非谓语动词-过去分词

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非谓语动词

过去分词
定义:过去分词既具有动词的特征,又具备形容词和副词的语法功能.表完成、被动、状态。

1做定语表完成\被动
表完成----这类词有:gone,come,fallen,risen,changed,arrived,returned,passed等。
Boiledwater[开了的水]Fallenleaves[落叶]Newlyarrivedgoods[0新到的货]Therisensun[升起的太阳]ThechangedworldThechangedoutlooking.

表被动:Ainvitedclient[一位受邀请的客人]ThewindowbrokenbythelittleboyThecarfoundbythelocalpoliceTheinjuredworkerwassentaway.
:
分词单独作定语时,放在被修饰词语Ourclasswentonan[organized]triplastMonday.
分词短语做定语时,放在被修饰词语Those[electedascommitteemembers]willattendthemeeting.:过去分词做定语,相当于一个定语从句:
Ourclasswentonantrip[whichwasorganized]lastMonday.
Those[whowereelectedascommitteemembers]willattendthemeeting.
2做表语:表状态----表示其[逻辑主语]所处的状态:
[注:被动语态中,动作的承受者称为[逻辑主语],ShewasseenbymeShe是逻辑主语,Me是实际主语。]
Thewindowisbroken.Wefeelbored.Shelooksdisappointed.Theybecameconfused.Thedoorremainedlocked.Wearepleasedwiththemeal.Thecasestayclosed.Theywerefrightenedatthesadsight.

:作表语的过去分词在字典中已经被列为形容词
CrowedDevotedDiscouragedDoneDressedExperiencedFrightenedBrokenDrunkLearnedSatisfiedinterestedkilledknownUndressedSurprisedHurtGoneWorriedLostCompletedShutcoveredAstonishedPleased
:表状态的过去分词有:LostSeatedHidddenLostinDressedin
FrightenedSatisfiedtiredDisappointedInterestedRelaxedPleasedScared.常用的词组
StationedAbsorbedin[沉溺于]BornDressedinTiredofFixedonPreparedforFurnishedwithEquippedwithDevotedtoArmedwithCaughtinLocatedinsituatedinEmployedinDelightedatDisappointedatSurprisedatShockedatAstonishedatExperiencedinSatisfiedwithconcernedwithWorriedaboutSupposedtocrowedwithDeterminedto.

:Be+过去分词,过去分词可作表语也可充当被动语态。但其格式相同,注意区别:
Thewindowisbroken[系表)

Thewindowwasbrokenbytheboy[被动]
3做宾语补足语表完成\被动\状态
使役动词+宾语+过去分词:LetGetMakeHaveKeepLeave
感官系动词+宾语+过去分词:WatchSeeHereFeelNoticeObserveTasteSmellListento期望系动词+宾语+过去分词:WantWishLikeOrderWith[介词]+宾语+过去分词:WithOneshandtiedbehind.
TheykeepthedoorlockedforalongtimeThosetoyskeptthechildrenamused.Thevillagershadmanytreesplantedjustthen,Shekeptthechildquiet.Ihavethethiefcaughtbythepolice.Pathadhishandsburned.Dontleaveyourchildrenscared.Ifitisleftuntreated.Dontletthewindowsbrokenlikethis.Helefttheboxopened.
Iraisedmyvoicetomakemyselfheard.Ifoundhersurprisedatthenews.
Wefelthersatisfiedwiththeanswer.Whenwegotschoolwesawthegatelocked.Hesawherdressedinaredskirt.Wefoundourselveslostintheforest.Iheardthesongsungseveraltimeslastweek.Iwantthesuitmadetohisownmeasure.Sheworehigh-heeledshoestomakeherselflookedhigher.
Theymanagedtomakethemselvesunderstood,usingsimpleEnglish.
Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketoseecarriedoutnextyear.Hewasdisappointedtofindhissuggestionturneddown.
Wecanhearthewindowglasshit/beatenbytheveryheavyraindrop.Theteacherswouldliketheproblemdiscussedatthemoment.Thethiefwasbroughtinwithhiseyescoveredbycloth.
Withmanybrightly-coloredflowersplaned,thebuildinglookslikeagarden.Withtheworkdone,theywentouttoplay.
:Have后的宾补如为过去分词,常表示分词所代表的动作是由别人[而不是由句中主语]来执行的。Ihadmybikerepaired.句中repaired这个动作是由别人[而不是由主语Bike]来执行。
Theboyhashishaircutinthesalon.句中cut这个动作是由别人[而不是由主语Hair]来执行。

