初二年级上英语知识点总结与练习
【知识梳理】I. 重点短语
1. give a concert
2. fall down
3. go on
4. at the end of
5. go back
6. in ahurry
7. write down
8. come out
9. all the year round
10. later on
11. at times
12. ring sb. up
13. Happy New Year!
14. have a party
15. hold on
16. hear from
17. be ready
18. at the moment
19. take out
20.the same as
21. turn over
22. get-together
23. put on
24. take a seat
25. wait for
26. get lost
27. just then
28. first of all
29. go wrong
30. make a noise
31. get on
32. get off
33. stand in line
34. at the head of
35. laugh at
36. throw about
37. in fact
38. at midnight
39. enjoy oneself
40. have a headache
41. have a cough
42. fall asleep
43. again and again
44. look over
45. take exercise
II. 重要句型
1. be good for sth.
2. I think …
3. I hope…
4. I love…
5. I don’t like…
6. I’m sure…
7. forget to do sth.
8. take a message for sb.
9. give sb. the message
10. help yourself to sth.
11. be famous for sth.
12. on one’s way to…
13. make one’s way to…
14. quarrel with sb.
15. agree with sb.
16. stop sb. from doing sth.
III. 交际用语
1.What’s the weather like today?
2.It’s cold, but quite suuny.
3.How cold it is today!
4.Yes, but it’ll be warmer later on.
5.Shall we make a snowman?
6.Ok. Come on!
7.Happy New Year!
8.May I speak to Ann, please?？
9.Hold on, please.
10.Thanks a lot for inviting me to your party.
11.Ok. But I’m afraid I may be a little late.
12.Can I take a message for you?
13.That’s OK. It doesn’t matter.
14.I’m very sorry, but I can’t come.
15.I’m sorry to hear that.
16.Happy birthday!
17.Would you like ...? Would you like to ...?
18.Do you think ...? Yes, I think so. / No, I don't think so.
19.Do you agree? Yes, I agree. / No, don't really agree. I really can't agree.
20.There are a few / a lot of ... / on it.
21.So do we.
22.I'm happy you like it.
23.Which is the way to ..., please?
24.Turn right/left at the ... crossing.
25.Go on until you reach ...
26.How can I get to ...? Go down/up/along this road.
27.What's the matter?
28.It'll take you half an hour to ...
29.We'd better catch a bus.
30.It may be in ... Ah, so it is
31.You must be more careful!
32.You mustn't cross the road now.
33.If you want to cross a street, you must wait for the green light.
34.Please stand in line.
35.You must wait for your turn.
36.If you don't go soon, you'll be late.
37.I don't feel very well.
38.My head hurts.
39.You mustn't eat anything until you see the doctor.
40.What's the trouble?
41.What's the matter with…?
42.She didn't feel like eating anything.
43.Nothing serious.
44.Have/get a pain in…
45.No problem.
46.Take this medicine three times a day.
IV. 重要语法
1. 一般过去时；
2. 反意疑问句的用法；
3. 一般将来时；
4. 感叹句；
5. 简单句的五种基本句型；
6. 情态动词can, may和must, have to的用法；
7. 时间状语从句和条件状语从句。
【名师讲解】
1. above/ over/ on
这三个介词都表示“在……之上”，但含义不同。on指在某物的表面上，和某物接触；above指在某物的上方，不和某物接触，但也不一定在某物的正上方；over指在某物的正上方，不和某物接触。试比较：
There is a book on the desk.课桌上有一本书。
I raise my right hand above my head. 我把右手高举过头。
There is a stone bridge over the river. 河面上有座石桥。
2. forget to do sth./forget doing sth.
forget to do sth.意思是“忘记做某事”，实际上还没做；forget doing sth,意思是“忘记做过某事”，实际上已经做过了。试比较：
I forgot to tell him the news.我忘记告诉他这条消息了。
I forgot telling him the news.我已经把这条消息告诉他了，我却忘了。
类似的词还有：remember, regret等。
4. be sure to do sth./ be sure of/about sb. or sth.
(1)be sure to do sth.可以用来表示说话人给对方提出要求，意思是“务必”，也可以用来表示说话人做出的推断，意思是“一定”，“肯定”。例如：
Be sure to lock the door when you leave.你离开时务必把门锁好。
It’s a good film. You are sure to enjoy it.这是一部好电影，你肯定会喜欢的。
(2)be sure of/about sb.or sth. 可用来表示“某人对某事有把握”。例如：
I’m sure of his success.我相信他会成功。
I think it was three years ago, but I’m not sure about it.我想那是三年前的事情，但我没有把握。
5. hear from/hear of
hear意思是“听到”，从哪里听到要用from来表示。例如：
I’ve heard from Xiao Wu that we’ll start out military training tomorrow.
我听小吴说，我们明天开始军训。
Listen to the tape and write out what you hear from Han Mei.
听录音，并写出你从韩梅那里听到的内容。
hear from还有一个意思是“收到某人的来信”（=receive a letter from sb.）。例如：
I heard from my pen friend in the U.S.A. last month.
上个月我受到了美国笔友的来信。
I heard from her last week. 我上周接到了她的来信。
hear of和和hear from含义不同。hear of 意思是“听说”，“得知”（某事或某人的存在），常用在疑问句和否定句里。例如：
Who is he? I’ve never heard of him.他是谁？我从来没有听说过他。
I never heard of such a thing! 这样的事我从来没有听说过。
6. It’s a pleasure./With pleasure.
It’s a pleasure这句话常用作别人向你表示致谢时的答语，意思是“那是我乐意做的”。例如：
---Thank you for helping me. 谢谢你地帮助。
---It’s a pleasure. 那是我乐意做的。
---Thanks a lot. Bye.非常感谢。 再见。
---It’s a pleasure. 那是我乐意做的。再见。
类似的话还有 “Not at all.” “You are welcome.” “That’s all right.”
