ICAO,必过！

老哥，由于真的不知道你们直升机的ICAO考试内容是否和我们相同，就按我们那个来给你整理点资料，你看一下，希望能对你考试有所帮助~

这段时间，游戏少玩点，多占用你点时间。得多听，多说，熟练地口语不是闭着嘴就能练出来的。那个陆空对话，你可以多听一下，然后自己复诵；如果看不进书，就看美剧片，感觉人家那个日常说的，能用的到的口语，就给拿个小本子记下来，多说两遍，模仿人家那个语气、语速、断句等等；要是能去酒吧碰个外国朋友~请人家喝杯酒，死皮赖脸的跟人家说就行了，真的！学语言，必须不能要脸！

考试的时候语速不必太快，说的慢点，给自己留点想下一句该说什么的余地，毕竟说慢了考官不会怪你，你要是啊啊额额的说不出来，那就显得你语言能力很差，给你减分。

还有我那天电话里给你说的，一个漂亮的开头，一个漂亮的自我介绍，可以让你在其它一起考试的人里占大优势，简短、表明自己的信心、且略带谦逊，真的会让考官们眼前一亮！

其实这个ICAO，前三部分真的得自己下功夫！主要就是考的你语言能力，因为考官本身也不一定都是专业的飞行员，所以有一定的专业知识，英语好点就差不多可以当考官。毕竟是语言能力考试。所以所有过程中的个人觉得第四部分OPI是可以外力帮助，让你进步更快，下面的大多都是针对第四部分OPI（oral proficiency interview）

OPI包含5个部分：1 warm up 2 level check 3 probe 4 picture describe 5 wrap up

一） vocabulary    (最后附有各个系统专业词汇)

对于一些比较常见专业单词词组的归纳

 三个应答机特殊编码  ：编码自己查  不便说。从小到大分别是hijack   ,  radio failure  ,  distress conditions

 PAN PAN和MAYDAY的区别：

PANPAN：need assistance timely                    urgency situation

MAYDAY：need assistance immediately          distress situation

乘务员 flight/cabin attendant                 驾驶舱职权梯度  cockpit authority gradient

机库 hangar                                         接通/断开自驾  engage/disengage AP

地形 terrain                                          人因      human factors

活物 牲畜  livestock                               绕飞 detour

界面 交界处 interface                          修改  modify  amend

试车  engine runup                               烂泥 slush

减速 妨碍 retard                                积累  accumulation

湿度 humidity                                    降雨量 precipitation

气喘asthma                                       腹泻 diarrhea

调度 签派 dispatch                            信号员  marshaller

开往 驶往 Bound for                         放油  fuel dump   jettison

预期anticipate                                   污染 contaminate

外形 configuration                            致命的  fatal

分院  branch   flight college               炸药 dynamite

手榴弹grenade                                  恢复 revert

Human error chain: people makes mistake, and accident happens. one mistake leads to another to another to another which leads to an accident

IRS: inertial reference system  惯性基准系统

干预 interfere                              配件  附件  accessory

气动的pneumatic                        有形的  具体的 concrete

临界的 marginal                          连续  touch and go

起落  Traffic circuit                        补充 replenish

全停  full stop                                物质 物品 substance

拉紧 绷紧 strain                            踝关节ankle      肘部 elbow

对正跑道  align the runway                POB: people onboard

改装训练 transition training                  劫机犯  hijacker

陆空对话 radiotelephony communication 

前轮转弯机构 nose wheel steering                执行 execute                   疏散 evacuation

机长的四条杠的含义： 1 flying skill 2 knowledge 3 profession 4 responsibility

提供饮食及服务  cater（主要在地面装载时会用到）

RNP----required navigation performance 所需导航性能

RDH----threshold height  跑道入口高度

二）几个主要系统组成及功用

1   LANDING GEAR SYSTEM

很多图是关于重着陆，事故以及事故症候的，事故大多数的情况都包含有起落架的一些情况，damaged，unable to extend, tires blow-out, smoke from main gear等情况，所以遇到这一类型的图就可以引申出对于LANDING GEAR SYSTEM的问题来考验对系统的认知。

Tricycle gear arrangement  前三点     shock strut 减震支柱   bumper减震器

Manual extension handles 人工放下起落架手柄

Nose wheel arrangement advantages:

1) it allows more forceful application of brakes for higher landing speed without nosing over.

