2016职称英语教材-卫生类C级完形填空及参考译文1
第一篇 Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is Found
The World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis . Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs. Two million people die of it. The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.
Current treatments take at least six months. People have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.
The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.
The World Health Organization reductions the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment.
Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.
1.找到速效治疗剂可以更好控制结核病
世界卫生组织估计全球有大约三分之一的人感染了导致结核病的病菌。大多数时候，这种感染是不活跃的。但是每年大约有八百万结核病病例，通常是在肺部。两百万人因此丧命。结核病发病率由于艾滋病的传播和抗药型结核病的出现而增加。 目前的治疗至少需要六个月。患病者不得不每日服用多种抗生素药品。许多人在稍感舒适后就停止使用药品，这么做可能导致抗药性感染。公共卫生专家一致认为针对结核病的速效治疗剂将会更加有效果。现在有一项研究评估这种速效治疗剂究竟效力有多大。这项研究由美国哈佛大学国际卫生方面的教授率领。Joshua Salomon说，疗程较短的治疗计划可能不仅仅意味着更多病人被治好，也意味着将感染传给别人的病人会更少。
研究者们设计了一个数学模型来检测两个月治疗计划的效果。他们以东南亚目前的结核病情况来检验这个模型。科学家们发现两个月的治疗可以防止大约20％的新病例，也可能防止大约5％因结核病引起的死亡。这个模型表明，如果速效治疗剂可以在2012年前研发出来并大规模使用的话，减少结核病例在2012年到2030年间就可以实现。
世界卫生组织在1990年制定了DOTS计划，DOTS意指短期直接观察治疗。卫生工作者监督结核病人每天服药，以确信他们继续治疗。 今年年初，一个国际组织同盟宣布了一项扩大DOTS的计划。这个十年计划也旨在资助新结核药品的研究。现在四种最常用的药品也有四十多年的历史了。全球结核病药物开发联盟宣称它的长期目标是找到一种治疗方法，可以通过十次剂量就效果。
第二篇：A Biological Clock
Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells____1____when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells_____2___when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away, and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.
Events outside the plant and animal____3____the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur____4____the number of hours of daylight. In the short____5____of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.
Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration____6____twice each year. Birds____7____flying become restless when it is time for the trip,_____8___they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.
Scientists say they are beginning to learn which____9____of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain____10____to control the timing of some of our actions. These____11____tell a person when to____12____, when to sleep and when to seek food. Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.
Dr. Moorhead is studying____13____our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours.
____14____can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said____15____understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory’s production.
词汇：
biological /baɪə(ʊ)'lɒdʒɪk(ə)l/ adj.生物(学）的
insect /'ɪnsekt/ n.昆虫
cocoon /kə'kuːn/ n.防护卵袋,茧
fur /fɜː/ n.软毛
migration /maɪ'greɪʃ(ə)n/ n.迁徙
restless /'res(t)lɪs/ adj.焦躁不安的
contain /kən'teɪn/ v.含有
cell /sel/ n.细胞
注释：
1. 本句中谓语动词tells的宾语由两部分组成。第一部分是when to form flowers,是带疑问副词的动词不定式,第二部分是when the flowers should open,是名词从句。从修辞上说,两者有些不平衡。
2. ...the way we do our work 可以理解为the way in which we do our work 或the way that we do our work.实际上,三种说法都成立。如：
He speaks English the way the English people do.
I don’t understand the way in which he dealt with the matter.
3. take作“花费,花去”解时可用于几种不同的句型：
It will take me five days to complete the work.
The work will take me five days to complete.
To complete this work will take me five days.
练习：
1. A. scientists B. humans C. plants D. animals
2. A. insects B. birds C. fish D. snakes
3. A. effect B. affect C. effected D. affected
4. A. because B. for the reason that C. because of D. since
5. A. months B. days C. minutes D. weeks
6. A. flight B. fly C. movement D. transportation
7. A. prevented from B. ordered by C. helped by D. intruded on
8. A. and B. but C. therefore D. however
9. A. portions B. parts C. sections D. kinds
10. A. try B. tries C. seem D. seems
11. A. things B. parts C. cells D. actions
12. A. awaken B. woke C. awakening D. wake-up
13. A. how B. why C. where D. what
14. A. We B. It C. They D. You
15. A. so B. with C. such D. if
第二篇：A Biological Clock
答案与题解：
1. C 从后半句When to form flowers and when the flowers should open 知道,只有plants 才有花。前面没有定冠词修饰的plants是泛指植物这一大类,与动物类相对应。
2. A 后面出现的when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away 提示我们,唯有选insects 才是正确的,因为只有insects才有protective cocoons,而birds、fish和snakes都没有。
3. B affect作为动词是“影响”的意思,而effect作为动词则是“使发生;使生效”的意思。这里谈论的是动植物生物钟的一般情况,所以使用动词的一般现在时。
4. C这里应使用介词短语,因为其后是名词。because和since都有“因为”的意思,但它们都是连词,用来引导原因状语从句,如:
He will not come because he is ill.
