosubscribetothesameelectronicmessagingsystem.
Overthepastcoupleofyears,however,manyelectronicmailsystemshavestarted
"talking"tooneanother.Themechanismforthisis"Internet"—alow-costandefficientlinkbetweenelectronicmailservicesworldwide.
Internetlinksanestimated1.5millioncomputersover10,000networksin50countries,
servingaboutsixmillionusers.Internetresemblesacomputernetworkcooperative.Thereisnocentralauthoritythatoverseesit,andrulesarelargelyinformal.
Overthepast20yearsithasmushroomedtoincluderegional,corporateandpublic
networks,includingcommercialelectronicmailsystems."PeopleconducttheirlovelifeoverInternet,theirhobbiesandtheirinterests.Theyarguepoliticsandengageinallkindsofbusiness,"saysMr.MitchKapor,co-founderofElectronicFrontierFountainofCambridge,Massachusetts,whichpromotesawarenessoftheon-lineworld.
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"Internetisdoublingannuallyinusers,networks,computersandtraffic,"saysMr.
VintonCert,presidentoftheInternetSociety,avolunteersecretariatthathelpsadministerthenetwork."Itisgrowingfasterthananyothertelecommunicationssystemseverbuilt,includingthetelephonenetwork."CommercialusersnowoutnumberacademicandgovernmentInternetusers,andMr.Certpredicts,thesystemwillsoonserveover100millionusers.
Despitetheanarchicnatureofitsstructure,thebasicsofusingInternetcommunications
aresimple.Allthatisneededisacomputer,amodem,acommunicationssoftwarepackageandasubscriptiontoanon-lineinformationservicelinkedtoInternet.
SubscriptioncostsrangefromaboutUS$9toUS$20permonth,dependinguponthe
serviceandvaryingaccordingtotheinformationservicesoffered.
Onceasubscriptiontooneoftheseservicesisobtained,thechargeforsendingan
electronicmessageisgenerallyonlyafewcents.Inmostplacesalocaltelephonecallwillconnectyoutothesystem.

国际电子信箱系统已不再是黑客和错误眼电脑爱好者的玩物。他们正在成为可信的商业工具，使个人和公司廉价和高效地沟通世界各地。
正如内部电子邮件已成为商业生活中许多公司实际上网络，这些系统提供的发送和接收通过个人电脑或电脑终端信息的手段。随着全球电子邮箱服务，但是，邮件可以被发送或横跨世界各地的城市。
为使电子信箱，在从最近收集的客户或联系人的名片看起来越来越受欢迎的证据应该足够。的机会，其中一些包括电子信箱“地址以及电话和传真号码。”
电子邮箱的好处是很多的。它可以消除沮丧“电话标签小时”，使人们能够跨越时区的沟通轻松。它也代替了繁忙的传真机，打印出来的文件，该文件往往是错误的或误导桩。随着电子邮件，该邮件被接触后出现的个人电脑屏幕上。
最大的障碍，以电子邮件的成功，在过去一直缺乏足够的用户。虽然个人电脑的电子邮箱服务提供几十个，直到最近他们没有联系。这意味着，要达到人，有必要来订阅相同的电子信息系统。
在过去数年，然而，许多电子邮件系统已经开始“会说话”的位置。其原因是“互联网”的机制，低成本和高效率之间的联系世界各地的电子邮箱服务。
互联网链接在50个国家超过10,000估计有150万网络电脑，为约600万用户。互联网就像一个计算机网络的合作。有没有中央的权威，负责监督它，规则在很大程度上是非正式的。在过去的20它已经膨胀到包括区域，企业和公共网络，包括商业电子邮件系统年。“人们通过互联网进行的爱情生活，他们的嗜好和兴趣。他们认为政治和从事各种业务，”米奇考波尔先生说，合作的电子边疆喷泉剑桥，马萨诸塞州，提倡创办人的意识世界上线。“互联网是每年翻一番的用户，网络，计算机和交通，”说文顿先生证书，互联网协会秘书处的志愿者，帮助管理网络的总裁。“这是增长速度超过任何其他电信系统有史以来，包括电话网络。”现在多于学术界和政府的互联网用户，先生和商业用户证书预测，该系统将很快超过100万用户提供服务。尽管其结构无政府状态性质，使用互联网通信的基础知识很简单。所有这一切都需要的是一台计算机，一个调制解调器，通信软件程序包和一个网上信息服务与互联网订阅。认购费用范围从大约9美元到每月20美元，根据不同的服务和根据信息提供的服务。一旦到了其中一项服务收费，可以为发送电子讯息，一般只有几美分的费用。在大多数地方的本地电话将您连接到系统。
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TalktoMe
Cantherumorbetrue?CanthepeoplewhoruntheplacewhereIworkreallybe
consideringlimitingtheuseofelectronicmail?Or,cantheyactuallybethinkingofputtingastoptoit?Ifso,Iamwillingtobethefirstonetostopusinge-mail.
AmIwrong,orise-mailanoverratedphenomenon?Theclaimsaboutsending
correspondencefromcomputertocomputerareimpressive.Youwouldthinkthate-mail—whichisseldomusedforconveyinganideamorecomplexthan"Let'shavelunch"—isthegreatestthingsinceGutenberginventedtheprintingpress.That'sJohannGutenberg,bytheway.Notguten@mainz.com.
Imagineforamomentthatitwase-mailandnotthetelephonethatwasinventedin
1876.Nowimaginethatitwasthetelephoneandnote-mailthatwasdevelopedacenturylater.Wouldn'tweallbethrowingawayourkey-boardswhilepraisingthephoneasthehotnewcommunicationsmediumofthemoment?Nomoretyping,boss!Wecanactuallyheareachother!
Butno.Manyofusareexcitedtoletourfingersdothetalking.Thefoolishnessofthis
ismostevidentinofficeswhereprivatee-mailsystemsallowpeoplewhositafewmetersfromoneanothertocommunicateviacomputer.Whichtheygladlydo.(OrintheofficewhereIwork,"Messageme."Whateverhappenedto"Talktome"?
Peoplewhoarecrazyaboute-mail—andthereisnoshortageofthem—lovetosaythat
itisconvenient.Theypointoutthattherecipientdoesn'tevenhavetobeatthereceivingend,thatthemessagecansimplybeleftforhimorher.Well,Ileavehandwrittennotesformywifeonthekitchentableallthetime,andnobodyseemstothinkit'sacommunicationsrevolution.E-mailfansalsoliketopointoutthattheirfavoritemediumisfast-fast-fast.Butsincewhenistypingfasterthanspeaking?Onlywhenyoucantypefasterthan200orsowordsperminute,that'swhen.
OK!Let'sadmitthate-mailisusefulifyouwanttodropalineto,say,342peopleat
onetime.Andlet'sadmitthatit'sarelativelycheapwayforsomeoneinBostontoleaveamessageforsomeoneinKanchipuram,India,assumingthatbothpartiespossesscomputers,modems,andarefamiliarwiththeInternet.Buttakingatripthroughcyberspacetocommunicatewithsomeoneatthenextdesk,downthehall,oreveninabranchoffice?Please,don'tyouthinkit'sabittoomuch?
Youdon'thavetousee-mailforlongtorealizeitsdownside.Iteliminatesface-to-face
conversationandeverythingthatgoeswithit.Gonearetoneofvoice,andpersonalcharacteristics.Goneareaudioandvisualcluestopersonality.Goneisanysenseofself,replacedbytextthatlooksthesamenomatterwhoistypingattheotherend.
Ofcourse,noneofthissignalstheendofcivilizationasweknowit.Afewe-mail
messagesadayseemsprettyharmless.Theproblemcomeswhenthesemessagesisolatethepeopleattheirdesks,discouragingthemfromlookingoneanotherintheeye.Whenwearecutofffromco-workers,oursenseofcommunityandcommonpurposegraduallydisappears.