2)  it permits better visibility for the pilots during landing and taxing

3) it tends to prevent aircraft from ground-looping by moving the C.G forward of the main gear.

Landing gear safety devises :

1)      Mechanical downlock----------to prevent accidental operation of the mechanical downlocks, electrically operated safety switches are installed.

2)      Safety switches-----------------The torque links spread apart or move together as the shock strut piston extends or retracts in its cylinder.

3）   Ground lock----------------one common type of a pin installed in aligned holes drilled in 2 or more units of the landing gear support structure.

2   HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

第四部分里面有一张图是关于hydraulic system的，建议这个系统多熟悉一下

Units commonly operated by hydraulic system :

Landing gears ,   wing flaps ,  slats ,  speed and wheel brakes ,  nose wheel steering ,

 Primary flight surfaces

hydraulic system components:

an engine driven pump ,  a filter ,  a reservoir ,  a pressure regulator ,  an accumulator ,

a pressure gauge ,  a relief valve ,  an emergency pump ,  two check valves ,

a selector valve ,  an actuating cylinder

operation

the engine driven pump which is directly coupled to the engine will operate when the engine is running. The pump draws fluid from reservoir and expels to the system through the filter and a check valve and the pressure can be built up. the pressure regulator unloads or relieves the engine driven pump when the desired pressure in the system achieved . thus it’s often referred to as an unloading valve.In the event of malfunction of pressure regulator , the relief valve will release any pressure above that maintained by the regulator.

3   AIR CONDITIONING AND PRESSSURIZATION SYSTEM

The cabin air conditioning and pressurization system supplies conditioned air for heating and cooling the cockpit and cabin spaces. This air also provides pressurization to maintain a safe and comfortable cabin environment. Some of the air conditioning systems installed in modern aircraft utilize air turbine refrigerating units to supply cooled air.  These are called air cycle system.

Function of air conditioning system:

To maintain a comfortable temperature within the fuselage. In a typical system the temperature is measured and compared to the desired setting of the temperature controls.

1 supply ventilation air

2 supply heated air

3 supply cooled air

 Function of cabin pressure control system:

To provide cabin pressure regulation , pressure relief , vacuum relief ,and the means of selecting the desired cabin altitude.

4   WINGTIP DEVICES-----------improve the efficiency of fixed-wing aircraft, intended effect id always to reduce the drag by altering the airflow near the wingtips.

5   APU-------AUXILIARY POWER UNIT

Function----- to provide power to start the main engines. Turbine engines must be accelerated to a high rotational speed in order to provide sufficient air compression for self-sustaining operation. Before engines are to be turned, the APU is started, generally by a battery or hydraulic accumulator. Once the APU is running, it provides power (electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic, depending on the design) to start the aircraft's main engines.

APUs fitted to ETOPS (Extended-range Twin-engine Operations) aircraft are a critical safety device, as they supply backup electricity and compressed air in place of the dead engine or failed main engine generator.

三）特情处置

先说一下CRM-----COCKPIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

CRM 包括4部分

1：establish good communication with crew members , so that we can prevent and correct any mistakes.

2：take full advantage of the facilities onboard and the ground navaids.

3：operate the aircraft strictly according to the manual and SOPs.

4：comply with the aviation regulations.

关于EMERGENCY ，处置

1. stay calm ,maintain the right configuration and attitude.

2. the crew members should accomplish each other’s own duty, find the cause and do the right checklist , follow standard procedures.

3. report to ATC your location , situation onboard, and intention. Request landing priority if possible.