With pleasure也用作客气的答语，主要用在别人要你做某事，而你又非常愿意去做的场合。例如：
---Will you please pass me the newspaper, please?
请你把报纸递给我好吗？
---With pleasure.
当然可以。
7. seem/look
(1)二者都可以作“看起来”讲，但seem暗示凭借一些迹象作出的有根据的判断，这种判断往往接近事实；look着重强调由视觉得出的印象。两者都可跟(to be)+形容词和as if从句。如：
He seems / looks (to be) very happy today. 他今天看起来很高兴。
It looks (seems) as if it it is going to rain. 好像要下雨了。
(2)但下列情况中只用seem不用look：
1)后跟不定式to do时。如：
He seems to know the answer. 他似乎知道答案。
2)在It seems that ...结构中。如：
It seems that he is happier now than yesterday.他像比昨天高兴些了。
8. be ready to do/be ready for/ get ready to do/get ready for
(1)be ready to do和be ready for…表示“已作好…的准备”，强调状态
(2)get ready to do和get ready for…表示“为…做准备”，强调行为。如：
I'm ready to do anything you want me to do. 我愿意/随时准备做一切做你要我做的事。
I'm ready for any questions you may ask.我愿意/随时准备回答你可能问的问题。
He's getting ready to leave for Tokyo.他正准备动身去东京。
Let's get ready for the hard moment.我们为这一艰难时刻作好准备吧。
(3)be ready to do 通常可理解“乐于做某事”，即思想上总是有做某事的准备。be not ready to do表示
“不轻易做某事”。如：
He's usually not ready to listen to others.他通常不轻易听从别人。
9. at table/at the table
at table在吃饭，at the table在桌子旁边。例如：
The Greens are at table. 格林一家人在吃饭。
Mr. Black is sitting at the table and reading a book.布莱克先生坐在桌旁读书。
10. reach, arrive/get to
三者都有"到达"之意。reach是及物动词，后直接加名词，get和arrive是不及物动词，不能直接加名词，须借助于介词。get to后加名词地点，若跟副词地点时，to去掉；arrive at +小地方，arrive in+大地方。如：
Lucy got to the zoo before 8 o'clock. 露西8点前到了动物园。
When did your parents arrive in Shanghai? 你父母何时到上海的？
It was late when I got home. 我到家时天色已晚。
11. sick/ill
二者都是形容词。当“生病的，患病“之意时，ill只作表语，不作定语；而sick既可作表语也可作定语。sick有"呕吐，恶心"的意思，只能作表语，而ill无此意。如：
Li Lei was ill last week. (只作表语)李磊上周生病了。
He's a sick man. （作定语）他是病人。不能说成：He's an ill man.
My grandfather was sick for a month last year. （作表语）我祖父去年病了一个
月。
12. in time/on time
in time是"及时"的意思，on time是"准时，按时"。如：
I didn't get to the bus stop in time. 我没有及时赶上汽车。
We'll finish our job on time. 我们要按时完成任务。
13. may be/maybe
It may be in your inside pocket. = Maybe it is in your inside pocket. 也许在你里边的口袋里。第一句中may be是情态动词+be 动词构成的谓语部分，意思是"也许是"，"可能是"；第二句中的maybe是副词，意思是"可能"，常位于句首，不能位于句中，相当于另一副词 perhaps。再如：
Maybe you put it in that bag.也许你放在了那只包里。（不能说You maybe put it
in that bag.）
It may be a hat.那可能是顶帽子。（不能说It maybe a hat. 或It maybe is a hat.）
14. noise/ voice/ sound
noise 指嘈杂声，噪音大的吵杂声。voice是指说话的声音，嗓音，嗓子。sound是指耳朵能够听到的声音、闹声等。它是表示声音之意的最普通的字。有时还用作科学上的声音。例如：
Don't make so much noise! 别那么大声喧哗！
I didn't recognize John's voice on the telephone. 在电话里我听不出约翰的声
音。
He spoke in a low voice. 他低声说话。
We heard a strange sound. 我们听到了一种奇怪的声音。
Sound travels fast, but light travels faster. 声音传得快，但是光传得更快。
【考点扫描】
中考考点在本单元主要集中在：
1. 一般过去时；
2. 反意疑问句的用法；
3. 一般将来时；
4. 感叹句；
5. 简单句的五种基本句型；
6. 情态动词can, may和must, have to的用法；
7. 时间状语从句和条件状语从句；
8. 本单元学过的词汇、短语和句型；
9. 本单元学过的日常交际用语。
考试形式可以是单项填空、完型天空、短文填空和完成句子。
【中考范例】
1. (2004年长沙市中考试题)
---Do you know if we will go to the cinema tomorrow?
---I think we’ll go if we ________ too much homework.
A. will have B. had C. won’t have D. don’t have
【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是条件状语从句的时态。在条件和时间状语从句里通常用一般现在是表示将来的动作。
2. (2004年佛山市中考试题)
You have been to Tibet, _________? I was told that the snow-covered mountains were very beautiful.
A. have you B. haven’t you C. don’t you
【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是反意疑问句的构成。反意疑问句的前一部分是肯定句，后一部分就应该是否定的疑问部分，而且要和前一部分保持时态上的一致。
3. (2004年扬州市中考试题)
---Jacky, look at that Japanese sumoist(相扑手).
---Wow, ______________!
