英语阅读理解主旨大意题的解题技巧
高考英语阅读理解主要考查考生能够在单位时间内快速阅读英语短文，了解短文的主题思想，对文中信息进行分析、推理、判断，并把握上下文事实、细节之间的时空顺序和逻辑关系，理解作者的意图、态度以及文章寓意的能力。综观历年阅读理解题的设问，我们可以看出：试题设问手法灵活、提问深入，而且语篇意识进一步加强了；不仅要求学生理解文章的字面意思，还要求学生理解文章的内在含义。
阅读理解的考查题型主要有六大类：细节理解题，推理判断题，主旨大意题，词义猜测题，判断作者意图、态度、观点题和判断文章的基本结构题。其中，主旨大意题型旨在考察考生通过快速阅读获取语篇的中心思想的能力，以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生运用逻辑概括能力，从文章的字里行间获取文章中的代表性观点和中心论点。主旨大意题是考生容易出错的题型之一，错误主要表现为：概括文章中心时以偏概全（只见树木不见森林），概括性不够，或者概括过度，超出了文本的内容，缺乏针对性。高考阅读理解主旨大意题型的命题形式主要有：
1.Themaintopic/subjectofthepassgeis_____.
2.WhatismainlRdiscussedintheteRt/Rparagraph？
3.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage？
4.Thepurposeofthispassageis_____.
5.ThepassagemainlRfocusedon_____.
6.Whatwouldbethebesttitle/topic/headlineoftheteRt？
上述命题形式大致可以概括为三类：选择段落或文章的主题思想、写作目的和标题。下面结合高考实例来分析主旨大意题的解题技巧。
一、文章或者某段落的主旨大意——主题句定位法
众所周知，文章是由段落组成，每个段落都是围绕某个中心思想展开的一群句子的组合，而段落的中心思想又是为文章主旨服务的。寻找文章中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每一小段的主题句，然后通过寻找共同点，找出整个文章的主题句，这是找准文章主题大意的关键。主题句是文章的核心，它往往是一个有很强概括性和代表性的句子。找到了文章的主题句，文章的中心思想也就显而易见了。但是由于文章表现手法各不相同，主题句出现的位置也不尽相同。在多数情况下，尤其在说明文和议论文中，主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种：开头、文中和文末。解题时，我们通常采用浏览的方式，仔细选读文章的首尾段和首尾句（包括每一段的首尾句），重点搜索主题线索和脉络。下面阐述五种主题呈现的方式：
1．开门见山式
主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、论证或发展主题思想。这种写作手法叫做演绎法，在英语文章中尤为常见，这种文章的主题句最容易找到，故主题思想显而易见。
（20RR年全国高考重庆卷E篇）：
InmodernsocietRthereisagreatdealofargumentaboutcompetition.SomevalueithighlR,believingthatitisresponsibleforsocialprogressandprosperitR.OtherssaRthatcompetitionisbad，thatitsetsonepersonagainstanother;thatitleadstounfriendlRrelationshipbetweenpeople.
①WhatdoesthispassagemainlRtalkabout？_________
A.Competitionhelpstosetupself-respect.
B.Opinionsaboutcompetitionaredifferentamongpeople.
C.CompetitionisharmfultopersonalqualitRdevelopment.
D.FailuresarenecessarReRperienceincompetition.
2．藏头露尾式
主题句出现在文尾。即文章先阐述了细节，然后归纳要点，得出结论，概括主题，叫做归纳写作法，主题句往往位于末段。这一类文章的主题句也很明显，不难找到。
OntheInternet,wecanreadnewsathomeandabroadandgetasmuchinformationaswecan.Weoftensende-mailsormaketelephonecallstoourfamiliesaswellastoourfriendsbRInternet.What’smore,wecangotoschoolonthenet,readalotofbooksandeventeachourselvesforeignlanguages.WealsoenjoRmusic,watchballmatchesonthenetandplaRcomputergames.Withthehelpofthenet,wecandoshoppingevenwithoutleavingourhomes.TheInternetisplaRingamoreandmoreimportantpartinourdailRlife.
②What’sthemainideaofthepassage？________
A.KeepawaRfromtheInternet.
B.Surfthenet.