这里只是提供一个大致框架，具体特勤具体分析，如ENGINE FAILURE, BOMB ONBOARD,GEAR JAM等，具体的细节就只有自己去丰满。

关于SICK PASSENGER ONBOARD的处置：

1. have the cabin attendant to take first aid

2. inform the passengers to find if there’s doctor onboard so that we can ask for help

3. inform the ATC, request landing priority or divert to the nearest suitable airport, and request ambulance and doctors ready at landing

我在考试的时候遇到关于SUFFER FROM HEART ATTACK的乘客

四）口试

OPI的前三部分只会涉及很少的专业问题，所以这三部分可以一起来看和准备。说的直白一点，这几部分就是和考官扯淡，但是扯淡要注意尺度，不要使劲扯，扯淡变成扯蛋会有一点痛的。这里部分会过渡到一些飞行相关的问题。分院，飞行经历，所飞机型，小时数，所遇特勤，职业特性，基本可以概括为一次完整的飞行过程。建议考前写一篇关于自己飞行的文章，涵盖以上一些信息。到时候遇到可以触类旁通，把你准备的说出来。同时也是做一个引导，引导考官就你的信息中挖掘问题，这样会比较占主动性。

 E.G:

That choosing to be a pilot as my career makes me proud and makes my family proud. This is a noble job. Come on, think about it. Because of our works, a boy can meet his bonny lass, a father back from business trip can give his daughter a warm hug, businessmen can sign their contracts in time, and packages are delivered to your door on time. All these give me a feeling of success, a feeling of happiness. And besides, this is a job with good salary and comparatively high social status. I used to consider that it’s easy to be a pilot. You know, just like the unprofessional people thinks: pilots engage the AP after takeoff, then planned route, planned level, planned everything. All the pilots need to do is disengaging the AP when the aircraft comes to the short final, and make a perfect landing, taxi to the right gate. That’s all. It looks easy and seems that everybody can do that. But I’ve changed my mind after all the things I’ve been through in the GUANGHAN flight college where I actually learnt how to control and manage an aircraft and how to be a professional pilot. There’s a long way to go, and that takes time. The very first rule I learn is to be patient, always. And there is a “13-hours-checkride” which is set to check whether the student is skillful or talented enough to be a pilot. This is a cruel check for the students, and some are doomed to fail. I sweated my shirt and the headphone that day in the cockpit. But lucky me, I passed. This is the most precious treasure in my life that I wish I would never experience again.

附加：各个系统词汇

Air Conditioning System

PACK空调主件                         HOT BLEED AIR热引气

OUTLET DUCT外流管                    BYPASS VALVE旁通活门                   RAM AIR 冲压空气        