A. How a fat man B. What a fat man
C. How fat man D. What fat man
【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是感叹句的构成。这个感叹句省略了主谓部分，只保留了感叹部分。如果以What开头，就应该是What a fat man! 如果是How开头，就应该是How fat!
4. (2004年福建省泉州市中考试题)
---Thanks for your help.
---__________________
A. It doesn’t matter B. Don’t thank me
C. You’re welcome D. That’s right
【解析】答案：C。该题考查的是日常交际用语。回答别人的道谢通常用“That’s all right.”或”You’re welcome.”
【满分演练】
一. 选择填空
1. Don’t forget _________your book here tomorrow.
A. to take B. to bring C. taking D. bringing
2. Mrs Brown went to the cinema, ______she?
A. didn’t B. doesn’t C. wasn’t D. isn’t
3. It was half past four. Everything _______ready.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
4. ---Happy New Year!
---____________.
A. The same to you B. I’m glad to hear that
C. I’m very happy D. Thank you. It’s very kind of you.
5. I got up late yesterday. There _________no time to have breakfast.
A. has B. had C. was D. is
6. Thank you for ______me to your party.
A. invite B. inviting C. to invite D. invited
7. ---I’m sorry I took your pen by mistake yesterday.
---______________.
A. All right B. That’s right C. Right D. That’s all right
8. ---Thank you for showing me the way!
---________________.
A. The same to you B. It doesn’t matter
C. It’s a pleasure D. That’s right
9. ---Could I use your computer for a moment?
---_____________.
A. Sure B. Really C. Right D. It doesn’t matter
10. ---I just lost my bike.
---________________.
A. I wish you to buy a new one
B. You’d better buy a new one
C. I’m sorry to hear that
D. It’s always nice to ride a new one
二. 选择能代替句中划线部分的词语或短语
1.What’s the matter with your mother?
A.problem B. question C. message D. wrong
2.---Thank you very much.
---It’s a pleasure.
A. I’m very glad. B. That’s right.
C. It doesn’t matter D. Not at all
3.What is he doing at the moment?
A.now B. a moment ago C. late D later on
4.Did you have a good time at the party?
A.stay long B. sing and dance C. enjoy yourself D. eat enough
5.---May I speak to John, please?
---Certainly.
A.Sure. B. I think so. C. I’d love to D. That’s all right.
6.---Could I speak to Jim, please?
---Sorry，he isn’t in.
A.is at home B. is not at work C. is out D. is free
7.There is nothing but an old table in the room.
A. many B. some
C. any D. only
8.What’s the weather like?
A. When B. Where C. why D. How
9.Please let me look at your photo.
A.give me B. pass me C. bring me D. show me
10.Please ask him to ring me up when he comes back.
A. see B. help C. call D. thank
三. 完形填空
When I __1__ in London last year, it had one of the thickest fogs(雾) in years. You could __2____ see your hand in __3___ of your face. When evening fell, it became even __4___ . All traffic __5___ to a stop. I decided to walk.
A few minutes __6___ , I couldn’t find my__7___ . Then I saw a young man and asked him to help me. He agreed. As I was following him __8__ the streets, he told me, “I know this part of London quite well. And the thick fog ___9__ to me. You see, I’m __10___ .”
1.A. is B. was C. am D. are
2. A. easily B. hard C. hardly D. even
3. A. front B. the front C. back D. the back
4. A. bad B. worse C. good D. better
5.A. began B. started C. went D came
6.A. late B. later C. early D. earlier
7.A. road B. way C. street D. home
8.A. along B. in C. through D. by
9.A. is not good B. does good
C. is nothing D. has something
10.A. strong B. week C. blind D. clever
四. 阅读理解
(A)
John was a very famous pianist. When he was a small boy, he once played at a party at the home of a rich man. He was only eight years old. But he had played for several years. At the party he played a famous piece by Beethoven (贝多芬). He played wonderfully.
The famous piece has in it several very long rests. In each of these rests he took his hands from the piano and waited. To him this was very exciting. But it seemed that the mother of the rich man thought differently. Finally during one of these rests she came over to him. She touched him on the head with a smile and said, “My boy, why
don’t you play us what you know well?”
根据短文内容判断正误：正确的答“A”，错误的答“B”。
1.John once played the piano at a party when he was only a little boy.
2.John began to play the piano at the age of eight.
3.In each of the rests John took his hands from the piano because he felt tired.
4.The rich man’s mother did not think John played the piece well.
5.I n fact the mother of the rich man knew the piece well.
(B)
One day, we had an English class. The teacher saw a boy reading a picture book and said, “Tom, what do you usually do after lunch?” Tom nervously(紧张地)got up from his seat, but he did not know what to answer. He thought for some time and then said, “Wait for supper.”
The teacher was displeased and just at that moment, he saw another boy asleep. The teacher was getting a little angry now, but he was trying not to show it. Then he asked, “And you, Joke?”
As Joke was asleep, of course, he could not hear what the teacher had said. His deskmate(同桌) woke him up. Joke stood up quickly and answered in a loud voice, “So do I”.
1.This story happened____________.
A. in the teacher’s office B. after lunch
C. in class D. a home
2.Tom’s answer made the teacher __________.
A. angry B. displeased C. surprising D. laughing
3.The teacher asked Joke ________.
A.what he wanted to do after class
B.what he did in class
C.the same question as he asked Tom
D.to help Tom
4.Joke’s answer meant that_______.
A.he knew what to do and what not to do after lunch
B.he did the same thing as Tom did
C.he read a picture-book
D.he did many things after lunch
5.From the above story we can see that ________.