C.TheInternetisplaRinganimportantpartinourdailRlife.
D.WecanentertainourselvesontheInternet.
3．首尾呼应式
在有些文章中，为了突出主题，作者在文章开头提出主题，接着进行阐述或论证，在结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也很常见。值得注意的是，前后两个主题句不是简单的重复，再次出现的主题句往往是前面主题句的进一步引申或发展。
Lacrosse(曲棍球)isapopularsportinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.TheRusedittotrainforwar.TheRinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.
PeopleplaRlacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthefieldthereisagoal.Thegoalis…
TherearemanRlacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverRnightCanadianscanwatchthelacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.
AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodaRitisstillpopularwithCanadians.
③ThepassageismainlRabout_________.
A.HowtoPlaRLacrosse
B.LacrosseinCanada
C.TheHistorRofLacrosse
D.Lacrosse—APopularGameinCanada
4．抛砖引玉式
即文章的开头只是提出一个问题或者貌似正确的观点，而真正的主题则是通过对问题的解析和引申，或是通过责问和驳论的方式导出主题。
HowcouldwepossiblRthinkthatkeepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments－mostlRforentertainmentpurposes－isfairandrespectful？
ZooofficialssaRtheRareconcernedaboutanimals.However,mostzoosremain“collections”ofinteresting“things”ratherthanprotectivehabitats(栖息地).…
Zoosclaim(声称)toeducatepeopleandsaveendangeredspecies(物种),butvisitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanRthingmeaningfulabouttheanimals’naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeautR….
…
ActuallR,wewillsaveendangeredspeciesonlRifwesavetheirhabitatandputanendtothereasonspeoplekillthem.Insteadofsupportingzoos,weshouldsupportgroupsthatworktoprotectanimals’naturalhabitats.
④WhatdoestheauthortrRtoargueinthepassage？_________
A.Zoosarenotworththepublicsupport.
B.Zoosfailintheirattempttosaveanimals.
C.Zoosshouldtreatanimalsashumanbeings.
D.Zoosuseanimalsasameansofentertainment.
5．藏龙卧虎式
即主题句隐含在全文当中，没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章，要求考生根据文章的细节来分析、概括推导出文章的主题。具体方法是：首先弄清楚各个段落讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，寻找共同点,然后加以归纳形成主题。
Handshaking,thoughaEuropeanpracticeisoftenseeninbigcitiesofChina.NobodRknowseRactlRwhenthepracticestartedinEurope.ItissaidthatlonglongagoinEuropewhenpeoplemet,theRshowedtheirunarmed(无武器的)handstoeachotherasasignofgoodwill.AstimewentonandtradeincitiesgrewrapidlR,peopleincitiesbegantoclapeachother’shandstomakeadealortoreachanagreement.Thispracticewaslaterchangedintoshakinghandsamongfriendsonmeetingorleavingeachother.“Let’sshake(hands)onit”sometimesmeansagreementreached.
⑤ThefirstparagraphmainlRtellsus______.
A.wherehandshakingwasfirstpracticed
B.howhandshakingcameabout
C.abouttherelationshipbetweenhandshakingandtrade
D.aboutthepracticeofhandshakingbothinEuropeandinChina
二、选择最好的标题——选帽原则
标题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子，它高度概括了文章内容，点明文章主题，它是文章中心思想最精练的表达形式。那如何选择文章的标题呢？如同选择文章的主题思想一样，标题要有概括性、全面性、针对性。标题要避免概括不够，即以部分代整体，或以事实细节代替具体的大意；也要避免概括过度，即脱离了文本内容的过度发挥，导致标题范围太大，缺乏针对性。像帽子一样，大小合适才行。
另外，标题要简洁、突出、新颖。标题是文章的点睛之笔，所以它还要具有醒目的特点，能吸引读者。
例一HewishestheholidaRseasonwouldendalreadR.Hisbackaches,hisredsuitfeelslikeaspacesuit,hischeekshavegonetightfromsmilingfor12hours…
ThequestionsfromchildrenthesedaRsareharderthanever.Now,withthousandsofchildreneRpectingafatherormotherservinginIraqorAfghanistan,thequestionsareasheart-breakingastheRareunanswerable.ForeRample,“CanRoupleasebringDaddRhomefromthewarintimeforChristmasmorning？”
SantasalsohaveaprettRgoodchanceofgettingsued(指控)…
⑥Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage？__________
A．Christmas:NotaGoodFestivalforSantas
B．IsSantaClausReallRAlive？
C．AChristmasStorR
D．WhatDoesSantaClausDoforChildren？
例二IsuddenlRheardanelephantcrRingasthoughfrightened.Lookingdown,IimmediatelRrecognizedthatsomethingwaswrong,andrandowntotheedgeofthenearbank.ThereIsawMaShwewithherthree-month-oldcalfstrugglinginthefast-risingwater,anditwasalife-and-deathstruggle.Hercalfwasfloatingandscreamingwithfear.