Since he is ill, he will not come.
for the reason that后接句子,所以也不是答案。
5. B 根据下句中的in the longer hours of daylight in summer 和上句中的the number of hours of daylight,以及该段的中心意思,可以判断,应选择B,因为冬天日短夜长,夏天则反之。
6. A本句中有birds, migration这些词,下一句又谈及迁徙飞行前的躁动不安,就知道应该填词义为“飞行”的名词。fly是动词,不能选择;其他两个选项也都不合适。flight是fly的名词形式,所以是合适的选择。
7. A该句句子的主干是：主语birds,谓语become restless。所以,所填的词是过去分词,修饰birds。从上下文表达的意思判断,ordered by (被命令)、helped by (被帮助）和intruded on(被强加）都不匹配,只有prevented from是合适的选择。
8. B很明显,这里需使用连词,连接该句中平行的两个分句。而根据整个句子的句意,上半句和下半句形成反差对比：become restless when the time of the flight has ended,所以应选择but,表示相反的两层意思。
9. B portion是“一定数量;一份”, section是“切下的部分”，kind是“种类”，都不符合上下文意思连贯的要求。唯有B是正确的选项。
10. D不能选择C,因为主语是group,而不是cells,所以要采用动词的第三人称单数形式seems A和B不符合常识。
11. C These 一词说明,其后的名词是上文已经提到的某些事物,即cells。从下文中可以看出,尽管actions 一词也在上文中出现,但该词不符合句意。选项A和B意思不准确。
12. A该句中的三个宾语都是带疑问副词的动词不定式,所以都要用动词原形。awaken是唯一合适的选择，woke是wake的一般过去形式,awakening是形容词,wake-up是名词。
13. A studying后面是一个从句作它的宾语,而从句起首处应有个连词。把C或D填入空格上下文意思不连贯。根据下文的例子,作者讨论的不是生物钟为什么会影响我们的工作，而是生物钟如何影响我们的工作。所以，how是正确的选择。
14. B从句子结构中不难看出，to accept the major change in work hours是实际上的主语,而此处需要一个形式主语,所以只能选择It。
15. C该句中的understanding既然是上句中提到的better understanding, C便是最佳的选项。其他三个选项均不符合语法。
第三篇 One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live
It’s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it—one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?
in reality, of course, it was naive to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potential weapon. Undoubtedly several nations still have a few much vials. And the last “official” stocks of lice virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia, for no obvious gain.
Now American researchers have found an animal model of the human disease, opening the way for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So one again there’s a good reason to keep the virus—just in case the disease puts in a reappearance.
How do we_deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia? Simple Keep the virus under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn’t mean the idea is wrong. If the virus is useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.
一个让天花存在的好理由
目前很可能我们永远都不会看到天花的彻底绝迹。这个观念掩盖了1980年光辉成就，那时消灭了最后两个拥有这种致命病毒的实验室的病毒后，四处蔓延的天花已经被根除了。那两个实验室，一个在美国，一个在俄国。如果天花真的在这个星球上消失了，那么保留这些储备的意义何在？
当然，事实上想像每个人都会放弃这样一种有效的潜在的武器是幼稚的。无疑，几个国家仍旧有几瓶。美俄最后的“官方”的活病毒储备引起大家对这两个国家的不信任，因为并没有获得明显的收获。
现在美国研究者们发现了人类疾病的动物版，为试验新的治疗方法和新的疫苗开辟了道路。因此，再次存在着一个保存病毒的理由——万一这种病卷土重来。
我们怎样应付对美国和俄国的不信任呢？很简单。把病毒放在国际赞助的、被严密监视和向所有国家开放的联合国实验室中。针对的对象当然是美国，因为它反对任何事务的多边化。但是这并不意味着这个想法是错的。如果病毒是有用的，那么让我们把它变成全人类的奴仆——而不是一部分人的。
第四篇 Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of Cancers
Diet is second only to tobacco as a leading cause of cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease in developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.
Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to cancer,but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity . play a major role.
“Five percent of cancers could be avoided if nobody was obese,” he said.
While tobacco is blinked to about 30 percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol in about six percent.
Obesity raises the risk of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver, Its dangerous impact is increased when combined with smoking.
Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK that other elements of diet linked to cancer are still unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some answers .
Early results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest. Eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.
Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers including colorectal, breast and prostate.
大约三分之一的癌症与饮食和酒精有关
一位重要的研究者在星期二说，饮食是仅次于吸烟的导致癌症的原因，在发达国家饮食和酒精导致了大约三分之一癌症。
牛津大学的提姆•凯博士在癌症会议上说，科学家们正在研究特定的食物是怎样导致癌症的，但是他们知道，饮食、酒精和肥胖起了很大作用。
他说：“如果没有肥胖的人，癌症能够减少5%。”
然而吸烟和大约30%的癌症有关，饮食和大约25%的癌症有关，酒精和大约6%的癌症有关。
肥胖增加了乳腺、子宫、肠和肾脏得癌症的危险，而人们知道酒精会导致嘴 、喉咙和肝脏的癌症。以上因素如果和抽烟共同发生，危险性就更大的。
凯在英国慈善癌症研究会议上说，人们还不知道与癌症相关的饮食中的其他因素，但是科学家们希望EPIC 研究能够给出答案。EPIC研究正在比较十个国家50万人的饮食和患癌症的比例。
这个研究的早期结果揭示挪威、瑞典和丹麦消费水果和蔬菜的量在欧洲国家中是最低的，而意大利和西班牙的水果和蔬菜消费量是最大的。专家推荐每天至少食用五份水果和蔬菜来减少得癌症、乳腺癌和前列腺癌。
EPIC 研究的带头科学家——凯说他们现在正在关注饮食 一些非常普遍的癌症之间的联系，包括直肠癌、乳腺癌和前列腺癌。
第五篇 Men Too May Suffer from Domestic Violence
Nearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of1 an intimate partner during their lifetimes. according to one of the few studies to look ___l____ domestic violence and health among men.
"Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don't hear about it____2_____," Dr. Robert J. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the study's authors, told Reuters Health. "They often don’t tell____3_____we don't ask. We warn to get the message out2 to men who ____4_____ experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to ____5_____. "
The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical___6____,such as threats that made them____7___ for3 their safety, controlling behavior ( for example,being told who they could associate with and where they could go) , and constant name-calling.
Among men 18 to 54 years old,14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner _____8____ in the past five years. while 6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.
Rates were lower for men 55 and ___9___. with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 24 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.
Overall,30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of ____10____violence at some point in their lives. About half of the violence the men ____11____ was physical
However, the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh as ___12____suffered by women m a previous study; 20 percent t040 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of___13_______.
Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems____14_____. those who had not. especially older men. the ___15____ found
词汇：
intimate [ˈɪntɪmət] adj.亲密的 name-calling [neɪm- ˈkɔ:lɪŋ] n辱骂
abuse [əˈbju:s] n伤害
注释：
l at the hands of :出自某人之手，从某人那里
2 get the message out:传达这样个信息
3 fear for:为……担忧
练习：
1 A by B at C on D for
2. A never B often C ever D now
3. A and B but C yet D unless
4. A to B no C do D go
5. A us B him C you D them
6. A Strength B labor C abuse D exercise
7. A hope B fear C wait D look
8 A violence B attitude C friendship D stress
9. A younger B junior C senior D older
10 A normal B necessary C domestic D foreign
11. A enjoyed B experienced C performed D committed
12. A this B those C that D one
13. A women B people C adults D children
14. A from B than C except D despite
15. A victims B victims C researchers D partners
答案与题解：
1 B look at表示“观察、研究”。
2 B根据上下文可必推断，此处应选表示“经常”意思的often 一词。
3 A这句话的意思是：“他们经常不说而我们也不问”。所以应用and一词连接两个并列成分。
4 C本段中的第一句已经出现过do experience的用法，表示“的确经历过”。
5 D前面出现的是men 一词，与其对应的应是them。
6 C前面出现了physical abuse，与其并列自然应是non-physical abuse。
7 B既然是威胁，肯定会令他们为自身安全担忧，而fear for their safety正表示这样的意思。
8 A从第一句中的violence at the hands of an intimate parmer就可以推断，此处应选violence一词。
9 D因为前面提到了18~ 54岁的男人，因此此处应是55岁及5S岁以上的男人。
10 C前面已经多次出现过domestic violence的搭配。
11. B前面已经多次出现过experience violence这一搭配，而上下文也表明此处表示的意思是男人“遭受的”家庭暴力。
12 C用that指代妇女遭受的physical violence。
13 A因为是在与男人做比较，所以应选women。
14. B本句中前面出现了表示比较的more -词，此处自然应选than -词。
15. C结果只能是“研究者”发现的。
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