A. Joke did not know what question the teacher had asked
B.Tom did well in his lessons
C.Joke was good at his lessons
D.Tom and Joke worked hard at their lessons
(C)
Mrs Black, the wife of a rich business man, invited some of her friends to have
lunch. She wanted to try a new way of cooking a fish, and she was very pleased with
herself when the dish was ready. As the dish was very hot, she put it near the open
window to cool for a few minutes. But, five minutes later, when she came back for it,
she was shocked(震惊)to find the neighbour’s cat at the dish. She was in time to stop
the car. That afternoon was successful and everyone enjoyed the dish very much.
They talked and laughed till four o’clock.
At the end of the afternoon, when she was alone again, Mrs Black felt tired and
happy. She was in a chair just near the window. She looked out of the window and
shocked to see the neighbour’s cat dead in her garden. Why, the fish dish must be bad!
What would happen to her friends? She at once telephoned the family doctor for
advice. The doctor told her to telephone each of the visitors to meet him at the
hospital as soon as he could. Finally the danger was over. Once again Mrs Black was
alone in her chair in the sitting-room, still tired but no longer happy. Just then the
telephone rang. It was her neighbour. “Oh, Mrs Black,” her neighbour cried, “My cat
is dead. She was killed by someone in a car and put it in your garden.”
1.Mrs Black invited _______to lunch.
A. Mr Black’s friends B. her neighbour
C. her parents D. some of her friends
2.Why was Mrs Black not happy after she had a good party?
A.She was sad about the dead cat.
B.She found her fish dish was bad.
C.She never thought that she would have so much trouble.
D.She felt tired after she had a busy day.
3.Mrs Black________________________.
A.stopped the cat before it began to eat the fish
B.was too late to stop the cat in time
C.stopped the cat before it ate the fish up
D.stopped the cat but it was too late
4.Why was Mrs Black so shocked to see the cat dead in her garden?
A.She liked the cat very much.
B.She worried about her friends.
C.She was sure that her fish was bad.
D.She didn’t know how the cat died.
5.Finally________________.
A.Mrs Black found that all her friends were all right
B.a visitor told her that the cat was killed by someone in a car
C.Mrs Black felt happy as all her friends were safe
D.Mrs Black met all her friends at the hospital
五. 根据汉语句子的意思完成下列英语句子
1. 收音机里说今天晚些时候雨会停的。
The radio says the rain____ ____ ____ ____today.
2. 我不喜欢冬天，因为天气太冷了。