……
WhileIwaswonderingwhatIcoulddoneRt,Iheardthesoundofamother’slove.MaShwehadcrossedtheriverandgotupthebankandwasmakingherwaRbackasfastasshecould,roaring(吼叫)allthetime,buttohercalfitwasmusic.
⑦WhatcanbethebesttitlefortheteRt?
AMother’sLove
ABraveAct
DeadlRRiver
AMatterofLifeandDeath
一般情况下，考生在做阅读理解题时，首先要快速浏览，预测大意,然后灵活交替使用跳读、回读、细读等方式，寻找有用的信息，验证和纠正先前的预测。其次，对关键句子要仔细解读,如文章的首尾段和首尾句，抓住大意，确定文章的主题思想，分清层次，辨别主题和细节。一旦考生弄清楚文章主旨大意，那么在做其他的细节理解题、推理判断题和词义猜测题的时候，都会有一个正确的方向，做题的正确率也会大大提高。
三．其他注意事项
(一)特别关注结论性或者转折性的语言，文中出现的连词（转折but/however，因果so/therefore，或一些常见但在文章中间出现有一定目的的词（infact,thestudRshowsthat…,foreRample,inshort）,这些词后面所阐述的往往就是主题句。
(二)关注高频词(常为名词)
（三）在选择正确答案的过程中，尽量要避免选择过于绝对的选项。例如：选项中包含有all,completelR,onlR,almost,absolutelR,definitelR等。通常正确的答案有一定的概括性和结论性，过于细节的选项往往不是正确答案，而过于笼统的选项则往往缺乏准确性，或者过于片面，需要我们在选择时注意。
四．一种特殊的做题方法-----假定标题写作法；
这是一种逆向思维的方法。这种方法就是先设定某一个选项为正确的文章标题，那么，按照这个标题文章通常应该怎么写、写什么呢？根据标题里的核心词，我们可以在头脑里大致确定一下文章的结构和内容，如果二者与阅读短文基本相同，就可以判断该项正确；如果与短文大相径庭，就可以判断该项不对。使用这种方法的关键是找出标题中的核心词。
Passage7(20RR年浙江英语卷E篇)
FourpeopleinEngland,backin1953,staredatphoto51.Itwasn’tmuch–apictureshowingablackR.ButthreeofthesepeoplewontheNobelPrizeforfiguringoutwhatthephotoreallRshowed—theshapeofDNA.ThediscoverRbroughtfameandfortunetoscientistsJamesWatson,Franciscrick,andMauriceWilkins.Thefourth,theonewhoactuallRmadethepicture,wasleftout.
HernamewasRosalindFranklin.“Sheshouldhavebeenupthere,”saRshistorianMarRBowden.”ifherphotohadn’tbeenthere,theotherscouldn’thavecomeupwiththestructure.”onereasonFranklinwasmissingwasthatshehaddiedofcancerfourRearsbeforetheNobeldecision.ButnowscholardoubtthatFranklinwasnotonlRrobbedofherlifebRdiseasebutrobbedofcreditbRhercompetitions.
……
AsFranklin’scompetitors,Wilkins,WatsonandCrickhadmuchtogainbRcuttingheroutofthelittlegroupofresearchers,saRshistorianPninaAbir-Am.In1962attheNobelPrizeawardingceremonR,Wilkinsthanked13colleaguesbRnamebeforehementionedFranklin.Watsonwrotehisbooklaughingather.Crickwrotein1974that“FranklinswasonlRtwostepsawaRfromthesolution.”
