上海市宝山区2018届高三英语上学期期末教学质量监测试题
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Why My Best Friend Is a Book
Writing about beliefs is hard. It makes you reach deep into your soul and truly look at what is there. It requires time and effort, and then hits you in the face and someone in the background says “Oh, why didn’t you think of that before?” Beliefs change, they mature and grow just (21)__________a child. The best beliefs are the ones that (22)________( cherish) throughout a lifetime. One belief I cherish above all others is the power and enjoyment of reading.
Reading can be for fun and that learning is (23)_________(easy) when you’re having fun. Being able to relate to the characters, imagine the conflicts in your head,and feel the characters’ sadness, as well as their joy, is the most amazing thing about reading. A chance to live another life for a short time, to be another person, Reading lends the soul and mind a place (24)_________(escape). I would much rather pick up a good luck than watch a television show.
Reading can teach us. Whether it’s a fantasy novel or a historical account, you learn when you read. It provides grammar and (25)_______(write) language skills. Reading teaches us about emotion. Reading gives you new words and expands your vocabulary by forcing you to challenge yourself. In its own way it makes us feel the emotions of the characters. (26)________ ________ _________ you read, I believe you will learn, mind and soul.
Reading can bring people together. I cannot count the number of new friends and people that have entered my life because of books. My stepmother, grandmother, and I all rad the same books. (27)________ is better than being able to share the tense moments, near misses, and happy endings while (28)________ (drink) a steaming cup of coffee together with someone. Reading allows you to lower your walls and let people in to form genuine chains. Plus people (29) ________read impressive books are usually pretty cool themselves!
Over the years reading has been my companion. Always with a book in my purse, I have never faced the world without a best friend by my side. Books (30)________(help) me through difficult periods and applauded me in times of celebration. Books always make me smile. That’s the biggest reason I believe in reading, because it will make you happy.
Section B
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.
The discovery builds on earlier findings showed that a class of genes called splicing (胶接) factors is progressively switched off as we age. The research team found that splicing factors can be switched back on with chemicals, making aging cells not only look ____31____ younger, but start to divide like young cells.
The researchers applied compounds chemicals based on a ____32____ naturally found in red wine, dark chocolate, red grapes and blueberries, to cells in culture. The chemicals ____33____ splicing factors, which are progressively switched off as we age to be switched back on. Within hours, the cells looked younger and started to rejuvenate,
behaving like young cells.
The discovery has the ___34_____ to lead to therapies that could help people age better, without experiencing some of the degenerative effects of getting old. Most people by the age of 85 have experienced some kind of chronic illness, and as people get older they are more prone to stroke, heart disease and cancer.
Professor Harries as saying, “This is a first step in trying to make people live
___35_____ lifetime, but with health for their entire life. Our data suggests that using chemicals to switch back on the major class of genes that are switched off as we age might provide a means to ____36____ to old cells.”
Dr Eva Latorre, Research Associate at the University of Exeter, who carried out the experiments, was surprised by the ____37____ and rapidity of the changes in the cells.
“When I saw some of the cells in the culture dish ___38_____ I couldn’t believe it. These old cells were looking like young cells. It was like magic,” she said. “I repeated the experiments several times and in each case the cells rejuvenated. I am very excited by the implications and potential for this research.”
As we age, our tissues accumulate senescent cells which are alive but do not grow or ____39____ as they should. These old cells lose the ability to correctly regulate the output of their genes. This is one reason why tissues and organs become susceptible to disease as we age. When activated, genes make a message that gives the ____40____
for the cell to behave in a certain way. Most genes can make more than one message, which determines how the cell acts.
Splicing factors are crucial in ensuring that genes can perform their full range of functions.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Cameron Buckner, assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Houston, argues in an article published in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research that a wide range of animal species exhibit so-called “ executive control” when it comes to making decisions, _____41___ considering their goals and ways to satisfy those goals before acting.