I don’t like winter, _____it’s ____ _____.
3. 西安位于中国的西北部。
Xi’an is ______the ______of China.
4. 多好吃的面包啊！
_____ _____ bread it is!
5. 明天白天温度将保持在零度以上。
The temperature will _____ ____ _____ in the daytime tomorrow.
六. 句型转换，使第二个句子和第一个句子的意思相近或相同
1.What a hot day today!
_____ _____ it is today!
2. Most of North and South China will have a cold wet day .
____ will be cold and wet _____ most of North and South China.
3. The radio says it will be cloudy sometimes.
The radio says it will be cloudy ____ ____.
4. The snow will be heavy in some places.
It _____ _____ _____ in some places.
5. Shall we go out for a walk?
_____ _____ going out for a walk?
【练习答案】
一. 1.C 2.B 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.D 8.A 9.B 10.B 11.B 12.B 13.A 14.D 15.C 16.A 17.D 18.A 19.B 20.B
二. 1. B 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. D 7. D 8. B 9. C 10. B
三. (A) 1. B 2.A 3.A 4. A 5. B
(B) 1. A 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. A
(C) 1.C 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.D
四. 1.to say sorry to you 2.he asked me to do 3.walking in the garden 4.a good memory 5.invented the robot 6.it difficult to remember these words 7.eating meat 8.all the time 9.was born in 10. Good luck
1．下列温度最接近23 ℃的是( C ) A．人体的正常体温 B．北方冬季的平均气温 C．让人感觉温暖、舒适的房间温度 D．冰水混合物的温度2．当温度发生变化时，物质的状态通常会发生变化。下列现象中物态变化判断正确的是( C ) A．初秋的早晨，草叶上出现的晶莹剔透的露珠属于固态变为液态现象 B．晒在太阳下的湿衣服变干是气态变为液态现象 C．擦在皮肤上的酒精很快变干是液态变为气态现象 D．初冬树上的霜是液态变为固态现象3．下面是四位同学用温度计测水温的实验操作过程，其中正确的是( C )4．在测量水的温度时，甲、乙、丙三位同学按如图所示方法读数，正确的是__乙__，水的温度是__42__℃，温度计的工作原理是利用液体的__热胀冷缩__。5．摄氏温度规定，在标准大气压下，沸水的温度为( B ) A.120 ℃ B.100 ℃ C.90 ℃ D.80 ℃6.下列温度值最接近实际的是( B ) A．健康成年人的体温是39 ℃ B．让人感觉温暖而舒适的室内温度是25 C．洗澡时淋浴的适宜水温是60 ℃第一节 物态变化与温度 D．在一个标准大气压下盐水的凝固点是0 ℃7．下面分别表示几位同学在“练习用温度计测液体的温度”实验中的做法，正确的是( D )8．如图所示的温度计，关于它的说法正确的是( D ) A．该温度计是根据固体热胀冷缩的原理制成的 B．在使用该温度计测量物体温度时，可以离开被测物体读数 C．该温度计的量程是20 ℃～100 ℃ D．该温度计此时的示数约为21 ℃9.如图所示是实验室常用温度计，关于它的说法正确的是( A ) A．该温度计的示数为39 ℃ B．该温度计的分度值是0.1 ℃ C．常用温度计是根据固体热胀冷缩的原理制成的 D．在使用该温度计测量物体温度时，可以离开被测物体读数10．物质通常有三种状态：__固__态、__液__态和__气__态。在1个标准大气压下5 ℃的酒精、氢气、铁三种物质中，有固定的体积和形状的是__铁__，既没有固定的体积又没有固定的形状的是__氢气__。11．把①糖、②醋、③白雾、④碗、⑤勺子、⑥味精、⑦水蒸气、⑧二氧化碳、⑨干冰按物质的状态进行分类：属于气态的是__⑦⑧__；属于液态的是__②③__；属于固态的是__①④⑤⑥⑨__。(均填序号)12．气象学里的平均气温是一日当中的2时、8时、14时、20时这四个时刻气温的平均值，若某地某日这四个时刻的气温如图所示，则此地的最高气温是__5 ℃__，最低气温是__－2 ℃__，一天的温差为__7 ℃__，平均气温是__1.25 ℃__。13．在寒冷的冬天，河面上结了一层厚厚的冰，若冰面上方气温是－10 ℃，那么，下列说法中正确的是( A ) A．冰的上表面为－10 ℃，下表面是0 ℃ B．整个冰层的温度都是－10 ℃ C．整个冰层的温度都是0 ℃ D．冰层下表面的温度是－10 ℃14.科学家发明了一种世界上最小的温度计“碳纳米管温度计”。研究人员在长约10－6米，直径10－7米的碳纳米管中充入液态的金属镓，当温度升高时，管中的金属镓会膨胀，通过电子显微镜就可读出温度值。