动词过去式和过去分词有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1) 规则变化
情况 例词 读音与说明
动词原形 过去式 过去分词
一般在动词原形后加-ed look
call open need looked called opened
needed looked [lukt] called [kC:ld]
opened needed [ni:did]
①-ed在清辅音音素后
发音为〔t〕,在浊辅音后发音为〔d〕,在元音后发音也为[d]
②-ed在〔t]、〔d〕后发音为[id]
③但fix的过去式和过去 分词x不双写,为fixed.
以-e结尾的动词加-d
move phone hope agree moved phoned hoped
agreed moved [mu:vd] phoned [fEund]
hoped [hEupt] agreed [^ri:d]
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,变y为i,再加-ed
study carry try
studied carried tried
以原音字母加y结尾的词,直接加-ed
play enjoy stay
played enjoyed stayed
末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,双写该辅音字母,再加-ed
stop plan fit
以-r音节结尾的词,双写r字母,再加-ed
Prefer refer
2) 不规则变化
英语中有些动词的过去式和过去分词形式变化不规则,可分为五种情况。
1.动词原形、过去式和过去分词完全同形。例:
原形 过去式 过去分词
cut(切) cast(扔) hit(打) hurt(伤害)
put(放) let(让) shut(关) cost(花费)
set(放) rid(清除)
2.过去式与过去分词完全同形。例:
原形 过去式 过去分词
find(找到) found found
pay(支付) paid paid
leave(离开) paid paid
lend(借出) lent lent
meet(遇见) met met
keep(保持) kept kept
lose(丢失) lost lost
动词的现在分词及动名词(规则)
1.一般在词尾加“-ing”help-helping look-looking plant-planting work-working
2.以不发音e结尾的词,先去e,再加“-ing”live-living hope-hoping change-changing
3.以“y”结尾时直接加“-ing”play-playing stay-staying study-studying carry-carrying
4.以ie结尾的动词,先将ie变为y,再加ing。die-dying lie-lying tie-tying
5.以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的词,要双写这个辅音字母,然后再加ing。
drop-dropping begin-beginning run-running prefer-preferring
6.少数双音节动词,尽管重音不在后面,可以双写末尾的辅音字母,然后再加ing。travel-traveling (美语)旅行
travel-travelling(英语)旅行
teach(教) taught taught
sit(坐) sat sat
lead(引导) led led
win(赢)除) won won
3.动词原形与过去分词同形
例:
原形 过去式 过去分词
come(来) came come
run(跑) ran run
become(成为)became become
4.动词原形、过去式、过去分词形式完全不同。
例:
原形 过去式 过去分词
give(给) gave given
fly(飞) flew flown
drink(喝) drank drunk
see(看见) saw seen
go(去) went gone
know(知道) knew known
wear(穿) wore worn
speak(说) spoke spoken
5.过去式和过去分词有两种形式
例:
原形 过去式 过去分词
burn(燃烧) burned burnt burnt burned
learn(学习) learned learnt learned learnt
smell(闻) smelled smelt smelled smelt
spell (拼写)spelled spelt spelled spelt
shine (照射)shined shone shined shone
leap (跳) leaped leapt leaped leapt
提示
a. beat的过去式与原形同形:
比:beat(打击) beat(过去式) beaten(过去分词)
b. lie有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同
比:lie lied, lied(说谎)
lay, lain(躺,位于)
c. hang 有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同
比:hang hanged, hanged(处绞刑)
hung, hung(挂,吊)
d. welcome(欢迎)一词是规则动词,不可误用为不规则动词
比:welcome welcomed, welcomed(正)
welcome, welcome(误)
e.不要将不规则动词误用为规则动词
比:hit(打) hit, hit (正)
hitted, hitted(误)
动词的现在分词及动名词(规则)
1.一般在词尾加“-ing”help-helping look-looking plant-planting work-working
2.以不发音e结尾的词,先去e,再加“-ing”live-living hope-hoping change-changing
3.以“y”结尾时直接加“-ing”play-playing stay-staying study-studying carry-carrying
4.以ie结尾的动词,先将ie变为y,再加ing。die-dying lie-lying tie-tying
5.以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的词,要双写这个辅音字母,然后再加ing。
drop-dropping begin-beginning run-running prefer-preferring
6.少数双音节动词,尽管重音不在后面,可以双写末尾的辅音字母,然后再加ing。travel-traveling (美语)旅行
ravel-travelling(英语)旅行
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