小学英语句型教学方法谈
三毛小学 谢丹凤
句型(sentence pattern)也称句子结构(sentence structure),是根据句子的结构意义和结构特点从大量的句子中概括出来的典型句式,是语言结构的模式。句型具有代表性和常用性,是语言知识的重要内容之一。学生如能掌握一定数量的常用句型,就能为其表达思想、传递信息和进行交际打下良好的基础。
在句型教学方面,传统的教学方式是简单地将句型和中文意思写在黑板上,然后一遍又一遍地带领学生朗读,其结果只能是教师和学生读得口干舌燥,课堂上一潭死水,毫无生机。虽然有些学生能将句子读得滚瓜烂熟,但实际交流时却张口结舌,更谈不上正确表达和灵活运用。因此,我们一直在思考这样一个问题:句型教学如何让学生学得轻松,乐于接受,又能提高语言交际的能力?
总结出通过巧设情景开展多种有趣活动的句型教学方法。这些方法既适合儿童的心理特点,又能收到事半功倍的效果。
一、理论依据
1.情景是语言教学中不可缺少的条件
语言存在于特定的情景中。如果离开了情景,语言将成为无源之水,无本之木。结合情景进行句型教学可以创造积极主动和生动活泼的课堂教学气氛,促使学生集中注意力,激发学生的学习兴趣,帮助学生充分理解并操练句型,以提高教学质量。
2.活动是激发学生语言交流的有效手段
《小学英语课程教学基本要求》明确指出,“根据小学生的特点,小学英语教学要创建以活动课为主的教学模式。”英国著名语言学家Dick Allwright 也曾说过:“如果语言教师能组织一些活动来吸引学生把注意力放在意义上,使用所学的外语,通过交流来解决问题,那么,语言学习就会自然发生。” 在各种各样的活动中进行句型教学可以避免操练的枯燥无味,同时也能促使学生用所学句型进行语言交流,让学生在交流活动中自觉地把注意力从语言形式转向语言意义,转向信息和情感的交流。
3.语言学习是一种认知的过程,学生是学习的主体
人类学习语言的过程是信息加工的过程,是主动建构知识的过程。只有当学生对内容进行主动加工,新知识才能激活原有知识,新旧知识之间才能建立相关的联系。课堂上教师是学习活动的设计者、组织者和指导者;学生是学习的主体。作为主体的学生只有积极主动地投入到学习活动中去,主动对语言材料进行加工处理,才能掌握语言知识。在丰富多彩的活动中学习句型,学生不再是语言知识的被动接受者,而是学习活动的主动参与者。他们在教师的引导下,结合自己的已有知识,通过视、听说等活动操练与运用所学的句型,从而提高语言交际能力。
二、句型教学的方法及策略
句型教学一般可分为呈现理解、操练巩固和交际应用三个阶段,这三个阶段既有区别,又彼此联系,并不断发展。根据这一特点,教师应采取灵活多变的教学方法和设计精妙的教学活动,合理并有效地进行句型教学。笔者的具体做法如下:
1.在情景中呈现句型
句型教学一开始就应利用各种媒介(实物、图片、多媒体、动作、表情和语调等)巧妙地设置情景,通过视、听、说活动呈现新句型,让学生感受其应用的场合和意义。以下是几个通过不同方法创设情景和呈现句型的实例:
(1)用多媒体呈现句型
在教学《PEP小学英语》五年级下册Unit 4What are you doing?一课时,笔者根据儿童普遍喜爱动物的特点,用课件展示了一幅动物王国中各种动物和谐相处的画面,通过听声音猜动物活动,复习已学句型“What’s this(that)?/What are these(those)?”并引出新句型,具体步骤如下:
T:(让学生听老虎叫声)What’s this?
S:It’s a tiger.
T:Right. Look! What’s the tiger doing?
这时,屏幕上老虎弹钢琴的画面逐渐放大,并传出悠扬的琴声。根据这一有趣的情景,学生很快便领悟了新句型的意思,有的学生甚至能用“The tiger is playing the piano.”回答问题。接着,屏幕上又出现一只笨狗熊扭动着肥胖的身体跳舞的画面,笔者让男女学生用新句型轮换回答,从而加深了学生对新句型的理解。
(2)用动作和表情呈现句型
在教学五年级上册第三课“Excuse me. Can I borrow a/an…?” 句型时,笔者假装忘记带书和手表,脸上露出焦虑不安的神情,同时问学生:Where is my book?学生回答:Is it in the desk?/Is it in your bag?…笔者便四处寻找,随后说:No. No. Oh , my goodness. I can’t find my book.接着,笔者走到一位学生面前,指着他的书说:Excuse me. Can I borrow your English book? 学生看着老师动作和表情,明白了新句型的含义,笑着答道:Yes, you can.