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IntheplacewhereIwork,wenolongerchatorgossipverymuch.Themessagesthat
wesendaresolifelessthatcomputerfanshaveinventedabunchofsymbolstoconveyfeelings.Meanwhile,peoplearewonderingwhyspiritsarelow.Whatthisofficeneeds—whatthiscountryneeds—ismorewatercoolers.Andfewerkeystrokes.
Sadly,itiscustomaryformanyjournaliststhesedaystopublishtheire-mailaddresses
attheendoftheirstoriesorcolumns.Thissupposedlymakesthemmore"easytoreach".Whatitreallydoes,ofcourse,ismakethemreachabletotherelativelysmallnumberofpeoplewhoowncomputersandmodemscomparedtofolkswhoowntelephones.Soplease,don'ttrymeatcobb@nws.globe.com.I'llbeat929-2961instead.

可谣言是真的吗？谁运行，市民可以在工作的地方，我真的会考虑限制使用电子邮件？或者，他们其实是可以想制止它？如果是的话，我愿意成为第一个停止使用电子邮件。我错了，或者是E-mail中的高估现象呢？有关发送信件从电脑到电脑的索赔是令人印象深刻。你会认为，电子邮件，这是很少输送1比过去更复杂的想法：“咱们吃午饭”，就是最大的事情，因为古腾堡发明印刷术。这是约翰古腾堡，顺便说一句。。
一会儿，这是想象一下电子邮件，而不是那是在1876年发明电话。现在想象，这是电话而不是电子邮件，是开发一个世纪以后。我们都不会被扔掉我们的主要板，同时赞扬了作为热介质的时刻新的通讯电话吗？没有更多的打字，老板！事实上，我们可以听到对方！但是，没有。我们许多人都激动，让我们的手指来说话。这个是最明显的办公室设在那里的私人电子邮件系统允许愚蠢的人谁坐在彼此几米通过计算机进行通信。他们乐意做的事。（或在办公室，我的工作，“消息我。”）什么经历过“与我交谈”？
人谁是疯狂的有关电子邮件和他们有没有短缺，爱说这是方便。他们指出，收件人甚至没有将在接收端，该消息可以简单地为他或她的左手。嗯，我离开了我的妻子在厨房的手写笔记表中的所有时间，似乎没有人认为这是一个通信的革命。电子邮件的球迷也想指出，他们最喜欢的媒介是快速快速快。但是从什么时候打字速度比说话？只有当你可以输入速度超过每分钟200字左右，这是什么时候。
行！让我们承认，电子邮件是有用的，如果你想删除一个到行，也就是说，342人在同一时间。而让我们承认它是一个人在波士顿相对廉价的方式离开在甘吉布勒姆，印度有人留言，假设双方都拥有电脑，调制解调器，并与互联网熟悉。但同时通过网络空间成为一个沟通之旅在下次桌子有人在大厅楼下，甚至在一个分支办公室？拜托，你不觉得这是一个有点太多了？
您不必使用电子邮件来实现其长期下跌的一面。它消除了面对面的交谈，一切随它去。一去不复返的语音语调和个人特点。一去不复返视听，以人格的线索。去任何自我意识，有文字，看上去相同的，无论是谁在另一端打字取代。
当然，这标志着文明的终结，因为我们都不知道。一些电子邮件，每天似乎是相当无害。问题是当这些信息孤立在办公桌的人，劝阻的眼睛看着它们彼此。当我们切断同事过，我们的社会和共同目标感逐渐消失。在我工作的地方，我们不再聊天或八卦非常。我们的邮件发送是如此死气沉沉的电脑风扇发明了一堆符号传达感情。与此同时，人们想知道为什么精神，是低的。这个办公室的需求是什么，这个国家需要的是更多的水冷却器。少按键。
可悲的是，按照习惯，许多记者这些天来在其出版的故事或列结束他们的电子邮件地址。这大概使他们更“容易达到”。什么是真的，当然是让他们到达的人谁拥有电脑和调制解调器人数相对较少相比，人们谁拥有电话。所以，。我将在929-2961代替。
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Unit5
AYoung,BlindExpertonComputers
Sometimes,somethingthatisconsideredtobenegativeturnsouttobeanassetonthe
job.Thoughheisonly18yearsoldandblind,SuleymanGokyigitisamongthetopcomputertechniciansandprogrammersatInteliDataTechnologiesCorp.,alargesoftwarecompanywithseveralofficesacrosstheUnitedStates.
"AfterourcompanycombinedwithanotheronelastOctober,twodifferentcomputer
networksweredrivinguscrazy,"recallsDouglasBraun,anInteliDatavicepresident."Wecouldn'tevensende-mailtoeachother."Inthreeweeks,Mr.Gokyigit,aUniversityofToledosophomorewhoworkspart-timeatInteliData'sofficeinthecity,createdthesoftwareneededtocombinethetwonetworks."Noneofthecompany's350otheremployeescouldhavedonethejobinthreemonths,"saysMr.Braun."Suleymancanliterally'see'intotheheartofthecomputer."
Mr.Gokyigit'sgift,asMr.Brauncallsit,isanunusualabilitytoformanideaofthe
insideofamachine."ThecomputerpermitsmetoreachoutintotheworldanddoalmostanythingIwanttodo,"saysMr.Gokyigit,whoisacomputerscienceengineeringmajorwithstraightAs.
Likemostblindpeoplewhoworkwithcomputers,Mr.Gokyigitusesa
voice-synthesizerwhichisanelectronicdevicethatcanreadoutloudthevideodisplayonhismonitorinamechanicalvoice.Hedependsentirelyonmemory.Turningthesynthesizertotopspeed,heremembersalmosteverythinghehears,atleastuntilaprojectiscompleted.Whilethesynthesizertalks,Mr.Gokyigitmentally"maps"thecomputerscreenwithnumberedcoordinates(suchasthreeacross,twodownandmemorizesthelocationofeachicononthegridsohecancallupfileswithhismouse.
Theyoungprogrammerisalsoathomewithhardware,thankspartlytoahighly
developedsenseoftouch.MitziNowakowski,anofficemanageratInteliData,remembershowheeasilydisconnectedandreconnectedtheircomputersystemsduringamovelastyear."Throughfeel,Suleymancanfindthepositionofconnectors,pinsandwiresmuchfasterthanmostotherpeoplewithsight,"shesays.
Severalmonthsago,onatriptoSanFrancisco,Mr.Braunhaddifficultyconnectingto
thecompany'smainframecomputerusinghislaptop.HeneededspecificnumberstogetintofourInteliDatafiles.Insteadofaskingsomeonetomanuallysearchathickbookofcomputeraddresses,hecalledMr.Gokyigit,whohadcommittedtheaddressbooktomemoryandproducedthepropernumbers"intenseconds",Mr.Braunsays.
Muchofthestudentprogrammer'sspeedcomesfromhisabilitytoignoreinterruptions
whileatthecomputer.Whentyping,helistenscarefullytothesynthesizer.Hislong,thinfingersflyoverthekeyboard."Nothingseemstoshakehisconcentration,"saysMrs.Nowakowski,hisboss.
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Mr.Gokyigitistheonlycompanyemployeewhoisavailable24hoursaday."We
considerhimourtopproblemsolver,"saysMr.Braun.
AsDreamComesTrue
Weallhavedreams.Yetsofewofusfulfillthem.Often,adreamdiesasquicklyasitis
bornbecausewelacktheconfidencetokeepit.WhenIwasoldenoughtounderstandtherealitiesoflife,Irealizedthatsocietyputsahighvalueonyouth,beautyandintellectualachievement.Thisdiscoverygavemesomeideatodevelopmydream.
IknowbeautyissomethingIwillneverhave.SoIdidn'tdreamofbecomingbeautiful.
ButIdidn'tseeitassomethingbadbecauseitforcedmetoconcentratemyenergytodevelopmyotherqualities.Whatpeopleseeinthehandicappedisonlytheirappearanceofbeinghandicapped.Peoplearenotimpressedwiththeabilitythatliesinsideeveryhandicappedperson.