He acknowledges that language is ____42___ for some experienced forms of higher-order thinking, or thinking about thinking. But supported by a review of previously published research, Buckner _____43____ that a wide variety of animals -- -elephants, chimpanzees( 黑猩猩), ravens( 大乌鸦) and lions, among others ---
______44____ reasonable decision-making.
“ These data suggest that not only do some animals have a subjective take on the suitability of the ___45_____ they are evaluating for their goal, they possess a subjective, internal signal regarding their confidence in this take can be used to select among different options,” he wrote.
The question has been ____46____ since the days of the ancient philosophers, as people considered what means to be human is. One way to address that, Buckner said, is to ____47____exactly what sets humans apart from other animals.
Language remains a key difference between animals and humans, and Buckner notes that serious ____48____ in the 1970s and 80s to teach animal’s human language—teaching chimpanzees to use sign language, ___49___ ----found that although they were able to express simple ideas, they did not engage in ____50___
thought and language structures.
Ancient philosophers relied upon unreliable ___51___ to study the issue, but today’s researcher conduct complicated controlled experiments. Buckner, working with Thomas Bugnyar and Stephan A. Reber, mental biologist at the University of Vienna, last year ____52____ the results of a result that determined ravens share at least some of the human ability to think abstractly about other minds, ___53____ their behavior by attaching their own observations to others.
In his latest paper, Buckner offers several examples to support his ____54____. His goal, Buckner said, was to organize experimental research, “to see that we’re gathered enough evidence to say that animals really are ___55_____ in a unique way.”
Section A
(A)
We see them everywhere. “There are some things that money can’t buy… for everything else, there’s MasterCard.” We hear them everywhere. “Make life rewarding… American Express.” Whether watching television, driving down the highway, or even appearing on our Facebook page, the appeal of money is inescapable.
Growing up, my parents always emphasized the importance of family and faith over material possessions. Yet, money and all the new, interesting things it could buy did not escape me. As I entered my freshman year, my debit card and I engaged in quite the dates. Between game-day dresses, steak dinners and wonderful downtown Athens, I quickly drained 17 years worth of savings.
By the time summer rolled around, I didn’t consider how much cash I had spent, or how much stuff I had acquired… I was focused on how much more money I would need for next fall. When I wasn’t working, I was checking my bank account, try to figure out if my next paycheck would cover those pillows that would look so cute in my new apartment. My bank account balance was becoming a major source of stress in my life, creating tension with my financially smart parents and causing me constant concern. Finally, after a very heated argument with my Dad, I accepted the truth: I simply could not afford money anymore.
I realized that I was much happier (and I sensed my blood pressure was much lower) when money was just something in the bank. While the clothes are pretty and those pillows are comfy, they lost their appeal right around the second a new item caught my eye. Towards the end of the summer, I let go of my financial issues – after all, I can’t buy more time with my friends and family before going back to Athens.
I still check my bank account. I still go shopping occasionally. But now, those aren’t priorities. My money sufferings taught me that I shouldn’t seek out wealth as a means of satisfaction and happiness. Instead, my happiness should come from the moments and people that cannot be bought, exchanged, or returned. I now re-word those credit card slogans to reflect the value I place on finding wealth in the love shared between my family and friends: “There are some things that money can’t buy… Seek them.” Unlike cash, this form of wealth grows the more I give.
56. According to the passage, the author feels happy now mainly because ______.
A. the appeal of money is inescapable
B. he values the love between his family and friends
C. his wealth grows by working hard every day
D. he has paid off his debt in cash
57. The author mentions the heated argument with Dad in paragraph 3 in order to ______.
A. show how to settle problems with others
B. prove how selfish his Dad is
C. explain material possessions get him into trouble
D. display generation gap between Dad and Son
58. The word “comfy” (paragraph 4) probably means ______.
A. realistic B. individual C. gracious D. comfortable
59. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. Seeking a different kind of wealth
B. Letting go of different sufferings
C. Wealth as a means of satisfaction
D. Happiness grows out of hardships
(B)
Americans are more stressed than ever, according to an American Psychological Association survey, and nearly one-third say stress impacts their physical or mental health. If you have any of these symptoms, your stress might be making you sick. Here’s how to battle against them.