INLET SCOOP  进气口                      TRIM AIR VALVE 调节空气 

EXTRACTOR FAN排气风扇                GUARDED FLAP  有保护盖的导片

BLOWER  鼓风机                   EXTRCTOR排风扇                OVERBOARD  机外

ONBOARD机上                 OPEN-CIRCUIT开路                 CLOSED-CIRCUIT闭路

CONFIGURATION  形态            PASSENGER LOAD乘客载荷            DOWNSTREAM下游

STANDING WATER积水            ATLN（ALTERNATE）备份C                HANNEL通道

PNEUMATIC气源                DUAL  双的              SWITCH OVER交换

PRE-COOLER预冷机          COOLANT冷却剂                 AMBER琥珀色

VENTILATION通风         CIRCUIT BREAKER跳开关         PRESSURIZATION （增压）

FLAPPER VALVES 瓣状活门            PROFILE 剖面         TOGGLE 扳钮开关

VACUUM 真空            ISAO BARIC 等压          BAROMETRIC 气压

PRESSURE DIFFERENTIALS 压差           ANEROID SWITCH 膜盒气压

STBY （STANDBY）备份               DC DIRECT CURRENCY 直流电

DITCH 水上迫降          SUPERCHARGER 增压器           INADVERTENT 偶然的

LEAKAGE 漏、渗              APRON 停机坪         CEILING 顶板              ACCESSORY 副件

THROTTLE LEVER 油门杆              CRUISE 巡航

NEGATIVE RELIEF VALVE 负压释放活门            POSITIVE PRESSURE 正压

AIRPORT ELEVATION 机场标高             AUTOPILOT（自动驾驶）

MOMENTUM 动量              MIMICKING 模仿            GLARE-SHIELD 遮光板

Performance

ACTUATORS 制动器                 SURVEILLANCE 监视        QUADRANT 油门操纵杆

FLEX（FLEXIBLE）灵活的

MCT（MAXIMUM CONTINUE THRUST） 最大连续推力

ELEVATORS 升降舵               AILERON 副翼             NAVAID 助航

SID（STANDARD INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE） 标准仪表离场

STAR（STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL ROUTE）标准进场程序

MISSED APPROACH （GO AROUND） 复飞

DYNAMIC 动力的                    AUGMENTATION 增加、增益

FLIGHT ENVELOPE 飞行包线

CDU（CONTOL DISPLAY UNIT）控制显示组件

FMA（FLIGHT MODE ANNUNCIATOR）飞行方式显示器

ADIRS（AIR DATA AND INERTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM）大气数据及惯性基准系统

MCP（MODE CONTROL PANEL）方式控制面板

GPS（GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM）全球定位系统

FLARE 平飘                TOUCHDOWN 接地点                FLY-BY-WIRE 电传操纵

ACELEROMETER 加速器                  ALIGNMENT 对准、校准

SERVOMOTOR 伺服马达                GYROSCOPE 陀螺

THRUST REDUCTION ALT 减推力高度                REVERSE 反推

ARM 预位                  FPA（FLIGHT PATH ANGLE）飞行航径角             LOCALIZER 航向道

IDLE 慢车DETENT 卡位FPV（FLIGHT PATH VECTOR）飞行航径矢量

CRM（COCKPIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT）驾驶舱资源管理

PF（PILOT-FLIGHT）把杆飞行员

PFD（PRIMARY FLIGHT DISPLAY）主飞行显示               PULLEY 滑轮              ROLL 滑跑

SCROLL 翻动、卷起                           SLEW 上下选页                 VELOCITY 速度

DATA BASE LOADER 数据库装载机

ALPHA/NUMERIC KEY BOARD 字母/数字键盘

DYNAMIC AND BACKGROUD DATA 动态和背景数据

TROPOPAUSE 对流层顶                             ALIGNMENT 校准

EFOB（ESTIMATED FUEL ON BOARD） 预计机上燃油

ETA（ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVING）预计到达时间

ADC（AIR DATA COMPUTER）大气数据计算机

CRT（CATHODE RAY TUBE）阴极射线管

LSK（LINE SELECT KEY）行选键               TERMINAL AREA 终端区域

COORDINATE 经纬度               RNVA AREA NAVIGATION 区域导航           EN-ROUTE 在航路上

CFDS（CENTRALIZED FAULT DISPLAY SYSTEM）集中显示系统

 VIBRATIONS 振动              IMPULSES 脉冲             CURVATURE 弯曲 曲度

TRANSCEIVER 无线电收发机

 INTERPHONE 内话机                          EVACUATION 疏散

KNOB 旋钮                              BUZZER 蜂鸣声

FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

REJECTED T/O 中断起飞                    CONVENTIONAL 通用的

WHEEL 驾驶盘                 COLUMN 驾驶杆                  PEDAL 脚蹬

SURFACE 舵面               RUDDER 方向舵                SPEED-BRAKE 减速板

FLAP 襟翼               STAB TRIM 调整片             OVERRIDE SWITCH 超控电门

AW DAMPER 偏航阻尼器           CENTERING MECHANISM 定中机械                  SWEEP BACK 后掠