其测量范围为18 ℃～490 ℃，且精确度高，可用于检查电子线路是否异常毛细血管的温度等许多方面。根据以上信息，你认为下列推测错误的是( C )A．碳纳米管的体积在18 ℃～490 ℃之间随温度变化很小，可忽略不计B．金属镓的熔点很低，沸点很高C．金属镓的体积在18℃～490℃之间随温度变化很小，可忽略不计D．金属镓的体积在18℃～490℃之间随温度变化比较均匀15如图所示，甲是体温计，乙是实验室用温度计，它们都是利用液体__热胀冷缩__的性质制成的。可用来测沸水温度的是__乙__；没有甩过的体温计的读数是38℃，用两支这样的体温计给两个病人测体温，如果病人的体温分别是37.3℃和38.6℃，则这两支体温计的读数将分别是__38__℃和__38.6__℃。16．如图所示是小明同学设计的一个气体温度计的示意图。瓶中装的是气体，瓶塞不漏气，弯管中间有一段液柱。(1)这个温度计是根据__气体__的热胀冷缩来测量温度的。(2)将此装置放在室内，温度升高时液柱向__左__(选填“左”或“右”)移动。(3)若放到冰水混合物中，液柱处的刻度应标__0__℃。(4)该温度计测量温度时__会__(选填“会或“不会”)受到大气压的影响17．有一只刻度均匀，但实际测量不准确的温度计，把它放在冰水混合物中，示数是4 ℃；把它放在1标准大气压下的沸水中，示数是94 ℃。把它放在某种液体中时，示数是22 ℃，则该液体的实际温度是__20 ℃__，当把该温度计放入实际温度为40 ℃的温水中时，温度计的示数为___40 ℃__。第四节 地球上的水循1．水是生命的乳汁、经济的命脉，是自然界奉献给人类的宝贵资源。下列关于地球上的水循环和水资源，认知正确的是( A )A．水循环的过程伴随着水的物态变化过程B．水循环按照固态→液态→气态的固定顺序循环进行C．地球上的淡水大约占地球总水量的3%，淡水资源丰富D．大量开采地下水，对环境不会造成损害，可以解决部分地区饮水问题2．霜、露、雾、冰、“白气”中，由液化而形成的是( C ) A．霜、雾、“白气” B．霜、露、“白气” C．露、雾、“白气” D．露、雾、冰3．冬天晾在室外的湿衣服里的水会结成冰，但是冰冻的湿衣服也能晾干，这是因为__衣服上的冰升华成水蒸气了__。4．有下列物态变化：①洒在地上的水慢慢变干的过程；②放入衣箱中的樟脑球变小的过程；③冬天室内的水蒸气在玻璃窗上形成“冰花”的过程；④出炉的钢水变成钢锭的过程。其中属于凝华的是__③__，属于吸热过程的是__①②__(填写序号)。5.有一天，雨、露、冰、雪四姐妹在一起争论自己的出生由来，谁也不认同谁。下列她们的说法中，你认为正确的是( C )A．雨说：我是水汽化而来B．露说：我是水蒸气凝华而来C．冰说：我是水凝固而来D．雪说：我是水升华而来6.对下列现象的成因解释正确的是( D ) A．早春，河中的冰逐渐消融——汽化 B．盛夏，剥开包装纸后冰棒会冒“白气”——熔化 C．深秋，清晨的雾在太阳出来后散去——液化 D．严冬，堆起的雪人逐渐变小——升华7.下列有关物态变化的叙述中正确的是( D ) A．蒸发和沸腾在任何温度下都能发生 B．烧水时在壶口上方看到的“白气”是水蒸气 C．衣柜里的樟脑丸逐渐减少是汽化现象 D．霜的形成是凝华现象，放出热量8.以下常见的物态变化实例中，放热的是( C ) A．春天，冰雪消融 B．夏天，积水干涸 C．秋天，草木上出现了霜 D．冬天，冰冻的衣服变干9.下列有关物态变化的判断，正确的是( C ) A．擦在皮肤上的酒精很快变干，是升华现象，需要吸热 B．夏天会看到冰棒周围冒“白气”，是汽化现象，需要吸热 C．秋天的早晨花草上出现小露珠，是液化现象，需要放热 D．寒冷的冬天室外飘起了雪花，是凝固现象，需要放热10．关于自然界的水循环，下列说法中正确的是( C ) A．水蒸气在高空遇冷吸热液化成小水珠 B．冰山上的积雪只能先熔化，再蒸发成水蒸气升腾至空中 C．江河湖海中的水吸热蒸发成水蒸气升腾至空中 D．积雪放热熔化成水归入大海11.英国科学家研发出一种“激光橡皮”。在激光照射下，纸张上的黑色碳粉直接__升华__(填物态变化名称)为高温碳蒸气，字迹消失；经过特殊冷却装置，高温碳蒸气又直接__凝华__成碳粉。这样，废纸和碳粉重新得到了利用，可有效地节约资源并保护环境。12．夏天，从冰箱中取出饮料瓶，可观察到瓶子表面有小水珠，擦干后很快又形成，这个过程中发生的物态变化是__液化__；南极地区年平均气温是－25 ℃，降水量很小，但这里的空气却很湿润，这是由于冰发生了升华现象，升华过程需要__吸热__(选填“吸热”或“放热”)。13．随着科技的发展，过去“呼风唤雨”的神话已成为现实。人工降雨的原理是用飞机在空中喷洒干冰(固态二氧化碳)，干冰在空气中迅速吸热__升华__，使周围空气温度急剧下降，空气中的水蒸气遇冷__凝华__成小冰粒，冰粒逐渐变大而下落，下落过程中遇到暖气流就__熔化__成水滴，水滴降落就形成了雨。(均填物态变化名称)14．农谚说“霜前冷，雪后寒”，其中蕴含的道理是：气温低的时候水蒸气会__凝华__形成霜，雪熔化形成水的过程中需要__吸__热。15．阳光照射下，海洋、陆地上的水会不断地__汽化__成水蒸气；夜间气温降低时，水蒸气会__液化__成小水珠，附着在空气中的浮尘上，形成了雾。冬天，夜晚气温如迅速降到0 ℃以下，你家窗户的玻璃上会形成一层冰花，这是水蒸气__凝华__而成的，这层冰花在你家窗户玻璃的__内侧__(选填“外侧”或“内侧”)。16．某同学在探究物态变化的实验中，在试管中放入少量碘。塞紧盖子放入热水中，观察到试管中固态碘逐渐消失，变为紫色的碘蒸气并充满试管。(1)此过程固态碘发生的物态变化是__升华__(填物态变化名称)。(2)在上述实验中，小明同学猜想：固态碘是先变成液体，再变成气体，因为速度太快，液态碘出现的时间太短，因而没有观察到。为验证猜想，他查询了一些小资料：碘的熔点是113.5 ℃；碘的沸点是184.4 ℃；水的沸点是100 ℃。请你根据上述资料分析说明小明的猜想是错误的原因：__热水温度低于碘的熔点，碘不可能熔化__。