外文翻译-质量保证和控制

发布时间：2019-06-03 11:53:45 来源：文档文库

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外文翻译-质量保证和控制

Quality Assurance and control ⑴ Product quality is of paramount importance in manufacturing. If quality is allowed to deteriorate, then a manufacturer will soon find sales dropping off followed by a possible business failure. Customers expect quality in the products they buy, and if a manufacturer expects to established and maintain a name in the business, quality control and assurance functions must be established and maintained before, throughout, and after the production process. Generally speaking, quality assurance encompasses all activities aimed at maintaining quality, including quality control. Quality assurance can be divided into three major areas. These include the following: ① Source and receiving inspecting before manufacturing; ② In-process quality control during manufacturing; ③ Quality assurance after manufacturing; Quality control after manufacture includes warranties and product service extended to the users of the product. Source and Receiving Inspection before Manufacturing Quality assurance often begins long before any actual manufacturing takes place. This may be done through source inspections conducted at the plants that supply materials, discrete parts, or subassemblies to manufacturer. The manufacturers source inspector travels to the supplier factory and inspects raw material or pre-manufactured parts and assemblies. Source inspections present an opportunity for the manufacturer to sort out and reject raw materials or parts before they are shipped to the manufacturers production facility. The responsibility of the source inspector is to check material and parts against design specifications and to reject the item if specifications are not met. Source inspections may include many of the same inspections that will be used during production. Included in these are: ① Visual inspection; ② Metallurgical testing; ③ Dimensional inspection; ④ Destructive and nondestructive inspection; ⑤ Performance inspection. Visual Inspections Visual inspections examine a product or material for such specifications as color, texture, surface finish, or overall appearance of an assembly to determine if there are any obvious deletions of major parts or hardware. Metallurgical Testing Metallurgical testing is often an important part of source inspection, especially if the primary raw material for manufacturing is stock metal such as bar stock or structural materials. Metals testing can involve all the major types of inspections including visual, chemical, spectrographic, and mechanical, which include hardness, tensile, shear, compression, and spectrographic analysis for alloy content. Metallurgical testing can be either destructive or nondestructive. Dimensional Inspection Few areas of quality control are as important in manufactured products as dimensional requirements. Dimensions are as important in source inspecting as they are in the manufacturing process. This is especially critical if the source supplies parts for an assembly. Dimensions are inspected at the source factory using standard measuring tools plus special fit, form, and functions gages that may be required. Meeting dimensional specifications is critical to interchangeability of manufactured parts and to the successful assembly of many parts into complex assemblies such as autos, ships, aircraft, and other multipart products. Destructive and Nondestructive Inspection In some cases it may be necessary for the source inspections to call for destructive or nondestructive tests on raw materials or parts and assemblies. This is particularly true when large