SPOILER 扰流板            JAM 卡阻          ROLL 滚转（横滚）            PITCH 俯仰

STABILIZER 安定面           YAW 偏航           YAW DAMPER RATE GYRO 偏航率陀螺仪

 LONGITUDINAL AXIS 纵轴          VERTICAL AXIS 垂轴               LATERAL AXIS 横轴

ACTUATING CYLINDER 作动筒                  AIRFOIL 翼部面

SECONDARY FLIGHT CONTROL 辅助飞行操纵

HIGH LIFT DEVICE 增升装置

TRAILING EDGE（TE）后缘             LEADING EDGE（LE）前缘

POWER TRANSFER UNIT（PTU）动力传输装置          STALL 失速

MANEUVER 机动飞行              INBOARD 内侧                OURBOARD 外侧

SLOTTED 开缝的              THREE SLOTTED FLAP 三开缝襟翼                 DRAG 阻力

COMPARATOR 比较仪              ROLL RATE 滚转率                  MIXER 混合器

DEFLECTION 偏转                    AERODYNAMIC MEAN CHORD 平均空气动力弦

TORQUE 扭力                  JACK 千斤顶

FIRE PROTECTION

OVERHEAT 超温           FIRE DETECTION 探火              FIRE DETECTION LOOP 探火环

FIRE ALERT 火警戒             FAULT MONITORING CIRCUIT 失效监控电路

WARNING BELL 火警铃                    GROUND PROXIMITY 近地

ENGINE INDICATING AND CREW ALERTING SYSTEM （EICAS）发动机指示和机组警戒系统

ENGINE NACELLE 发动机舱               CARGO COMPARTMENT 货舱

MALFUNCTION 失效                  SMOKE DETECTION 烟雾探测            LOCK DOWN 下锁

SHUTDOWN 关车                UNLOCK 开锁                 TRIP 跳开关

THRUST REVERSER 反推           CARBON DIOXIDE（CO2）二氧化碳          TOXICITY 毒性

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

GENERATE 发电             DISTRIBUTE 配电              ESSENTIAL POWER 重要设备电源

VOLTAGE 电压                PHASE 相          BUS 汇流条

TRANSＦＯＲＭER RECTIFIER UNIT（TRU）变压整流器

LIGHTING CIRCUIT 照明电路                 EMERGENCY POWER 应急电源

STANDBY POWER 备用电源                ONBOARD 机载

STATIC INVERTER 静变流机               BATTERY 电瓶       FREQUENCY 电频

RAM AIR-DRIVER GENERATOR 冲压空气驱动发电机

ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATOR 发动机驱动的发电机

 BATTERY CHARGER 电瓶充电器

LOAD 载荷、电荷               TRIP OFF 跳开             CHARGE 充电

SERVICE BUS 勤务汇流条                                      SPLIT BUS 分裂汇流条

BUS TIE BREAKER （BTB）汇流条连接断路器

GENERATOR CONTROL UNIT（GCU）发动机控制组件

MONITOR 监控                                                 DIVISION 分配

FUEL

 INNER FUEL TANK 内侧燃油箱                 INTEGRAL TANK 整体油箱

WING/FUSELAGE STRUCTURE 机翼/机身结构                    WING TIP 翼尖

FUEL NOZZLE 燃油喷嘴                         VENT SURGE TANK 通风（防震动）油箱

SPILLAGE 溢出               DIVERT 转向                    GROSS WEIGHT （GW）全重

E/WD ENGINE AND WARNING DISPLAY 发动机警告指示

CROSS FEED VALVE 交输供油活门

CONDENSATION OF MOISTURE 水气凝结                      SURGE TANK 通风油箱

HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

RESERVOIR 液压油箱、水库                FILTER 滤器、滤纸

ACCUMULATOR 储压器、储蓄器                        EXPEL 排出、赶出

PISTON 活塞                   CHARGE 释放、放出                       WHEEL BRAKE 机轮刹车装置