Mydreamwassimple.IdreamedofbecomingatypistwhenIwasinsecondaryschool.
Ialwayshopedtobeabletomasterthetypewriter.Thismagicmachinewouldbemypassporttogettingajob.Icomefromapoorfamilyoffivechildrenandthebestthatmyparentscouldgiveuswasagoodschooleducation.But,ofcourse,thisachievementprovedtobenosureguaranteeofgettingajobinanoffice.Theemploymentfieldwasahighlycompetitiveplace.Itgavenotonlykeencompetitiontoahandicappedjob-seekerbutalsotheunfriendlytreatmentfromthephysicallystrongandhealthy.Theyseethehandicappedasthebackrowofsociety.
However,Irefusedtositinthebackrow.Itookabravesteptobreakthroughthewall
thatisolatesthehandicapped.Idecidedtotakeacourseintypingrunbythegovernment.Ifilledinthedetailedinformationintheapplicationformandwrotedowntypingasmytrainingcourse.WhenIhandedovertheformtotheinterviewer,shelookedatmethenmovedhereyestomybody.Sheleftanddiscussedwithanothermemberofthestaffatthecenter.Ihaddecidedthatitmustbetyping,ornothing.Whentheinterviewerreturned,sheadvisedmetochangemychoicefromtyping."Whydon'tyoutakeupdressmakingsoyoucanearnwhileathome?Youcannothopetocompetewithcollegegraduates,"shesaid."Officesprefertohiresmartlydressed,prettygirlswithbeautifulhands,"sheadded.
IknewIdidn'thavethosequalifications.ButIwasdeterminedtostaywithmychoice
oftyping,"Iwillbeareallygoodtypist,"Itoldher.Sheacceptedme.ThetypinginstructoradmittedmeintohisclasstogivemeonemonthasatrialperiodtofindoutwhetherIcouldreallyhandlethecoursewell.Ihadtriedmyverybesttomasterthemachine.Iwasallowedtocontinuewiththecourseafterthetrialperiod.
Onthefifthmonthofthesix-monthcourse,Iwascalledtotheofficeofthechief
instructor.Iwasoneoffivestudentsinourclasswhowaschosentodosomecopytypingfromthefilesofthedepartment.IknewIwouldbeveryefficient.WhileIwasworkinghardonthetypewriter,takingeverycaretobeneatandfast,myothercompanionsspenttheirtimetalkingandreading.Ifinishedhalfoftheworkgiventoallofus.
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Moreworkcametomeafterthistest.Icouldseequiteclearlythewaytoachievingmy
dream.Iwastakenonasoneofthetypistsinoneoftheofficesimmediatelyaftermygraduation.Ididnotmindstartingatthebottomoftheladder.Beingatypistwasjustthebeginningoftheclimb.Havingachievedonedream,Isetouttoachieveothers.Iworkedandstudiedatthesametime,whichwasnoeasytask.Butthesacrificeprovedrewarding.
Overcomingonechallengeafteranothergivesmeself-confidence.Thechallengeshelp
strengthenmycourageandbuildupmypositiveattitudetowardlife.Alltheseelementsarenecessaryforthedream-come-trueformula.Dreamersshouldkeepreachingoutfortheirdreams,nomatterwhatthepain,untiltheygetwhattheywantinlife.Whentheyaresettledcomfortably,theycansitbackandtelltheworld.Ididitalone.
GofortheGold
DianaGoldenwas12yearsoldwhenshefoundoutshehadcancer.Shewaswalking
homeonedayafterplayinginthesnowwhenherrightlegsimplygaveout.Doctorsdiagnosedtheproblemasbonecancer.Theyrecommendedremovingherlegabovetheknee.
WhenDianaheardthenews,sheaskedthefirstquestionthatcameintohermind:"Will
Istillbeabletoski?"
"Whenthedoctorssaidyes,"shelaterrecalled,"Ifigureditwouldn'tbetoobad."
ThatattitudewascharacteristicofDiana'soutlookonlife.Losingalegwouldcause
mostchildrentoloseconfidenceandhope,butDianarefusedtodwellonthenegative."Losingaleg?"she'dsay."It'snothing.Abodypart."
Mostofall,Dianadidn'twanttoletcancerstopherfromdoingwhatsheloved.And
whatshelovedwasskiing.Dianahadbeenonskissincetheageoffive.HerhomeinLincoln,Massachusetts,wasjustacoupleofhoursfromNewHampshire'sCannonMountain.Aftertheoperation,Dianaworkedhardtogetbacktothemountain."Ialwaysskied,andIintendedtokeeponskiing.Therewasneveranyquestioninmymindaboutthat,"shedeclared.Sevenmonthsafterlosingherleg,Dianamethergoal.Shewasbackoutontheslopes.
Skiingwasn'tquitethesamewithjustoneleg,butDianamadethebestofit.She
learnedtogofasterononelegthanmostpeoplecouldgoontwo.Inhighschool,Dianabecameamemberofherschool'sskiracingteam.Andin1979,whenshewasjust17,shebecameamemberoftheU.S.DisabledSkiTeam.
Afterhighschool,DianaGoldenwentontoDartmouthCollege.Thereshesawhowtop
two-leggedskierstrained.Determinednottobeleftbehind,DianabegantrainingwiththeDartmouthteam.Whentheyranaroundthetrack,shefollowedthemoncrutches.Whentheyranupanddownthestepsofthefootballstadium,shewentupanddownthestepstoo—byhopping."Ihadtoadapt,"shelaterexplained."Iwasanathlete.Ihadoneleg,whichmeantIhadtodoitdifferently."
In1982,Dianaenteredherfirstinternationalskirace.ShewenttotheWorld
HandicappedChampionshipsinNorway,whereshewonthedownhillcompetition.In1986,
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DianawontheBeckAward,whichisgiventothebestAmericanracerininternationalskiing.Thenextyear,sheplaced10thinaraceagainstsomeofthebestnondisabledskiersinthecountry.Andin1988,shewasnamedSkiRacingmagazine'sU.S.FemaleSkieroftheYear.Asaresultofhercourageanddetermination,Dianahaschangedthewaytheworld
looksatdisabledathletes.Peoplehavebeguntoseethemasstrongandcompetent."Everyonehassomekindof'disability',"Dianasays."It'swhatwedowithourabilitiesthatmatters."
In1990,Dianaretiredfromracingforgood.

AcrosstheFrozenSea
OnJuly6,1908,docksidecrowdscheeredandtugboatwhistlesblewasastrongly-built
steamshipsailedoutofNewYorkharbor.ShewasnamedtheRooseveltforPresidentTheodoreRoosevelt,andthepresidenthimselfsawheroff.AboardwereCommanderRobertE.Pearyandahand-pickedcrewtoaccompanyhimonhislatestattempttoreachtheNorthPole.
TheRoosevelthadbeenbuiltin1905accordingtoPeary'sownspecificationsatacost
ofonehundredthousanddollarsandwastheoneofthefirstmodelsofthemodernicebreaker.NorthwardalongtheshoreofGreenland,stopsweremadeatseveralEskimovillagesto
takeonboardforty-nineEskimos—twenty-twomentohandlethesledges,seventeenwomentosewwintergarmentsfortheparty,andtenchildren.
"Nowbegan21daysofthehardestkindofworkimaginableforaship,actuallyfighting
foreveryfootofthewayagainsttheunyieldingice,"wroteMatthewHenson."Theconstantbumpingoftheshipagainsttheicemadeworkandcomfortallbutimpossible."Theshipsmasheditswaythroughtheice,itsfrontrisingupontheiceandthencrashingthroughittoopentheway.
OnSeptember5,1908,theRooseveltreachedCapeSheridanonEllesmereIsland,
wherethecrewwouldpassthewinter.Fromthere,oncethedarkwinterended,PearywouldsetoutforthePole.