amounts of stock raw materials are involved. For example it may be necessary to inspect castings for flaws by radiographic, magnetic particle, or dye penetrant techniques before they are shipped to the manufacturer for final machining. Specifications calling for burn-in time for electronics or endurance run tests for mechanical components are further examples of nondestructive tests. It is sometimes necessary to test material and parts to destruction, but because of the costs and time involved destructive testing is avoided whenever possible. Examples include pressure tests to determine if safety factors are adequate in the design. Destructive tests are probably more frequent in the testing of prototype design than in routine inspection of raw material or parts. Once design specifications are known to be met in regard to the strength of materials, it is often not necessary to test further parts to destruction unless they are genuinely suspected. Performance Inspection Performance inspections involve checking the function lf assemblies, especially those of complex mechanical systems, prior to installation in other products. Examples include electronic equipment subcomponents, aircraft and auto engines, pumps, valves, and other mechanical systems requiring performance evaluation prior to their shipment and final installation. 质量保证和控制在生产中，产品质量占据重要作用。如果一个生产商人气产品质量恶化，在不久的将来，他将会发现他的产品销售量会随着他的生意的衰败而逐渐下降。用户期望他买的产品质量性能好，而且如果制造商想建立并维持信誉，必须在产品制造前、制造过程中及制造后进行质量控制和质量保证。一般来说，质量保证包含保持质量包括质量控制在内的各项活动。质量保证可以划分为三个方面： ① 生产前的资源和要受到的监督。 ② 在生产过程中的质量控制 ③ 生产后的质量保证生产后的质量控制包括保证书和产品服务以及产品的使用者。生产前的资源和受到的监督质量保证常常在任何实际生产过程开始前就已竟开始了它是由提供原料的工厂通过资源监督来完成的。互不相连的部分，或者对生产者的进一步分配。生产者的资源视察人员到提供产品的工厂视察并且检查原材料或生产前的那部分生产过程和分配任务。资源监察为产品制造商筛选和拒绝原材料或零部件在他们被运送到生产商的产品设备之前筛选和拒绝原材料或零部件提供了一个机会。资源监督员的责任就是核查与要设计的明细单不符的材料和零部件并且拒绝明细单上没有提到的项目。资源监督可能包括会在生产过程中用到的相同的监督的许多部分。他们大致包括以下几方面： ① 目测检查； ② 金属性能测试 ③ 尺寸检查； ④ 损坏性和无损坏性检查； ⑤ 操作检查目测检查目测检查主要是为那些含有一个决定是否有明显的主要的零件或硬件的删除部门的组装的的产品或材料的颜色、纹理、表面粗糙度或整体的外观明细单。金属性能测试金属性能测试常常在资源监督中占据重要位置，特别是如果为生产准备的先前的原材料是现货或结构材料。金属性能测试也牵涉到包含视觉的、化学的、光谱的和机械的并且它们包括硬度、抗拉强度，剪切强度，压缩强度、和为合金做的光谱分析的检查的所有的主要部分。尺寸检查作为尺寸要求的在已经生产过的产品中质量控制的一少部分一样重要。尺寸在产品检查和生产过程中一样重要。如果资源为一个装配组提供零部件尺寸尤为重要。尺寸在资源工厂用标准的测量工具加上特殊的安装、组成和被要求的功能量具。符合尺寸规格对所制造部件的互换性和对多部件成功组装成复杂的装置如：汽车、轮船、飞机和其他多部件产品都是极其重要的。损坏性和无损坏性检查对于关于原材料或零部件和准过配组要求损坏性和无损坏性检查在一些情况下他可能是必要的，当大部分现存的原材料被检查时，这就是真的。例如，损坏性和无损坏性检查在那些被运送到生产商那进行加工之前通过摄影、磁性零件检测、染色来检查出铸件的瑕疵可能很必要。要求及时微电子或持久性完成检验的零部件是更深一步的无损伤检测的例子。在测试材料或零部件是否损伤是很必要。但是，因为牵涉到损伤测试的费用和时间在任何时候都是可以避免的。还有那些在设计中确定是否合适的安全因素的压力测试的例子。损伤测试在模型设计中比起在原材料或零件的流水线检查中更重要。在更深一步检查零部件的损伤中它往往是不必要的除非他们最初受到怀疑。操作检查操作检查涉及到核查组装的功能，特别是那些复杂的机械系统，首先是在其他产品中的安装。例子有电子设备零件、飞机和汽车发动机、泵、阀及其他需要在装运和最后安装前进行性能测试的机械系统。 Quality Assurance and Control ⑵ Quality Control during Manufacturing Quality control during manufacturing involves many of the same checks as in source inspection. A great deal of time and effort is invested in in-process quality control by the manufacturing industry. Major considerations for in-process quality control include the following: ① Receiving inspection; ② First price inspection; ③ In-process inspection; ④ One hundred percent inspection; ⑤ Final inspection; Receiving Inspection In receiving inspection, parts, material, and assemblies are checked against design specifications as they arrive at the manufacturers production or assembly facility. If the items received are pre-manufactured parts requiring further assembly or processing, receiving inspection will inspect for correct dimensions and any other specifications required by the design. First Price Inspection Any time a new part or product is made for the first time or when a production machine is set up for repeat production after having been