(3)为了进一步探究此类现象，小明在试管中放入适量温水，然后放入一小块干冰(固态二氧化碳)，此时观察到水中有大量气泡产生，同时水面上有大量白雾。水中大量的气泡是由__干冰升华吸热__形成的。水面上大量的白雾是由__水蒸气遇冷液化__形成的17．有霜的季节，农作物常被冻坏，这就是人们常说的遭到霜冻。实际上，农作物不是因为霜而受冻的，0 ℃以下的低气温才是真正的凶手。当空气干燥时，即使温度降低到－20 ℃～－10 ℃，也不会出现霜，但此时农作物早就被冻坏了，农民们称这种情况为“黑霜”。(1)霜是由__水蒸气__直接变为小冰晶形成的，对应的物态变化名称是__凝华__。(2)请根据短文，对“霜”形成的条件提出猜想。猜想：霜的形成条件是__空气湿润__和__气温在0 ℃以下__。(3)某同学为验证上述猜想，做了如下实验：从冰箱取出一些－10 ℃的冰块，放在不锈钢杯子里，一段时间后可看到在杯底出现一些白色的小冰晶(即霜)。你认为该实验能否验证上述猜想，请简要陈述理由第三节 汽化和液1．下列措施中，能使蒸发加快的是( D )A．给播种后的农田覆盖地膜B．把新鲜的蔬菜装入保鲜袋中C．把盛有酒精的瓶口盖严D．给湿头发吹热风2．下列哪一种现象属于液化？( C )A．钢水浇铸成火车轮B．倒在地上的水一会儿变干了
C．清晨，草的叶子上有露水凝结D．用久了的灯泡的钨丝比新时3．如图是对一定质量的水持续加热过程中温度随加热时间变化的图像，由图像可知：水的沸点是__98__℃；水在沸腾过程中，需要不断__吸热__(选填“吸热”或“放热”)，其温度__保持不变__。第3题图题图4．如图是草叶上出现的露珠，露珠的形成是__液化__现象，形成的过程中需要__放__(选填“吸”或“放”)热。5．张家界景区雨后云雾缭绕，犹如仙境。关于雾，下列说法中正确的是( D ) A．雾是水蒸气 B．雾是山中冒出来的烟 C．雾是水蒸气凝固形成的 D．雾是水蒸气液化形成的6.人游泳上岸以后，风一吹感觉身上很凉。这是因为( C )A．水中的温度比岸上的气温高B．人的皮肤产生的错觉C．人身上的水分蒸发，要从人体吸热D．风把身上的热量带走了．下列说法正确的是( B ) A．春天，早晨经常出现大雾，是汽化现象 B．夏天，从冰箱中取出的易拉罐过一会儿表面出现水珠，是液化现象C．深秋，枯草上出现的霜，是凝固现象
D．冬天，窗玻璃上会出现冰花，是汽化现象8.如图甲、乙所示，是在“探究水的沸腾”实验时，两组同学分别安装的实验装置，图丙是他们根据实验数据绘制的水的温度跟时间的关系图像。根据有关信息，下列说法中正确的是( C )A．图线a对应的是乙实验中的数据B．图线b对应的是甲实验中的数据C．水的沸点跟水的多少无关D．到100 ℃时温度不再上升是因为水不再吸热9.夏天，人们常吃雪糕解暑，剥开雪糕包装纸时，雪糕周围冒“白气”，下列说法正确的是( C ) A．吃雪糕解暑，是因为雪糕熔化时要放热 B．吃雪糕解暑，是因为雪糕汽化时要放热 C．雪糕周围冒“白气”是液化现象 D．雪糕周围冒“白气”是汽化现象10．下列关于水沸腾的实验说法正确的是( B ) A．水沸腾时冒出的“白气”是水蒸气 B．水的沸点随气压的降低而降低 C．水沸腾的现象只发生在液体的表面 D．水沸腾后继续加热，水的温度会不断升高11.取一只大的注射器吸进适当的乙醚，用橡皮帽堵住注射器的小孔，向拉活塞到一定的程度时，液体乙醚消失的现象称为__汽化__；向里推活塞，一会儿观察到液态乙醚出现的现象称为__液化__。12.如图所示，用酒精灯对装有水的烧瓶加热一段时间后，发现烧瓶中水量减少，这是由于水__汽化__造成的，而瓶口上方的金属盘底部出现水滴是由于水蒸气发生__液化__形成的，该变化过程需要__放__热。(前两空均填物态变化名称)13.请解释以下生活中的热现象，皮肤涂上酒精后觉得凉快是因为酒精__汽化__(填物态变化名称)时从人体吸热；夏天吃冰棒时看见冰棒冒“白气”是冰棒周围空气中的__水蒸气__遇冷液化形成的小水珠所致，在海拔高的地方烧开水不到100℃就已沸腾，原因是水的沸点随__气压__减小而降低。14．炎热的夏天，戴眼镜的小明从开着空调的屋里出来后，镜片上出现了一层薄雾而模糊不清，过一会儿，镜片又变得清晰起来，镜片上这两种现象对应的物态变化是先__液化__后__汽化__。15．在打扫教室清洁时，用湿抹布擦黑板，过一会儿黑板就会变干，这是水的__汽化__(填物态变称现象。夏天，从冰箱中取出一瓶饮料，空气中的水蒸气遇冷__液化__(填物态变化名称)成小水珠附着在饮料瓶外表面，水蒸气在液化过程中要__放热__(选填“吸热”或“放热”)。16.在“探究水的沸腾”实验时，小敏一边观察水中发生的现象，一边从水温91℃开始，每隔1 min记录一次温度计的示数(数据见记录表格)，直到水沸腾一段时间为止。(1)在此过程中，小敏观察到水中气泡有两种情况，分别如图甲、乙所示。图__甲__(选填“甲”或“乙”)是水沸腾时的情况。(2)由数据记录可知，在4 min到7 min这段时间内，水的温度没有变化，但酒精灯要持续进行加热，这说明水在沸腾时需要__吸热__。(3)根据表中实验数据，可知水的沸点是__99__℃；由水的沸点，可判断出当时的大气压__低于__(选填“高于”“等于”或“低于”)1标准大气压。17.镇江某药厂在制药时，为从溶液中提取某一抗菌素，要用加热的方法使水沸腾而除去水分，但抗菌素不能在超过90℃的条件下提取，应采用的方法是( C )A．增加容器内的气压，使水的沸点低于90 ℃B．用小火加热使其沸腾C．降低容器内的气压，使水的沸点低于90 ℃D．缩短加热沸腾的时间18.生活中常把碗放在锅里的水中蒸食物，如图所示。当锅里的水沸腾以后，碗中的水( C ) A．同时沸腾 B．稍后也沸腾了 C．温度达到沸点，不会沸腾 D．温度低于沸点，不会沸腾19.小李同学看到在沸腾的油锅中取铁球的表演后，得知锅中的“油”是由油和醋组成的混合液体，油的沸点为287 ℃，醋的沸点只有60 ℃，当温度达到__60__℃时液体就沸腾了，继续加热，液体的温度__不会__(选填“会”或“不会”)升高，表演时铁球的温度不可能超过__60__℃，只有当__醋全部汽化__时，继续加热，液体温度才会升高。