Preparation,timing,andspeedallwereimportant.Theycouldnotbeginthejourney
untilsunlightreturnedtotheArcticbuthadtofinishbeforegreatsectionsofthepolaricemeltedintheArcticsummer.Peary'sexpeditionconsistedoffiveadvancesledgeteams,besideshisown,whichwouldtaketurnsgoingaheadtoopenthewayandestablishsupplycamps.Astheyfinishedtheirmarches,eachteamwouldreturntothesupplyship.OnlyoneoftheteamleaderswouldaccompanyPearyallthewaytothePole.
ThejourneybeganinFebruary1909:
FEBRUARY18—Thelastoftheadvanceparties,underHenson,lefttheshipforCape
Columbia,thelastpointoflandbeforethefloatingiceoftheArcticOcean.Hensonwrote,"TheArcticnightstillholdssway."
FEBRUARY28—Pearycalledtheexpeditionteamstohistentforafinalbriefing.He
definedtheproblemsandexplainedwhatmeasurestheteamscouldtaketomeetthem.He
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expressedconfidenceintheventurebutsaid,"Fromnowonwemustbepreparedtoundergohardships.Wemustalwaysbemovingon."
MARCH1—Hensonwrote,"By6A.M.wewereready,standingbesideoursledges
awaitingthecommand,'Forward!March!'"Withacrackofthewhipanda"Huk!Huk!"tothedogs,theywereoff—23men,19sledges,and133barkingdogs—acrosstheArcticOcean.Aneasystartsoonturnedrough,andthemenusedaxestoclearapaththroughwallsof
ice.Sledgesbrokeandhadtoberepaired.Deadtired,theymadeonlytwelvemiles.
MARCH5—"Firstviewofthesuntoday.Madeusallcheerful."
Cheersoonturnedtoworry,asprogresswashaltedbythe"Big-Lead"—anopenstretch
ofwateraquartermilewide.Insteadofmakingthetwentytotwenty-fivemilestheyhadhoped,theywaitedfordaysfortheleadtofreezeover."Weeat,sleep,andwatchthislead,"Hensonwrote."Arewetobedrivenbackagain?"
TheEskimoscomplainedandwantedtoreturn.Someweresentback,andathletic
contestswereorganizedtokeeptheothersbusy.CommanderPearywalkedbackandforthindissatisfaction.
MARCH11—"Theleadisshut,butCommanderPearywouldnotletustakechances,
untilhewassurehecouldkeepallthepartytogether.Offwego.Nohalt.Theicecouldopenatanymomenttoletussinkinthecold,blackwater."
MARCH22—"Daylightforfull24hours.Marchedfrom6A.M.to9P.M.—afull15
hours."
Ontheywent.Temperaturesaslowasfortydegreesbelowzerofrozetheirhoodsto
theirbeards.
APRIL1—Theywerenowat88degreesnorthlatitude.Fourteamshadbeensentback
totheship.
"Nowwewere6—Peary,4Eskimosandmyself,"Hensonwrote."PearyandIlookedat
eachother.WeknewwithoutspeakingthatthetimehadcometodemonstratethatwewerethemenwhoshouldunlockthedoorwhichheldthemysteryoftheArctic."APRIL6—"Thememoryofthelast5marchesisamemoryoftoil,fatigueandexhaustion.UrgedonbyourCommanderwemarcheduntilitwasimpossibletogoon.WewereforcedtocampinspiteoftheimpatienceoftheCommander,whofoundhimselfunabletorest."
Finally,havingreachedapointthathebelievedshouldbeclosetohisgoal,Peary
orderedthementostopandmakecamp.Eyesredandburning,hetooksightingsofthesunandcalculatedthattheywereaboutthreemilesfromthePole.Tootiredtodoanythingmorethaneat,hecrawledintoatenttosleep.Hegaveorderstohiscrewnottolethimsleepmorethanfourhours.
Whenheawoke,Pearysetoutwithasledgeandhisinstrumentstofind,ascloselyas
possible,90degreesnorth.Ashecrossedandrecrossedanareaofseveralsquaremiles,heknewthathemusthavepasseddirectly"overorverynearthepointwherenorthandsouthandeastandwestblendintoone."
APRIL7—"WhenPearyreturned,herousedusall,"Hensonwrote,"andgavetheword,
WewillplanttheStarsandStripesattheNorthpole."
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Thesightmeantdifferentthingstothosepresent.Otah,speakingfortheEskimos,said,
"Thereisnothinghere.Justice."HensonfelthonoredtobethefirstmanofhisracetoreachtheNorthPole.AndPearywrote,"ThePoleatlast!Theprizeof3centuries,mydreamandgoalof23years.Mineatlast!Icannotbringmyselftorealizeit.Itallseemssosimpleandcommonplace."
ThepartyspentonlythirtyhoursatthePole.Pearyleftastripofflaginaglassjarand
at4P.M.gavetheordertodepart,saying,"Fromnowonitisacaseofbigtravel,littlesleep,andactioneveryminute."TheymadeitbacktotheRooseveltinseventeendays.
Unit6
FeminineForce
ThemereideaofbecomingasuccessfulcareerwomanwasonceunheardofinAsia.
Parentsmadegreatefforttosendtheirsonstouniversity,butconsideredthethoughtofeducatingtheirdaughtersextremelyfoolishandawasteoftimeandmoney.Liketheirmothers,girlsweretaughttocookandkeephouse.
Timeschange.Thissituationhasgonethewayofboundfeet,childbridesandarranged
marriages.
RisinglevelsofeducationhavegivenrisetoanewbreedofAsianworking
women—confident,competentandcompetitiveexecutives.Regionalstatisticsshowthatwomennowcontributesignificantlytotheworkforceand,whilemenstillhavemostofthetopjobs,manywomensitinsuchpositionsaspresidentsormanagingdirectors.
Attitudestowardswomenhavechangedaswell.GoneisthefixedimageoftheAsian
womanasquiet,obedientandwillingtodohouseholdtasks.Atwork,shecanholdherowninthecorporateratrace.Athome,shenolongertakesabackseatindecision-making.
Advertisingagenciesandmarketersrealizethisandaimcommercialsaboutfast-moving
consumerproductsattheinfluentialfemininepurchaser.
Thesocialstatusofwomennotonlyreflectstheiradvancementanddevelopment,but
alsoshowsthelevelofsocialdevelopmentofacountry,andtheprogressachievedinhumanrights.
Ifthesocialstatusofwomen,whomakeupnearlyhalfofChina's1.1billionpeople,is
advanced,theremustalsobeaparallelimprovementinhumanrights.
UntiltheestablishmentofthenewChinafiftyyearsago,humanrightsaswellasthe
socialrightsofmostwomeninChinahadbeenoppressedinpoliticalandsocialarenas,andathomebytheirhusbands.TheestablishmentofthenewChinaremovedtherootsoftheoppressionofwomenandputanendtoinequalitybetweenmenandwomen.Thewaywaspavedfortheliberalizationofwomen.
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Today,inmostChinesecities,theemploymentrateofwomenisveryhigh—onlyafew
percentlessthantheemploymentrateofmen.
WomeninChinaarespeciallyprotectedandinsuredattheirworkplaces,minimizing
theirworkingdifficulties.
TheeconomicindependenceofwomeninChinahashelpedtheirpoliticaladvancement
andinvolvementinsocialactivities.
Mostofthewomenwishtogainthesamequalifications,trainingandachievementsas
men.Manywomenhaveconfirmedtheirimportancebycontributingtotheircountries'politicalandeconomicdevelopment.
ThefundamentalhistoricalchangesinthesocialstatusofwomeninChinahavenot
onlyimprovedhumanrightsworldwide,buthavealsoencouragedwomenofalllessdevelopedcountriestoworkhardtoachievetheirrightsandbenefits.Women
BeforeJackTanandMaryYuanfinallydecidedtogetmarried,theyhadalong
discussionabouthowmarriagemightaffecttheirfuturecareers."Wehadalwaysbelievedintheequalityofsexes,"Jackexplainedwithaglanceathiswife."Wecouldn'tseeanyimportantreasonwhyeitherofusshouldgiveupapromisingcareer."Mrs.Tannoddedinagreementasherhusbandcontinued,"Weassumedthattherewouldbeproblemsifbothhusbandandwifehadfull-timejobsbutwethoughtthatwewouldbeabletosolvethem."