used for another job, a first piece inspection is required. When the first item completes the manufacturing process it is inspected, and if it conforms to specifications further production is allowed to continue. If the first piece is not acceptable, the machine or in some cases the entire production line must be stopped and reset to correct any problems. First piece inspection is necessary before production can begin. In-process Inspection In-process inspection must be applied continuously during production. Each production station must have the necessary tools to accomplish the required inspection operations. Past practice of employing roving quality inspectors to randomly inspect parts throughout the factory has largely been replaced by in-process inspection performed by the machine operator or assembler at his or her workstation. In this manner the worker, often aided by statistical process control (SPC) measures, is made responsible for product quality. One Hundred Percent Inspection One hundred percent inspection refers to the inspection of every part or assembly produced. Though this might appear to be a way to solve all quality control problems, it is often impractical and altogether too expensive to accomplish in routine manufacturing. This is especially true in high-volume production where it would not be feasible to inspect each and every item produced. Also, one hundred percent inspection does not always produce perfect quality. Inspection operations can be fallible and fail to detect defective products, especially in the case of highly repetitive manual inspection. Regardless of its faults, one hundred percent inspection is often used for critical components. Critical aircraft parts may be one hundred percent inspected since the possible acceptance of an out-of-specification part could have serious consequences. Another place where such inspection may be applied is where nonconforming parts begin to show up continually in the production process, and the problem must be tracked down and immediately corrected. One hundred percent inspection may be necessary until production quality is restored, when normal in-process inspection may resume. Final Inspection Final inspection presents another opportunity to sort out parts or assemblies that do not meet specifications. Nonconforming parts are rejected to be scrapped or recycled for rework if possible. It is naturally desirable to avoid scrapping as many parts as possible since they often represent a large production expense. Quality Assurance after Manufacturing Quality control and assurance do not end at the manufacturers shipping dock. They continue well after manufacture in the form of warranties providing factory or factory-authorized service, spare parts, field service, service contracts, reliability studies, failure reports and recommendations, and repair and reconditioning product support. Purchasers of almost any product expect and are entitled to a warranty or guarantee that will be in force for a period of time after the product arrives in the hands of the end user. Warranties vary in length ranging from a few months to lifetime full replacement. Some warranties cover full repair and replacement for a short period of time and cover only specific components for an extended time. Extended warranties may be purchased at extra cost in many cases. Related to this are service contracts for which the customer pays a flat extra cost, sometimes a percentage of the purchase price, in exchange for repair service for the duration of the contract. Critical plant equipment that fails in service must often be restored to functional capability as quickly as possible, and efficient