20.．夏天，小雨将冰水和热水分别注入常温下的两只透明烧杯中，如图所示。一会儿发现两只烧杯的杯壁上都有一部分出现小水珠，变得模糊了。针对这一现象，下列说法正确的是( D ) A．甲、乙两杯都在内壁出现了水珠 B．甲、乙两杯都在外壁出现了水珠 C．甲杯的内壁出现了水珠，乙杯的外壁出现了水珠 D．甲杯的外壁出现了水珠，乙杯的内壁出现了水珠第五章 物态变化本章复习1．以下温度中接近23℃的是( A )A．让人感觉温暖而舒适的房间温度B．北方冬季最冷的气温C．健康成年人的体温D．冰水混合物的温度2．如图所示是一支常用体温计。下列关于该体温计的说法中，正确的是( D ) A．它的示数是8 ℃ B．它的分度值是1 ℃ C．它不能离开被测物体读数 D．它是根据液体热胀冷缩的规律制成的3．某工厂要生产三种温度计，厂内可以利用的液体有：比较贵的水银，很便宜的甲苯和酒精。为降低成本，又切实可行，请根据下表所给数据为以下几种温度计选用液体：几种液体的沸点/℃(标准大气压下)(1)能测出铅(熔点为328 ℃)、锡(熔点为232 ℃)熔点的温度计应选__水银__。(2)能测出开水温度的温度计应选__甲苯__。(3)家用的寒暑表应选__酒精__。4.下列现象与物态变化的对应关系中，正确的是( A ) A．加在饮料中的冰块逐渐变小——熔化
B．用久了的灯泡钨丝变细——熔化 C．在烈日下晾晒的湿衣服变干——升华 D．烧水时壶嘴冒着“白气”——汽化5．关于自然现象对应的物态变化及吸、放热过程，下列说法正确的是( B ) A．冰融化——凝固(放热) B．雾生成——液化(放热) C．露产生——汽化(吸热) D．霜形成——升华(放热)6．户外活动时，为了给食物保鲜，将结了冰的矿泉水和食物一起放在泡沫塑料箱中，就制成了一个简易冰箱。下列说法正确的是( A ) A．食物保鲜利用了冰熔化吸热 B．食物保鲜利用了矿泉水结冰放热 C．取出食物，外包装上的水珠是汽化形成的 D．取出食物，外包装上的水珠是升华形成的7．下列所述的物态变化中，属于液化现象的一组是( C )①吃冰棒解热；②烧开水时冒“白气”；③夏天湿衣服晾干；④冬天，戴眼镜的人从室外进入温暖的室内，镜片上出现一层雾。 A．①③ B．②③ C．②④ D．①④8．塑料袋属于非晶体、高压输电线路上飘挂的塑料袋会影响输电安全，供电部门利用光炮”向塑料袋发射激光，使塑料袋熔化，达到清除目的。下列说法错误的是( A )A．塑料袋熔化过程中温度不变B．塑料袋熔化过程中需要吸热C．激光具有能量D．激光在空气中传播的速度约为3×105 km/s9．下列现象中，属于吸热的物态变化是( C )A．春天，“天街小雨润如酥”B．夏天，剥开包装纸后冰棒会冒“白气”C．秋天，清晨的雾在太阳出来后散去D．冬天，“千里冰封”10．如图是宿迁地区某天天气预报的信息图片，关于图片中信息的解释正确的是( C ) A．预报的最低气温读作“摄氏零下1度” B．全天气温不会高于2 ℃ C．雪的形成过程中会放出热量 D．雨的形成是汽化现象11．超市里出售的海鲜周围要铺一层碎冰块，这是因为冰块__熔化__(填物态变化名称)时要__吸__(选填“放”或“吸”)热，所以能起到保鲜的作用；装着冰鲜鱼的袋子放在空气中一段时间后，袋子的外壁出现了一层冰珠，这是__液化__(填物态变化名称)现象。12．如图所示，一次性打火机里的燃料是一种叫丁烷的物质，通常情况下呈气态。它是在常温下，用压缩体积的方法使它__液化__后储存在打火机里；如果不小心将其摔坏，待里面的液体刚消失时，立刻捡起碎片，会感觉碎片较__冷__(选填“冷”或“热”)，这是因为里面的液体迅速__汽化__时要__吸收__大量的热13．小明利用如图甲所示装置探究冰的熔化特点，他每隔相同时间记录一次温度计的示数，并观察物质的状态。绘制成图像如图乙所示，下列分析错误的是( C ) A．冰是晶体 B．冰的熔点是0 ℃ C．冰的熔化过程持续了15分钟 D．冰在熔化过程中吸收热量，但温度不变14．如图是某种物质在凝固时温度随时间变化的图像，下面从图像中获得的信息正确的是( D ) A．这是非晶体的凝固图像 B．在AB段物质处于固液共存 C．该物质的凝固过程经历了15 min D．在BC段物质放热，温度保持不变15．对甲、乙两种物质同时持续加热，其温度随时间变化的图像如图所示，下列说法正确的是( C )A．甲物质的沸点一定是80 ℃B．乙物质的熔点一定是60 ℃C．甲物质在4～6 min内一定持续吸收热量D．乙物质在6～10 min内一定是固液共存态16．在探究“冰熔化时温度的变化规律”实验中：(1)实验时所用温度计是根据液体的__热胀冷缩__性质制成的。(2)为了使试管中的冰受热均匀，且便于记录各时刻的温度值，小明应选用__乙__(选填“甲”或“乙”)装置来进行实验。(3)如图丙所示是小明根据实验数据作出的加热时温度随时间变化的图像，分析图像可知，冰的熔点是__0__℃，熔化过程经历了__6__ min。(4)通过实验可知，冰熔化过程中温度__不变__，但要继续__吸__热。17．小云用如图甲所示装置探究水的沸腾(1)组装实验器材时，应按照__自下而上__(选填“自上而下”或“自下而上”)的顺序。实验室现有水银温度计(－20 ℃～120 ℃)、酒精温度计(－80 ℃～60 ℃)、体温计、寒暑表等不同种类的温度计，本实验应选用的温度计是__水银温度计__。(2)实验中，小云观察到水在沸腾前和沸腾时水中气泡的上升情况不同，如图甲、乙所示。表示沸腾前气泡上升情况的是图__乙__；水沸腾时，烧杯中不停地冒出“白气”，这些“白气”实际上是__小水滴__(选填“小冰晶”“小水滴”或“水蒸气”)。(3)实验中，小云撤去酒精灯后发现水继续沸腾了一段时间，原因是__石棉网的余热仍高于水的沸点__。
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