"Atthetimeofourmarriage,"Marysaid,"Iwasaresearchanalystforafinancial
servicescompany.MyjobwastoresearchcompaniesinAsia,sothisinvolvedalotoftravelling.Jackwasanassistantprofessoratalocaluniversity,specializinginmicrobiology.Hisworkinvolvedtripsoverseastoattendconferencesandmeetcolleaguesworkinginthesamefield.Sometimeswedidn'tmeetforaweekormore.Lifewastoughatfirst."
Thatwaseightyearsago.JackandMaryhavekepttotheirbeliefinequality.Jackis
nowaprofessorwithagrowinginternationalreputation.MaryhasmovedonandisnowthechiefexecutiveofficerinabigfirmwithbranchesthroughoutSoutheastAsia.Hersharpeyeand(soshesaysfemaleinsighthavehelpedhercompanytospotnewmarketsandmakesomehighlyprofitablesalesinthem.
Onthehomefront,theyoungcouplehavemetmostoftheproblemstheyexpectedto
comeup,andhavebeenquitesuccessfulindealingwiththem.Muchoftheirsuccessispersonaltothem:theirjointincomemakesitpossibleforthemtoemploytwomaids.Onemaiddoublesasacook.Theothertakestheirtwochildrentoschool,bringsthemhomeandhelpstobringthemupwithbothdisciplineandrealaffection.
JackandMaryareintelligentorlucky—orboth.Theyhaveshownthatitispossiblefor
husbandandwifetofollowacareerwhileraisingafamilyatthesametime.Somecouplesarenotsofortunate,andthequestionoftheroleofwomeninthecommunityisstillbeinghotlydiscussed.
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Intheearlypartofthe20thcentury,womenwerenotallowedtovoteinmostAsian
andWesterncountries.Theywereviewedlargelyaspossessionsoftheirhusbandorfamily.Thatattitudehasalmostdisappearedbutthechangehascreatedanumberofproblems,notallofwhichhavebeenfullyrecognizedorproperlysolved.
Therearesomejobsforwhichwomenaremoresuitablethanmen.Womentendtobe
moresympatheticandlessaggressivethanmen.Theyaremoreaffectionateandpatientwithchildren.Thuswomenareinthemajorityinsuchfieldsasnursingandteaching.Theyaremorehonestthanmeninjobswhichinvolvehandlingmoney.Thustheyarepreferredtomeninpostssuchasthoseofcashier,banktellerandcheck-outstaffatsupermarkets.Inmostotherfields(includingthepoliceandfireservicewomenaregraduallyprovingthattheycandoatleastasgoodajobasaman.
Buthasequalitybroughtsomeunexpectedproblemswithit—problemswhichaffectthe
communityandthewomenthemselves?Thenumberofsingle-parentfamilieshasrisengreatly.InNorthAmericaandEurope,asmanyasathirdofallbabiesareborntounmarriedwomen.Themotherthenhastheextremelydifficultjobofearningalivingwhilerunningahomeandlookingafterherchildrenbyherself.
Whileequalityofthesexeshasbeenbeneficialtowomeninmanyways—particularly
inthejobmarket—ithasbroughtsomeunpleasantresults.Apartfromtheincreaseinone-parentfamilies(inwhichthewomanistheonewhosuffers,ithasalsoledmanymentoabandonthenormallypolitetreatmentofwomen.Atonetime,menwouldgiveuptheirseattoawomanonacrowdedbusbutthatpolitenesshasallbutdisappeared."Ifwomenareequal,"atypicalmaleargues,"letthemstandlikewedo."
Theconceptofgenuineequalityofsexesisacomparativelynewone—andonewhich
hasnotyetbeenfullyacceptedinmanypartsoftheworld.IntheU.S.A.,UKandseveralothercountries,sexism(orunfairtreatmentofeithersexisnotallowedbylawbutstilloccursinvariousunnoticedways.Inmanylargebusinesses,fewerwomenarepromotedtoseniorpositions.Iftheyarepromoted,theirsalarymaybelessthanthatofamandoingthesamejob.Whileitcannotbedeniedthatthecauseofequalityofsexeshascomealongwayina
comparativelyshortperiodoftime,thevictoryisnotyetcomplete.
WomenintheWorkforce
Throughouttheworld,innationsrichandpoor,moreandmorewomenaretakingup
workoutsidethehome.InthedevelopednationsofEuropeandNorthAmerica,thepercentageofwomenthatmakeupthetotalworkforcehasmorethandoubledoverthepastfourdecades.ThistrendtowardsmoreandmorewomenjoiningtheworkforceisseenclearlyintherecentexperienceofBritain,wherewomennowmakeupalmosthalfthecountry'sworkforce.AccordingtoarecentreportfromtheBritishresearchservice,JobsResearchUK,therearetworeasonsforthegreatriseamongwomenenteringtheworkforceinBritainoverthepastdecade:Thefirst,andmajor,reasonforthisisthatunemploymentrosemorequicklyamongmenduring
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thelasttimetheeconomywasatalow;thesecondreasonisthatthenumberofwomenworkinginservicejobshasincreasedgreatly.
AccordingtoIncomesDataServices(IDS,Britainappearstobefastapproachinga
pointwhentherewillbeasmanywomenemployeesasmen,althoughhalfthewomenareinpart-timeemployment.TheIDSpredictedthatinthecomingmonthsjoblossesweremorelikelytocontinuetoaffectmorefull-timemaleworkersthanthemostlyfemalepart-timeworkers."Ifthesetrendscontinue,theneconomicrecoveryislikelytoquickenthemovetoward
amuchlargerpart-timefemaleworkforce,employedchieflyintheservicesector,"thereportsaid.
ThesetrendsarenotlimitedtotheUKalone.ThroughoutEuropeandNorthAmerica,
andincreasinglyeveninJapan,thepercentageoffemaleworkersintheworkforceissteadilyincreasing,whilethepercentageofmaleworkerscontinuestofall.Becausethejobstakenupbywomenarechieflyservicesectorjobsandbecausemanyarepart-timepositions,theresultsofthistrendareclear.Familyincomeswillstayfrozenandevenfallthroughoutmostofthedevelopedworld.Ashigh-payingmanufacturingjobsbecomemoredifficulttofindandwithcompaniesmovingproductiontocheapermarketsindevelopingnationsinAsia,LatinAmericaandAfrica,unemploymentamongmenindevelopednationswillrisefurther,inmanycountriestotenpercentormore.HowthesechangesintheworkforceofBritainandotherdevelopednationsaffectnationalpolicies,socialdevelopmentandfamilyrelationsareimportantquestionsthatresearcherswillbeseekingtoansweroverthecomingdecade.
PocketyWomenUnite?
Pocketsarewhatwomenneedmoreof.Thewomen'smovementinthepastdecadehas
madegiantstridesinachievinggreatersocialjusticeforfemales,butthere'sagreatdealofworkyettobedone.Anditcan'tbedonewithoutpockets.
Ithasbeencommonlythoughtthatmengetthebestjobsandmakethemostmoneyand
don'thavetowashthedinnerdishessimplybecausethey'remen,thatculturaltraditionsandsocialconditioninghaveworkedtogethertogivethemaspecialplaceintheworldorder.Whilethereisundoubtedlysometruthtothis,thefactremainsthatnoonehas
investigatedtherolethatpocketshaveplayedinpreventingwomenfromattainingthesocialstatusandrightsthatcouldandshouldbetheirs.
Consideryouraveragesuccessfulexecutive.Howmanypocketsdoesheweartowork?