If you’ve never suffered from headaches but suddenly your head is constantly striking, you might be too stressed. Stress releases chemicals that can cause changes to nerves and blood vessels（血管） in the brain, which brings on a headache. Stress can cause them or make them worse. It’s also common for your muscles to tense up when you’re stressed, which can also cause a headache.
WHAT TO DO:
If you don’t want to take medicine, try spreading lavender （薰衣草）
oil on your temples（太阳穴）when a headache starts. Or try one of these
home remedies for headaches.
Stress can make you mentally sick, too. Too much of the stress hormone
cortisol （皮质醇）can make it harder to concentrate, causing
memory problems as well as anxiety or depression, says Dr. Levine.
WHAT TO DO:
Relax until you regain your concentration. Practice closing your eyes and breathing in and out slowly, concentrating only on your breath.
Losing a few strands of hair is normal (old hair follicles （囊）are
replaced by new ones over time), but stress can disturb that cycle.
Significant stress pushes a large number of hair follicles into what’s
called a resting stage and then a few months later those hairs fall out,
according to MayoClinic.org. Stress can also cause the body’s resistant
system to attack your hair follicles, resulting in hair loss.
WHAT TO DO:
Be patient. Once your stress level returns to normal, your hair should start growing back.
60. If you’re stressed, you might have one of the following symptoms EXCEPT that ______.
A. you keep getting headaches B. you always have a cold
C. your hair is falling out D. your brain feels confused
61. Which of the following is suggested if your brain goes out of focus?
A. Breathing slowly with your eyes closed.
B. Waiting until your brain returns to normal.
C. Spreading lavender oil on your temples.
D. Relaxing and attacking your brain softly.
62. What will happen once we get over our stress according to the passage?
A. Our hair starts falling out and then grows back.
B. Our body’s resistant system attacks your hair follicles
C. Our hair starts growing again.
D. A serious headache starts.
(C)
For many in the general public and the engineering community alike, the potential implications of additive manufacturing (AM) have excited the imagination. Popularly known as 3-D printing, the emerging class of technologies has been regarded as both a revolution in production and an opportunity for dramatic environmental advance.
Yet while the technological capabilities of additive manufacturing processes are studied extensively, a deep understanding of their environmental implications is still lacking.
A new special issue of Yale’s Journal of Industrial Ecology presents the cutting-edge research on this emerging field, providing important insights into its environmental, energy, and health impacts.
Though sometimes described in the public field as similar to an inkjet printer for making objects, additive manufacturing is primarily used as a production process in industry and contains a diverse set of technologies. What they share is the ability to produce products and parts based on digital information by adding layers of materials one after the other rather than, as in traditional manufacturing, removing materials – thus the label “additive.”
“The research in this issue shows that it is too early to label 3-D printing as the path to sustainable manufacturing,” said Reid Lifset, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Industrial Ecology and co-author of the lead editorial. “We need to know much more about the material footprints, energy consumption in production, process emissions, and especially the linking devices and adjustments between the various stages in the production process.”
Additive manufacturing is sometimes seen as inherently environmentally preferable to traditional manufacturing because of its potential for local production – by consumers, merchants and hobbyists – and because it is thought to allow zero-waste manufacturing. Research in this issue, however, indicates that the environmental performance is very sensitive to the pattern of usage and composition of the machinery and the materials used.
“This special issue demonstrates the capability of industrial ecology to reveal important and often overlooked aspects of new technologies,” said Indy Burke, Dean of the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. “If we are to realize the environmental potential of 3-D printing, we need to know where the challenges and the advantages lie.”
The special issue contains:
life cycle assessments (LCA) of AM processes and products
investigations of the process energy consumption of AM technologies
studies of operator exposure to printer emissions and dangerous materials
examination of the sustainability benefits derived from the complex figure of parts enabled by the technology