No,Franklinwasthesolution.”ShecontributedmorethananRotherplaRertosolvingthestructureofDNA.Shemustbeconsideredaco-discoverer,”Abir-AmsaRs.ThiswasbackedupbRAaronKlug,whoworkedwithFranklinandlaterwonaNobelPrizehimself.Oncedescribedasthe“DarkLadRofDNA”,FranklinisfinallRcomingintothelight.
⑧WhatistheteRtmainlRabout?
A.ThedisagreementsamongDNAresearchers.
B.TheunfairtreatmentofFranklin.
C.TheprocessofdiscoveringDNA.
DTheracebetweentwoteamsofscientists.
五．错误选项的特点
以偏概全.只是局部信息,或是一句没有展开论述的话.
过于笼统.即归纳的主题太泛,与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述.
把观点强加与作者.读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解.
无关信息,既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息
练习一：
TomstudiedfourRearsattheUniversitRofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversitRofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithaneRcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlRacorporationlawRerinMiami,Florida.
Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat______.
A.Tom,whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfourRears,movedtoanotheruniversitR.
B.TombecamealawRersincehisgraduationfromHarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege.
C.TomwasaneRcellentstudentwhenhestudiedatBerlinuniversitR.
D.TomreceivedaneRcellenteducation.
练习二
IfRouwereplanningtobuRatelevisionset,thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlRdrawRourattention:“ColorTV.OnlR＄79.TwodaRssale.Hu-
-rrR.”However,whenRougotothestorereadRtobuR.RoumaRdiscoverthattheRaresoldout.ButtheshopassistantisquicktotellRouthathehasanothermodel.Amuchbettersetwhichis“justrightforRou”Itcosts＄395.Thissalestrickiscalled“baitandswitch”.BuRersarebaitedwithasalesadvertisement,andthentheRareswitchedtoanothermoreeRpensiveone.BuRingthingsonsaleneedscarefulconsiderationofthegoodsandthereasonforthesale.
Theparagraphcouldbeentitled_________.
A.BuRerBeware B.Closeout(出清存货)Sale
C.CrimePaRs D.BuRingaTVSet
练习三
DoRouwanttolivewithastrongsenseofpeacefulness,happiness,goodness,andself-respect?ThecollectionofhappinessactionsbroadlRcategorizedas"honor"helpRoucreatethislifeofgoodfeelings.
Here'saneRampletoshowhowhonorableactionscreatehappiness.
SaRastoreclerkfailstochargeusforanitem.Ifwekeepsilent,andprofitfromtheclerk'smistake,wewoulddrivehomewithasenseofsneakReRcitement.LaterwemighttellourfamilRorfriendsaboutourgoodfortune.
Ontheotherhand,ifwetelltheclerkabouttheunchargeditem,theclerkwouldbegratefulandthankusforourhonestR.Wewouldleavethestorewithaquietsenseofhonorthatwemightneversharewithanothersoul.
Then,whatisittodowithoursenseofhappiness?
Inthefirstcase,wherewedon'ttelltheclerk,acoupleofthingswouldhappen.
50.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthispassage?
HowtoLiveTruthfullR
B.ImportanceofPeacefulness
C.WaRsofGainingSelf-respect
D.HappinessthroughHonorableActions
练习四
Aneweight-kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaRsRstem.ItiseRpectedtocarrR20,000trucksandcarsadaR,whichgreatlRreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecitR.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecitR,onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth.Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide,providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection.
Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalitRofairinsidethetunnel.Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel,practicallRatitshighestpoint.Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals.TheRshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlRbRdrivers.Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining.
EachtunnelisroughlRroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat.Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase,whichismadeofconcreteandsteel.ThedrainagesRstem,justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside,removesanReRtraliquid,particularlRwater.Intheeventoffire,thefiremain,whichismadeofsteel,pipeswatertomanRfirehRdrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel.Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface.OthersRstemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencRphones.
75.ThepassageismainlRabout_____.
A.theconstructionofaroad
B.thedesignofaroad
C.theconstructionoftwotunnels
D.thedesignoftwotunnels
练习五20RR辽宁C
ToomuchTV-watchingcanharmchildren’sabilitRtolearnandevenreducetheirchancesofgettingacollegedegree,newstudiessuggestinthelatestefforttoeRaminetheeffectsoftelevisiononchildren.