Twointhesidesofhistrousers,twointheback,oneonthefrontofhisshirt,threeonhissuitcoat,andoneontheinsideofthesuitcoat.Total:nine.
Consideryouraveragewomandressedforofficework.Ifsheiswearingadressorskirt
andblouse,sheisprobablywearingzeropockets,oroneortwoatthemost.Thepantsuit,thatsupposedlyliberatingoutfit,isusuallyequallypocketless.
Now,whileitisalwaysdangeroustotalkingeneralterms,itseemsquitesafetosay
that,onthewhole,themenoftheworld,atanygiventime,arecarryingaboutamuchgreater
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numberofpocketsthanarethewomenoftheworld.Anditisalsoquiteclearthat,onthewhole,themenenjoymorepower,respect,andwealththanwomendo.
Everythingseemstopointtoapositiveconnectionbetweenpockets,power,respect,
andwealth.Canthisbe?
Anexaminationofthefunctionofthepocketseemsnecessary.Pocketsareforcarrying
money,creditcards,identification(includingentrytothoseexpensiveclubswherepeoplesitaroundscaringpowerfulsecretsabouthowtoruntheworld,importantmessages,pens,keys,combs,andimpressive-lookinghandkerchiefs.
Alltheequipmentessentialtorunningtheworld.Andheldclosetothebody.Easily
available.Neatlyclassified.Penintheinsidecoatpocket.Keysinthebacklefttrouserpocket.Efficiency.Order.Confidence.
Whatdoesawomanhavetomatchthisorganization?Apurse.
Themosthurriedexaminationwillshowthatapurse,howeverlargeor
important-looking,isnomatchforasuitfulofpockets.Ifthewomancarryingapurseissoluckyastogetanimportantphonenumberormarkettipfromtheexecutivewithwhomsheislunching,canshewriteitdown?Canshefindherpen?Perhapsshecan,butitwillprobablybeburiedunderthreeoldgrocerylists,twocombs,acheckbook,andahandkerchief,allofwhichshewillhavetopileontopofthelunchtablebeforeshecanfindthepen.
Willsheevergetanothertipfromthispersonofpower?Notlikely.Nowshehaslost
anypsychologicaladvantageshemayhavehad.Hemayhavebeenimpressedwithherintelligentdiscussionofthecurrenteconomicscenebeforesheopenedherhandbag,butfourminuteslater,whensheisstilldigging,likeabusylittlesquirrel,forthatpen,heisnolongerimpressed.
Heknowshecouldhavetakenhispeninandoutofhispocketandwrittenfourteen
importantmessagesonthetablenapkininthetimesheisstillsearching.
Whatcanapocketlesswomando?
Twosolutionsseemapparent.Thewomencanformapoliticalgroupforpockets
(PocketPower?andmarchontheNewYorkfashioncenter.
Or,incasethateffortfails(andwellitmight,sinceitwould,bynecessity,havetobe
runbyabunchofpocketlesswomenanotherapproachremains.
Everymaninthecountryforhisnextbirthdayfindshimselftheluckyrecipientofone
ofthoseveryfashionablemen'shandbags,andtogowithit,oneofthoseno-pocketbodyshirts.
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Unit7
PocketyWomenUnite?
Pocketsarewhatwomenneedmoreof.Thewomen'smovementinthepastdecadehas
madegiantstridesinachievinggreatersocialjusticeforfemales,butthere'sagreatdealofworkyettobedone.Anditcan'tbedonewithoutpockets.
Ithasbeencommonlythoughtthatmengetthebestjobsandmakethemostmoneyand
don'thavetowashthedinnerdishessimplybecausethey'remen,thatculturaltraditionsandsocialconditioninghaveworkedtogethertogivethemaspecialplaceintheworldorder.Whilethereisundoubtedlysometruthtothis,thefactremainsthatnoonehas
investigatedtherolethatpocketshaveplayedinpreventingwomenfromattainingthesocialstatusandrightsthatcouldandshouldbetheirs.
Consideryouraveragesuccessfulexecutive.Howmanypocketsdoesheweartowork?
Twointhesidesofhistrousers,twointheback,oneonthefrontofhisshirt,threeonhissuitcoat,andoneontheinsideofthesuitcoat.Total:nine.
Consideryouraveragewomandressedforofficework.Ifsheiswearingadressorskirt
andblouse,sheisprobablywearingzeropockets,oroneortwoatthemost.Thepantsuit,thatsupposedlyliberatingoutfit,isusuallyequallypocketless.
Now,whileitisalwaysdangeroustotalkingeneralterms,itseemsquitesafetosay
that,onthewhole,themenoftheworld,atanygiventime,arecarryingaboutamuchgreaternumberofpocketsthanarethewomenoftheworld.Anditisalsoquiteclearthat,onthewhole,themenenjoymorepower,respect,andwealththanwomendo.
Everythingseemstopointtoapositiveconnectionbetweenpockets,power,respect,
andwealth.Canthisbe?
Anexaminationofthefunctionofthepocketseemsnecessary.Pocketsareforcarrying
money,creditcards,identification(includingentrytothoseexpensiveclubswherepeoplesitaroundscaringpowerfulsecretsabouthowtoruntheworld,importantmessages,pens,keys,combs,andimpressive-lookinghandkerchiefs.
Alltheequipmentessentialtorunningtheworld.Andheldclosetothebody.Easily
available.Neatlyclassified.Penintheinsidecoatpocket.Keysinthebacklefttrouserpocket.Efficiency.Order.Confidence.
Whatdoesawomanhavetomatchthisorganization?Apurse.
Themosthurriedexaminationwillshowthatapurse,howeverlargeor
important-looking,isnomatchforasuitfulofpockets.Ifthewomancarryingapurseissoluckyastogetanimportantphonenumberormarkettipfromtheexecutivewithwhomsheislunching,canshewriteitdown?Canshefindherpen?Perhapsshecan,butitwillprobablybeburiedunderthreeoldgrocerylists,twocombs,acheckbook,andahandkerchief,allofwhichshewillhavetopileontopofthelunchtablebeforeshecanfindthepen.
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Willsheevergetanothertipfromthispersonofpower?Notlikely.Nowshehaslost
anypsychologicaladvantageshemayhavehad.Hemayhavebeenimpressedwithherintelligentdiscussionofthecurrenteconomicscenebeforesheopenedherhandbag,butfourminuteslater,whensheisstilldigging,likeabusylittlesquirrel,forthatpen,heisnolongerimpressed.
Heknowshecouldhavetakenhispeninandoutofhispocketandwrittenfourteen
importantmessagesonthetablenapkininthetimesheisstillsearching.
Whatcanapocketlesswomando?
Twosolutionsseemapparent.Thewomencanformapoliticalgroupforpockets
(PocketPower?andmarchontheNewYorkfashioncenter.
Or,incasethateffortfails(andwellitmight,sinceitwould,bynecessity,havetobe
runbyabunchofpocketlesswomenanotherapproachremains.
Everymaninthecountryforhisnextbirthdayfindshimselftheluckyrecipientofone
ofthoseveryfashionablemen'shandbags,andtogowithit,oneofthoseno-pocketbodyshirts.
Reading—theMostImportantWaytoLearnEnglish
BeforeyoucanstartspeakingandwritinginEnglish,yourbrainmustgetenough
correctEnglishsentences.Youcan'tspeakEnglishifyouhaveneverseenanEnglishsentenceinyourlife.Thisisobvious.Andyoucan'tspeakEnglishwellifyouhavenotseenalargenumberofEnglishsentences.
TherearetwowaystogetcorrectEnglishsentences:listeningandreading.Bothare
good,butreadingisusuallymucheasierthanlistening.Withthehelpofagooddictionary,youwillbeabletounderstandEnglishtextsmuchmoreeasilythan,forexample,Englishtelevisionormovies.