analysis of supply-chain issues arising from the use of the technology
62. The word “additive” in the passage refers to ______.
A. the substance added in small amounts for a special purpose
B. the additional technological capabilities of manufacturing processes
C. the digital way to produce products by adding serial layers of materials
D. the traditional way to produce products by removing materials
64. The contents listed in the special issue mentioned at the end of this passage focus on ______.
A. the studies of additive manufacturing and sustainability
B. a diverse set of technologies of additive manufacturing
C. the comparison between additive and traditional manufacturing
D. the experiments conducted by Journal of Industrial Ecology
65. Which of the following can be inferred about the researchers’ viewpoint from the passage?
A. 3-D printing is viewed as a revolution in production.
B. 3-D printing is regarded as a kind of sustainable manufacturing.
C. AM makes a harmful impact on environment, energy, and health.
D. The challenges and advantages of AM need further studies.
66. The passage mainly discusses ______.
A. investigations of the 3-D printing process B.the environmental implications of 3-D printing
C. studies of 3-D printing emissions and materials D.assessments of additive manufacturing processes
Section C
What does it mean for the husband when his wife keeps her own surname?
The tradition of women adopting their husbands’ surname after marriage is arguably one of the most widespread gender-role standards in Western cultures despite marked changes in the role that women play in society and in the labor force.
According to previous studies, women who violate the married surname tradition are viewed differently from others. They are described in terms of instrumental characteristics that in a gendered society are typically assigned to men. __67__ These characteristics contrast with the expressive characteristics that are typically assigned to women, such as being more caring, kind and having less influence and power.
__68__ For this purpose, Robnett and her colleagues carried out three studies in the US and UK. The first two studies showed that husbands whose wives keep their own surnames are often described through terms that are opposed to the gender-typical personality characteristics and power framework used for men. They are described in more expressive than instrumental terms, and are seen to hold less power in a marriage. Their findings indicate that people conclude from married surname choices to make more general inferences about a couple’s gender-typed personality characteristics.
Results from the third study conducted by Robnett’s team suggest that people hold different opinions in how they think about such cases. People who firmly hold on to traditional gender roles react particularly strongly to a man whose wife keeps her surname because they see him as an incapable person. “We know from previous research that people high in unfriendly sexism（蔑视女性）respond negatively to women who violate traditional gender roles,” says Robnett. “__69__” “This study joins several others in implying a link between traditions in men and women’s romantic relationships and power structures favoring men,” says Robnett. “__70__ It reflects slight gender-role standards and ideas that often remain unquestioned despite privileging men.”
IV. Summary Writing
Secure payment without leaving a trace
Computer scientist Andy Rupp, member of the “Signaling Code and Security” working group, is always surprised about lacking problem awareness: only few users are aware of the fact that by using payment systems they disclose in detail how and what they consume or which routes they have taken. To prevent control of the accounts by dishonest users, customer data and account balances of payment are usually carried out with the help of a central database. In every payment deal, the customer is identified and the details of her/his deal are transmitted to the central database. This repeated identification process produces a data trace that might be misused by the provider or third parties.
The expert has now presented the basics of an “electronic purse” that works by unknown names, but prevents misuse at the same time. The “black-box addition plus” (BBA+) code system developed by them transfers all necessary account data to the card used or the smartphone and guarantees their secrets with the help of signaling code methods. At the same time, BBA+ offers security guarantees for the operator of the payment system: The code system guarantees a correct account balance and is mathematically constructed such that the identity of the user is disclosed as soon as the attempt is made to pay with a controlled account.
“Our new code system guarantees privacy and security for customers during offline operation as well,” Andy Rupp says. “This is needed for ensuring the payment system’s suitability for daily use. Think of a subway doorway or a payment bridge. There you may have no internet connection at all or it is very slow.” Also its high efficiency makes the code system suited for everyday use: During first test runs, researchers completed payments within about one second.
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V. Translation
72. 他仍难以用英语表达自己的想法。 (express)
73. 有些人天生就具有体育或音乐天赋。 (born)
74. 可以预见的是人工智能的发展必将跨入新纪元，彻底改变人类的生活方式。 (It)
75. 就减肥而言，一种饮食确实不适合所有人，对一些人有效的也许对另一些人并非灵丹妙药。 (what)
VI. Guided Writing
某英文报正举办题为“A personal habit I’d like to change”的征文比赛。请你根据征文题目写一篇短文，参加该征文活动，具体要求如下：
①简述你想改变的这一行为习惯；
②说明你改变这一习惯的理由及措施。
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