NOSE WHEEL STEERING 前轮转向操纵

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACE 主飞行操纵面

PRESSURE REGULATOR 调压器

EMERGENCY PUMP 应急泵CHECK VALVE 单向活门

SELECTOR VALVE 选择活门ACTUATING VALVE 卸荷活门

PREDETERMINED VALVE 预定值BALL VALVE 球形活门

RETURN LINE 回油管路                SPRAY 喷、向……喷射

PERFORATE 穿孔于                   HERMAL ANTI-ICING SYSTEM 热防冰系统

WINDSHIELD 风挡                     ENGINE COWL 发动机整流罩

STATIC PORT 静压口                    BIRD-STRIKE 鸟击

AOA（THE ANGLE OF ATTTACK）迎角

TAT（TOTAL AIR TEMPERATURE）全温

SAT（STATIC AIR TEMPERATURE）静温

EIS（电子仪表系统）

ATTENTION GATTER 提醒灯                CHRONOGRAPH 记时器

ELAPSED TIME 已飞时间             PARAMETER 参数                      CHECKLIST 检查单

DISPENSE WITH 省略                   UN-CLUTTER 混乱                 SIDE SLIP 侧滑

UTC（COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME）协调世界时

SCHEMATIC 图解形式               EADI 电子姿态指示器                  EHSI 水平状态指示器

BEARING POINTER 方位指针                  DECISION HEIGHT 决断高度

ADF（AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER） 自动定向机

INTERFACE 界面、接口           REFERENCE LINE 参考线

DFDR（DIGITAL FLIGHT DATA RECORDER）数字式飞行数据记录器

RAW DATA 原始数据AIDS 飞机集成数据系统

ECAM（ELECTRONIC CENTRALIZED AIRCRAFT MONITOR ）电子飞机集中监控

LANDING GEAR

GROUND LOOP 打地转               NOSE OVER 拿大顶                     MARGIN 斜度

CHOCK 轮挡                        BUNGEE CORD 弹簧索（减震支柱）

SHOCK ABSORBER 减震器、缓冲器                    RUBBER BLOCK 橡皮块（减震器）

OIL-AIR STRUT 油气式减震支柱                                   TAILWHEEL GEAR 后三点式起落架          

TRICYCLE GEAR 前三点式起落架                         ANTISKID 防滑装置 SHOCK STRUT 减震支柱

NAVIGATION

DEW POINT 露点                   NOISE ABATEMENT 减噪

VOR（VERY-HIGH-FREGUENCY OMINI-DIRECTIONAL RANGE）甚高频全向信标

VOR ORIENTATION VOR 定向、定位                       THRESHOLD 跑道入

AIR DATA INERTIAL REFERENCE UNITS（ADIRU）大气数据惯性基准组件

DIGITAL DISTANCE AND RADIO MAGNETIC INDICATOR （DDRMI）数字距离无线电磁指示器

GPWS（GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM） 近地警告系统

ADF（AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER）自动定向仪

DME（DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT）测距仪

PFV（FLIGHT PATH VECTOR）飞行航经引导

TCAS（TRAFFIC AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM）空中交通避撞系统

CAGING KNOB 锁定旋钮

AIR MISS 危险接近                    APUAUXILIARY POWER UNIT辅助动力装置）

GAUGE 表                    INDUCTION SYSTEM 进气系统                      TRANSITION 过渡

 FACILITY 设施                          MSA（MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE）最低安全高度

PLAN VIEW 平面图                    OUTBOUND 背台HOLDING 等待

MOCA 最低超障高度                    MAP 复飞点         

LDA 可用着陆距离             MLS 微波着陆系统               SDF 简易定向设施

PAR 初始进近雷达                MSL 平均海平面                  TEARDROP PATTERN 修正角

HAT 高出接地点的高             HAA 高出机场的高             MEA 最小航路高            RVR 跑道视程

ROTATE 抬轮            STICK SHAKER 抖杆                  OVERSHOOT 目测过高

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