IfyoureadjustonebookinEnglish,youwillseethatyourEnglishhasbecomemuch
better.Youwillstartusinglotsofnewvocabularyandgrammarinyourschoolcompositionsande-mailmessages.Youwillbesurprised,butEnglishphraseswilljustcometoyouwhenyouarewritingorspeaking!Thingslikethepastsimpletenseandhowtousetheword"since"willbecomepartofyou.Youwillusethemautomatically,withoutthinking.Correctphraseswilljustappearinyourhead.
ItwillbeeasytouseEnglish,becauseyourbrainwillonlyberepeatingthethingsthat
ithasseenmanytimes.ByreadingabookinEnglish,youhavegivenyourbrainthousandsofEnglishsentences.Theyarepartofyounow.Howcanyoumakeamistakeandsay"Ifeeledbad",ifyouhaveseenthecorrectphrase("Ifeltbad"250timesinthelastbookyou'veread?Yousimplycannotmakethatmistakeanymore.
Thisistrueforhundredsofwordsandgrammarstructures.IfyoureadinEnglish,you
canforgetaboutgrammarrules.Throwawayyourgrammarbook!Youdon'tneedtoknowtherulesforthepresentperfecttense.Youdon'tevenhavetoknowthename"presentperfect".Instead,readafewbooksinEnglish,andsoonyouwillfeelthat"IhaveseenPaulyesterday"is
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wrong,and"IsawPaulyesterday"iscorrect.How?Simple.Yourbrainhasseenthesecondkindofsentence192times,andthefirstkind0times.Thisiswhatwecallgrammarintuition.Thisishownativespeakersknowwhatiscorrect.It'snomagic.Youcandoit,too.TheonlydifferencebetweenyouandnativespeakersisthattheyhaveheardandreadmoreEnglishsentencesthanyouhave.ManylearnershaveimprovedtheirEnglishgrammarandvocabularyinanamazingwaybecauseofintensivereading.
HowtoRead
Thesegreatresultscomeespeciallyquicklyifyoudothreethingswhenreading.Payattentiontointerestingthings:newwords,phrases,andgrammarstructures.
Useyourdictionarytolearnabouttheseinterestingthings.Themoreyouuseyour
dictionary,thefasteryourprogress.Ifyoudon'tliketostopreading(tolookupawordinyourdictionary,youcanwritedownalltheinterestingsentences,oryoucanunderlinetheminthebookwithapencil.
Youcanlearnthewordsandgrammarinthesesentenceslater.
Addtheseinterestingthingstoamemoornotebook.Thiswillgiveyoueveryday
contactwithcorrectEnglishsentences.Withsuchamemo,youwillnotforgetusefulwordsandgrammar.Becauseofthis,youcanbuildyourknowledgeveryquickly.
WhattoRead
YoushouldalwaysreadEnglishtextswhichareatthe"rightlevel".Whatdoesitmean?
Thereshouldbesomewordsthatyoudon'tknow,becauseyouwanttolearnsomething.However,thereshouldn'tbetoomanydifficultwords,becauseyoudon'twanttouseyourdictionary10timesinonesentence.
HerearethekindsoftextsthatyoucanreadinEnglish:
Literature.Ifnormalbooksaretoodifficultforyou,werecommendgradedreaders.
Theseareusuallyfamousbooks,writteninsimplelanguage.Therearemanylevelsofdifficulty—from"easystarts"(whichuseonly200basicEnglishwordsto"advanced"(3000words.
Sciencebooks.Ifyouareinterestedinscience,youcangetgreatsciencebookswritten
inEnglish.TherearemanyfamousEnglish-speakingauthorsinmanysubjects,suchaspsychology,biology,physics,oreconomics.
Textbooks.Ifyou'restudyingatacollegeandyouusetextbookswrittenby
English-speakingauthors,youcangettheoriginalEnglishversions.Ifyouarelearninganewcomputerlanguage,youcanuseabookinEnglish.YouwilllearnyoursubjectandEnglishatthesametime.
TheWeb.OntheWorldWideWebyouarecompletelyfree.Youcanreadaboutevery
subjectintheworld—whateverinterestsyou.BecauseyouwilloftenspendmanyhourssurfingtheWeb,youcanalsolearnalotofEnglish.
Therearealsosomesmallthingstodo.Forexample,youcanstartusingEnglish
versionsofyourcomputeroperatingsystem,andotherapplications.Youcanalsofindpeoplewhowillwritee-mailinEnglishtoyou.YoushouldsimplyreadinEnglishasmuchaspossible.
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TwoLanguages
Liz,agraduateattheUniversityofWales,wasgoingtospendayearattheUniversity
ofMassachusettsstudyingeconomics.ShehadbeeninvitedtostaywiththeVanDykefamily,whohadbeenrecommendedbyafriend.Alex,theeldestson,metherattheairportanddroveherhome,whereMrs.VanDykewaswaitingatthedoor.
"WelcometoAmerica,Liz?"Theyshookhands.
"Howdoyoudo,Mrs.VanDyke?""Justcallme'Mary',"Mrs.VanDykesaid.Lizlookedroundher."Oh,whatalovelyroad!"
Theroadstretchedinastraightlineasfarasthedistanthighway.Itwaslinedwithtrees
andallthehouseswerebuiltofwoodandpaintedwhite.
"Yourfrontgardenshaven'tgotanyhedgesorwallsbetweenthem."
"Wecallthemfrontyardsoverhere,Liz!No,ourfrontyardsbelongmoretothestreet
asawhole.We'remoresociablethanyouare.Wedropinoneachother.Youliketobemoreprivate."
"AnEnglishman'shomeishiscastle?Isn'tthatright,Liz?"
"Well,yesandno.I'mafraidwe'rebecomingmoreandmoreAmerican!""Comeonin!"Mrs.VanDykesaid."I'llshowyouyourroomsoyoucanwashup."Alexlaughed."Shedoesn'tmean'dothedishes'.Shemeans'washyourhands'.""I'lljustgetmyluggagefromtheboot,"saidLiz."Isitunlocked?"
Alexroaredwithlaughter."That'sreallygreat!Excuseme,Liz!I'mnotcorrectingyou.
It'sjustthat'boot'seemssofunnytous.Wecallit'trunk',andwesay'baggage',not'luggage'!GoonupwithMa.I'llgetyoursuitcases."
MaryVanDykepointedtothedooroppositeLiz'sroom.
"That'sthebathroom,andtheshowerisnextdoor.AlextellsmethatmanyEnglish
peoplewouldrathertakeabaththanashower.I'mafraidourbathtubisverysmall...Well,nowyouknowwhereeverythingis,I'llleaveyouinpeace."
AtthatmomentAlexarrivedwithLiz'stwosuitcases."Youlookworried,"hesaid.
"What'sthematter?"
"Well,yourmotherdidn'ttellmewheretheloo,Imeantoilet,is.""Didshetellyouwherethebathroomis?""Yes."
"That'soneofthewordsweusefortoilet.Youcancallit'thetoilet'ifyouprefer—or
'theWC'.Wedon'thavebathroomsintheEnglishstyle.Mostofusprefershowers,andImust
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warnyou,Liz,ourshowersareprettypowerful.Theysting!IheardMasay'takeabath'.Yousay'haveabath',don'tyou?"
"Yes,wehaveabathinabath!"
"Crazylanguage!"hesaid,droppinghersuitcasesinherroom."Theclosetsareallempty.KnowwhatImean?"
"Yes,cupboards!"Lizansweredwithalaugh."Ireadsomewherenotlongago,"she
wenton,"thatBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishwouldsoonbetwoseparatelanguages.""Nonsense!"Alexreplied."Inanothertenyears,youBritishwillallbespeaking
AmericanEnglish.ButIhopeyoudon'tchangeyouraccent!"
ConversationalBallGames
AfterIwasmarriedandhadlivedinJapanforawhile,myJapanesegradually
improvedandIcouldtakepartinsimpleconversationswithmyhusbandandhisfriendsandfamily.Ibegantonoticethatoften,whenIjoinedin,theotherswouldlooksurprised,andtheconversationaltopicwouldcometoahalt.Afterthishappenedseveraltimes,itbecamecleartomethatIwasdoingsomethingwrong.Butforalongtime,Ididn'tknowwhatitwas.