service can be critical to the continuing function of plants and businesses. Many manufacturers provide factory service on their products. This capability may be extended over wide geographical areas by using factory-authorized service through other businesses. Spare parts can often be purchased from either the original maker or a factory-authorized service center. Many manufacturers, especially those of high-technology products, are concerned with reliability and failure rates of their products in service. Product failure and reliability analysis is useful in determining where improvements or correction of deficiencies in the production or design need to be made. Reliability analysis can greatly improve a manufacturers product quality. The compilation of reliability statistics can be used effectively in product advertising, thus enhancing the manufacturers standing in the business. Product Testing Product testing is vital to successful manufacturing, and manufacturing industries often place a large emphasis on product testing. Testing may take place at the prototype stage before an actual product is manufactured for sale. Product testing also may be carried out in controlled markets where a few preproduction models are placed in selected hands for the purpose of testing and evaluation. In the case of aircraft, for example, a license to manufacture will not be granted until design and safety specifications have been met. The manufacturer must assume the costs of manufacturing and testing preproduction prototypes. Endurance testing of automobiles is another significant product testing activity. Production models are test driven through many different environments to simulate what the vehicles will encounter in actual service. By continuous testing, several years of typical service of the vehicle can be compressed into a few months. The data collected can be invaluable in determining design problems and in predicting the reliability and effective service life of the product. 质量保证和控制生产过程中的质量控制涉及到资源监督中的许多方面，。在生产工厂中的质量控制要投入大量的时间和和精力。加工过程中质量控制的主要方面包含以下几个方面接受检测第一件检测加工过程检测百分之百检测最后检测。接受检测在接受检测中，当零件，材料，和装配线被运送到厂商和装配设备公时要按照设计任务书的要求被审查。如果接受的项目要被事先生产过的零件要求进一步装配和加工。为正确的尺寸和设计中要求的正确尺寸和其他说明接受监督。第一件检测任何时候第一次做成的零件或产品或当一个加工机器用来重复生产在已经被用作另一件工作时，第一件监督就用到了。当第一个项目完成生产过程时他就已经被检查过了。而且他也符合设计说明书进一步的加工。如果第一件检查不过关，机器或者整个生产线必须停止并且重新设置新的问题。在产品使用之前第一件检查很必要。加工过程检测在生产过程中加工监督一直使用，每一个生产线都必须有必要的工具来完成所需要的监督操作，过去的惯例使监督员在检查零件时不很在意，这使得工厂在很大程度上被取代，由于加工过程监督操作中的操作人员在他们的工作岗位上以这种方式工人经常由于数字控制而增加，来时的场产品质量增加，百分之百的监督检查涉及到每一个零件的检查和要生产的装配件，虽然，这可能是一种解决产品质量控制问题的方法，但是它不合惯例也太贵，在完成生产流水线中。在检查每一个项目在检查生产的每一个零件和项目的不是用的高容量的生产中这可能是真实的，而且，百分之百的检查不总是能完美的检查出产品的质量。检查操作可能不能顺利进行切不能探测出潜在的产品。尤其是在高重复性人工检查中。忽略它的错误，百分之百的检查被用作批评部分。由于说明书有严格的要求所以有问题的零部件要百分之百的接受检查。在生产过程中，不符合规格的零件接受的检查开始陆续出现。而且问题必须觉纠正。当正常的生产监督过程重新执行的时候，百分之百的检查很有必要一直到生产质量得到恢复的时候。最后的检查最后的检测为筛选出那些不符合说明书的零部件或生产设备提供了一个机会。如果可能的话，不符合规格的零件将不能重新投入生产。由于它们经常耗费大笔费用，所以尽可能的避免废弃它们。生产加工后的质量保证质量控制和保证不能在进入工厂之前就停止。在生产后它们还要继续有效并以保证书的形式为工厂或工厂主管机构提供余件，服务区域，服务方面，可靠研究，不合格的报告和产品修复，维修和修复产品支持。几乎所有的产品买主都希望自己买后的产品有一个可以保证产品在一段时间之内完好实用的担保书。保证书最后要保证产品从几个月到终生替换的范围。一些保证书涵盖了一段时间的全程维修和包换，也有一些涵盖一段时间的他别说明。在许多情况下，这些说明书可能要被额外的费用来买。与这些相关的是顾客花费的额外费用的服务合同，有时还有一些费用，作为合同期限维修的交换费用。在服务中严格要求的工厂设备必须依赖于尽快依靠功能容量。而且效率服务对持续生产的工厂和企业都很严格。许多厂商为工厂提供产品服务。这种性能通过工厂监督服务一直拓展到宽范围的地域。零部件经常从原始的制造者或工厂服务中心买到。许多生产者，特别是那些高科技产品，和可靠性和服务中的低利率产品有关。废弃的生产和可靠性分析在确定要被做的更新和低效率纠正的地方非常有用。可靠性分析能极大地提高产品质量。可靠性数字的手机选编可以被大胆的用到产品广告里，因此，要提高厂商在商业中的地位。产品检测产品测试对于成功的生产很关键。而且生产公司经常强调产品测试。在产品成为真正的产品之前的测试是为销售而生产的。产品测试在呢些为了测试和评估而设置的预先生产的产品模型的地方也使用。就工件而言，例如，一个人要生产的许可证将不会生成，一直到设计和安全说米欧能够符合要求。生产者必须确定生产费用和要生产的模型。在经检测活动中，装配线的耐力测试是另一个重要的方面。产品模型在测试的驱动下通过许多不同的环境来刺激在实际的服务中设备遇到的问题。通过连续的测试，几年的设备典型服务可以被压缩为几个月。搜集的数据在确定产品设计问题和预测可靠性和有影响力的使用寿命。