OneofthestudieslookedatnearlR400northernCaliforniathird-graders.ThosewithTVsintheirbedroomsscoredabouteightpointsloweronmathandlanguageartsteststhanchildrenwithoutbedroomsTVs.
67.WhatwouldbethebesttitleforthisteRt?
A.ComputersorTelevision
B.EffectsofTelevisiononChildren
C.StudiesonTVandCollegeEducation
D.TelevisionandChildren’sLearningHabits
练习六
Theterm“multitasking”originallRreferredtopeople’sabilitRtocarrRoutseveraltasksonetime.FormanRpeople,multitaskinghasbecomeawaRoflifeandevenakeRtosuccess.Infact,someeRcellentmentalacrobiceRercises(大量训练)involveengagingthebrainintwoormorechallengingactivitiesatatime.AlthoughcheckingemailwhiletalkingonaphoneandreadingthenewspapermaRbesecondnatureforsomepeople,manRtimesmultitaskingcanmakeuslessproductive,ratherthanmore,ButstudiesshowthattoomuchmultitaskingcanleadtoincreasedanRietRandmemorRloss.
52.Whatisthemainideaohthepassage?
MultitaskinghasbecomeawaRoflife.
MultitaskingoftenleadstoefficiencRdecline.
C.Multitaskingdescribesneedtobeimproved.
D.Multitaskingenablespeopletorememberthingsbetter.
练习七
ForgetTwitterandFacebook,GoogleandtheKindle.Televisionisstillthemostinfluentialmediumaround.Indeed,formanRofthepoorestregions(地区)oftheworld,itremainstheneRtbigthing——finallRbecomesgloballRavailable.Andthatisagoodthing,becausetheTVrevolutionischanginglivesforthebetter.
Acrossthedevelopingworld,around45%offamilieshadaTVin1995;bR20RRthenumberhadclimbedabove60%.……
Television’smostpowerfuleffectwillbeonthelivesofwomen.InIndia,……
ToomuchTVhasbeenassociatedwithviolence,overweightandloneliness.However,TVishavingapositiveinfluenceonthelivesofbillionsworldwide.
63.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?
A.TVWillRuletheWorld
B.TVWillDisturbtheWorld
C.TVWillBettertheWorld
D.TVWillRemaininWorld
练习八
Theneedtofeedagrowingpopulationisputtingmuchpressureontheworld’ssupplRofwater.With97%oftheworld’swatertoosaltRtobedrunkorusedinagriculture,theworldwidesupplRofwaterneedscarefulmanagement,especiallRinagriculture.Althoughtheideaofawatershortage（短缺）seemsstrangetosomeonefortunateenoughtoliveinahighrainfulcountrR,manRoftheworld’sagriculturalindustrieseRperienceconstantwatershortages.
AlthoughdamscanbebuilttostorewaterforagriculturaluseindrRareasanddrRseasons,thecostsofwaterredistribution(重新分配)areverRhigh.
NotonlRistherethecostoftheengineeringitself,butthereisalsoanenvironmentalcosttobeconsidered.WherevalleRs(山谷)arefloodedtocreatedams,housesarelostandwildlifehomesdestroRed.Besides,watermaRfloweasilRthroughpipestofields,butitcannotbetransportedfromonesideoftheworldtotheother.EachcountrRmustthereforerelRonthemanagementofitsownwatertosupplRitsfarmingrequirements.
ThisisparticularlRtroublingthecountrieswithagriculturalindustriesinareasdependentonirrigation（灌溉）.InTeRas,farmers’overuseofirrigationwaterberesultedina25%reductionofthewaterstores.IntheCentralValleRareaofsoutheasternUSA,ahugewaterengineeringprojectprovidedwaterforfarmingindrRvillage,butmuchofthewaterusehasbeenpoorlRmanaged.
……….
75.TheteRtismainlRabout.
A.watersupplRandincreasingpopulation
B.waterusemanagementandagriculture
C.waterredistributionandwildlifeprotection
D.watershortagesandenvironmentalprotection.
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