Finally,afterlisteningcarefullytomanyJapaneseconversations,Idiscoveredwhatmy
problemwas.EventhoughIwasspeakingJapanese,IwashandlingtheconversationinaWesternway.
Japanese-styleconversationsdevelopquitedifferentlyfromWestern-style
conversations.Andthedifferenceisn'tonlyinthelanguages.IrealizedthatjustasIkepttryingtoholdWestern-styleconversationsevenwhenIwasspeakingJapanese,somyEnglishstudentskepttryingtoholdJapanese-styleconversationsevenwhentheywerespeakingEnglish.Wewereunconsciouslyplayingentirelydifferentconversationalballgames.
AWestern-styleconversationbetweentwopeopleislikeagameoftennis.IfI
introduceatopic,aconversationalball,Iexpectyoutohititback.Ifyouagreewithme,Idon'texpectyousimplytoagreeanddonothingmore.Iexpectyoutoaddsomething—areasonforagreeing,anotherexample,oranelaborationtocarrytheideafurther.ButIdon'texpectyoualwaystoagree.Iamjustashappyifyouquestionme,orchallengeme,orcompletelydisagreewithme.Whetheryouagreeordisagree,yourresponsewillreturntheballtome.Andthenitismyturnagain.Idon'tserveanewballfrommyoriginalstartingline.Ihityourballbackagainfromwhereithasbounced.Icarryyourideafurther,oransweryourquestionsorobjections,orchallengeorquestionyou.Andsotheballgoesbackandforth.
Iftherearemorethantwopeopleintheconversation,thenitislikedoublesintennis,or
likevolleyball.There'snowaitinginline.Whoeverisnearestandquickesthitstheball,andifyoustepback,someoneelsewillhitit.Noonestopsthegametogiveyouaturn.You'reresponsiblefortakingyourownturn.
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Butwhetherit'stwoplayersoragroup,everyonedoeshisorherbesttokeeptheball
going,andnoonepersonhastheballforverylong.
AJapanese-styleconversation,however,isnotatallliketennisorvolleyball.It'slike
bowling.Youwaitforyourturn.Andyoualwaysknowyourplaceinline.Itdependsonsuchthingsaswhetheryouareolderoryounger,aclosefriendorarelativestrangertothepreviousspeaker,inaseniororjuniorposition,andsoon.
Whenyourturncomes,youstepuptothestartinglinewithyourbowlingballand
carefullybowlit.Everyoneelsestandsbackandwatchespolitely,murmuringencouragement.Everyonewaitsuntiltheballhasreachedtheendofthealleyandwatchestoseeifitknocksdownallthepins,oronlysomeofthem,ornoneofthem.Thereisapause,whileeveryonerecordsyourscore.
Then,aftereveryoneissurethatyouhavecompletelyfinishedyourturn,thenext
personinlinestepsuptothesamestartingline,withadifferentball.Hedoesn'treturnyourball,andhedoesnotbeginfromwhereyourballstopped.Andthereisalwaysasuitablepausebetweenturns.Thereisnorush,noscramblefortheball.
NowondereveryonelookedsurprisedwhenItookpartinJapaneseconversations.I
paidnoattentiontowhoseturnitwasandkeptsnatchingtheballhalfwaydownthealleyandthrowingitbackatthebowler.Ofcoursetheconversationdied.Iwasplayingthewronggame.Butifyouhavebeentrainedallyourlifetoplayonegame,itisnosimplematterto
changetoanother,evenifyouknowtherules.Knowingtherulesisnotatallthesamethingasplayingthegame.
Evennow,duringaconversationinJapanese,Iwillnoticeasurprisedreactionand
realize,thoughabittoolate,thatonceagainIhaverudelyinterrupted.Itisnoeasierformeto"justlisten"duringaconversationthanitisformyJapanesestudentsto"justrelax"whenspeakingwithforeigners.NowIcantrulysympathizewithhowhardtheymustfindittotrytocarryonaWestern-styleconversation.
Unit8
AcidRain
Whenfossilfuelssuchascoal,gasoline,andfueloilsareburned,theyemitoxidesof
sulfur,carbon,andnitrogenintotheair.Theseoxidescombinewithmoistureintheairtoformsulfuricacid,carbonicacid,andnitricacid.Whenitrainsorsnows,theseacidsfallontheearthinwhatiscalledacidrain.
Duringthe20thcentury,theacidityoftheairandacidrainhave.cometoberecognized
asleadingthreatstothestabilityandqualityofEarth'senvironment.Mostofthisacidityis
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producedintheindustrializednationsoftheNorthernHemisphere.—theUnitedStates,Canada,Japan,andmanycountriesofEurope.
Theeffectsofacidraincanbeverydestructivetomanyformsoflife,includinghuman
life.Itseffectscanbemostvividlyseen,however,inlakes,rivers,andstreams.Acidityinwaterkillsvirtuallyalllifeforms.Bytheearly1990s,tensofthousandsoflakeshadbeendestroyedbyacidrain.TheproblemhasbeenmostsevereinNorway,Sweden,andCanada.
ScientistsusewhatiscalledthePHfactortomeasuretheacidityoralkalinityofliquid
solutions.Onascalefrom0to14,thenumber0representsthehighestlevelofacid.14representsthemostbasicoralkaline.RainfallsintheeasternUnitedStatesandinWesternEuropeoftenhaveaPHfactorrangingfrom4.5to4.0.
Thethreatposedbyacidrainisnotlimitedbygeographicboundaries.Windscarrythe
pollutantsaroundtheglobe.Forexample,muchresearchsupportstheconclusionthatpollutionfromcoal-poweredelectricgeneratingstationsinthemidwesternUnitedStatesistheultimatecauseofthesevereacid-rainproblemineasternCanadaandthenortheasternUnitedStates.Norarethedestructiveeffectsofacidrainlimitedtothenaturalenvironment.Structuresmadeofstone,metal,andcementhavealsobeendamagedordestroyed.Someoftheworld'sgreatmonumentshaveshownsignsofdamage.Thisdamageisprobablycausedbyacidrain.Thecostofantipollutionequipmentsuchasburners,filters,andchemicalandwashing
devicesisgreat.However,thecostindamagetotheenvironmentandhumanlifeisestimatedtobemuchgreaterbecausethedamagecausedbyacidrainmaybeirreversible.Althoughpreventivemeasuresarebeingtaken,upto500,000lakesinNorthAmericamaybedestroyedbeforetheendofthe20thcentury.
IndustryandtheEnvironment
Doyourecycleyournewspapers?Doyoualwaystakeashoppingbagwithyouwhen
yougoshopping,sothattheshopdoesn'twasteplasticbags?Ifso,thenyouarea"Green"youare"environmentallyconscious".Thatmeansthatyouareawarethathumanbeingsareusinguptheresourcesoftheworldtoofast—andthattoconservetheworld'sresources,wemust"thinkgreen".Consumersallovertheworldareincreasinglybeginningtorealisetheneedtobuy"greenproducts"—productsthatareeconomicallyandharmlesslyproduced,andharmlesslydisposedofafteruse.Therearealsocampaignstoencouragepeopletorecycleglass,paper,plasticandmetal.Asaresultofsuchcampaigns,fewerresourcesarebeingwasted.
However,onethingisclear:withoutthecooperationofindustry—bigbusiness—the
worldwillnotgrowcleaner.Foritisindustrythatturnsrawmaterialsintoconsumerproducts.Usingmoderntechnology,industrycancreateenvironmentaldisorderandconfusion,wastingrawmaterials,andpollutingtheearth.
Therearesignsthatindustryisbecomingincreasinglyawareofitspowertopreserve,
ordestroy,theenvironment.Industryhasforsometimetriedtousenaturalresourcesmore
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