3做状语表完成\被动\状态
:过去分词作状语,源自状语从句
1:过去分词作状语,表示时间条件原因让步时,可转换为相应的状语从句2:过去分词作状语,表示方式结果伴随时,可转化为相应的并列分句

时间:Givenamedicalexamination,youshouldkeepcalm.
Whenyouaregivenamedicalexamination,youshouldkeepcalm.
Buriedundertheground,thetruthcanstillgrowandwillburstsoutontheotherday.Whentruthisburiedunderthegrounditcanstillgrowandwillburstsoutontheotherday.
条件:Lookedatadistance,thepaintingseemsmuchmorebeautiful.IFitislookedatadistance,thepaintingseemsmuchmorebeautiful.
Growninrichsoil,theseseedscangrowfastIftheseseedsaregrowninrichsoil,theycangrowfast.

Unlessinvited,Iwon’tattendhisbirthdayparty.-->Iwon’tattendhisbirthdaypartyunlessIaminvited.
原因:Caughtinaheavyrain,hewasallwet.Becausehewascaughtinaheavyrain,hewasallwet.Encouragedbytheprogresshehasmade,heworksharder.
Asheisencouragedbytheprogresshehasmade,heworksharder.
让步:Giventherightkindoftraining,theteenagesoccerplayersmayonedaygrowintotheinternationalstars.IFtheteenagesoccerplayersaregivenwiththerightkindoftraining,theymayonedaygrowintointernationalstars.Although/Thoughexhausted,stillhekeptonworking.Although/Thoughheisexhausted,stillhekeptonworking.Thoughstudiedhard,hefailedintheexam.Thoughshehadnotstudiedhard.shefailedintheexamEvenifguidedbythesatellitemap,hegotlost.-->Evenifhewasguidedbythesatellitemap,hegotlost.
方式:Carriedbythebus,wegotthereearlier.>Wewerecarriedbythebusandgotthereearlier.
Asif(asthoughhitbylighting,helookedugly.Asif[asthough]hehadbeenhitbylightingandlookedugly
结果:Thecupfelldowntothegrown,broken.-->Thecupfelldowntothegrownanditwasbroken.Shewatchedallthegifts,greatlyamazedShewatchedallthegiftsandlookedgreatlyamazed
伴随:AuntWucamein,followedbyherdaughterAuntWucamein,andshewasfollowedbyherdaughter.ThelittlegirlswereplayingwithsnowwiththeirhandsfrozenredThelittlegirlswereplayingwithsnowandtheirhandsfrozenred.
※注※:独立主格
Hewillgoabroad,allexpensespaied
Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.Thepresidentassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.=Afterthepresidentwasassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Thisdone,wewenthome.Themeetinggoneover,everyonetiredtogohomeearlier.Hecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.Hecameoutofthelibrary,alargebookunderhisarm.
2.With的复合结构作独立主格表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构。with+名词(代词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
Hestoodthere,hishandraised.=Hestoodthere,withhishandraisedraising亦可】.
Themurderwasbroughtin,withhishands_behindhisbackA.beingtiedBhavingtiedCtobetiedD.tied
答案D.with+名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词""与分词""是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.
※附注※独立主格
1概念独立主格结构是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常称为独立主格结构
3功能独立主格结构实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。众所周知非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语,从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语,在结构上与主句不发生关系,因此成为独立主格结构。其实,虽然叫做独立主格结构,并不是真正的独立,它还是一种从属分句,在句中有多种作用。如:表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等,在句中通常起状语作用。3构成名词(代词+现在分词、过去分词;名词(代词+不定式;
名词(代词+形容词;名词(代词+副词;名词(代词+介词短语构成。

特点:1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
注意:1独立主格结构使用介词的问题:当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但with的复合结构不受此限制Arobberburstintotheroom,knifeinhand.(hand前不能加his2当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。Helaythere,histeethset,hishandclenched,hiseyeslookingstraightup.
典型例题:Weather___,we'llgooutforawalk.ApermittedBpermittingCpermitsDforpermitting
答案B.本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号,且we小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构,其结构为:名词+分词。由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许',表主动,应用现在分词,故选B
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为Ifweatherpermits,we'llgooutforawalk.后将if去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。

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