(3 )用游戏或活动呈现句型
游戏能吸引学生的注意力。笔者在教六年级上册Unit6一般过去时疑问句“Did you…?”时,采用了记忆比赛的游戏,收到了很好和效果。其做法如下:先请一组学生到讲台前,根据教师手中的卡片做相应的动作,如play basketball, watch TV, sing等。稍后,教师向学生提问:What did they do just now? Did you remember? 同时,教师要求学生用句型“Did you …?”提问。这样,学生们不但完全理解了新句型的意义,同时也在玩中学,玩中用,体会到了学习的无穷乐趣。
2.以多种形式循环操练句型
句型操练如果形式过于单一,学生就会感到枯燥乏味,从而影响课堂教学的效果。利用多种形式进行操练不仅能增加学生练习的机会,而且可以活跃课堂气氛,提高学生学习的积极性。下面介绍几种趣味性较强的句型操练方法:
(1)唱反调
这种游戏中,教师通过转换朗读方式的方法带领学生朗读。在操练新句型时,若教师大声读,学生则小声读;教师语速慢,学生则语速快。此方法符合小学生好奇和求新的心理特点,通过反复刺激他们的听觉神经,达到掌握句型的目的。
(2)一气呵成
这是一种既能克服学生厌读心理又具有挑战性的句型操练方法。教师先连续读几遍新句型,然后要求学生仿照教师重复句型,重复次数最多且不出错的为胜。此方法学生参与面广,可以在两人、组与组、男生与女生之间进行比赛。
(3)诵读歌谣
在教学五年级下册第一单元时,自编了以下韵律歌谣帮助学生操练句型:
Exercises, morning exercises, do morning exercises,
When do you do morning exercises?
Exercises, morning exercises, do morning exercises,
I usually do morning exercises at 7:30.
歌谣节奏优美,琅琅上口。学生通过诵读歌谣不仅能操练句型,也有肋于掌握正确的语音和语调。
(4)歌曲操练
在歌曲中操练句型是一处既能减轻学生的心理负担,又能使学生在轻松、愉快的气氛中掌握句型的好方法。许多歌曲旋律优美动听,学生耳熟能详。如果在操练句型时给一些旧曲子谱上新词,随着歌曲的旋律,学生们便能脱口唱出所学句型
(5)探囊猜宝
为了帮助学生操练There be 句型的疑问句式,笔者准备了一个色彩鲜艳的布袋,里面放有ruler, toy car, banana, tie等实物。课堂上,笔者挥动布袋,神秘地对学生说:Look! I have a magic bag. Please touch and guess. 并要求学生运用句型“Is there…”提问。学生们兴致勃勃,踊跃参与,在不知不觉中就掌握了新句型。
(6)黄金搭档
教学了“Do you like……?” 句型后,笔者设计了一个名为“黄金搭档”的游戏,教学效果良好。该游戏的操作过程如下:请两位学生到讲台前,背对背站好,两人各手持两块有Yes和No的卡片。教师出示词组卡片,如playing basketball,swimming,cooking等,其余学生根据卡片内容,用句型“Do you like,…?询问这两位同学。持有卡片的学生需举起Yes或No的卡片,并用“Yes. I like…”或“No,I don’t like…”作出回答。配合最默契者为黄金搭档。
(7)故事情景操练
题材多样、情节有趣的故事不仅能满足儿童的好奇心,也适用于句型操练。例如,在练习句型“Who are you?/I am…”时,笔者把学生喜欢的“孙悟空三打白骨精”的故事引入课堂,并让学生扮演唐僧、白骨精和孙悟空等角色。在幽默、诙谐的故事情景中,学生们反复操练句型,乐此不疲。
3.在交际中操练和运用
句型教学中的交际性操练是指运用所学句型开展具有信息沟通的活动。这是一种在模拟的或真实的情景中进行的语言操练。教师应尽量运用学生熟练掌握的句型,提出真实性的问题或开展运用所学句型的游戏活动,以培养学生用英语做事的能力。以下是笔者常用的几种交际性操练方法:
(1)真情问答
操练的对话双方都持有一份对方不知道的信息卡,通过交谈达到互通信息的目的。活动材料都来自与学生日常生活息息相关的内容,具体有以下几种形式:
1填表格
例如,教学“What is your favourite food…?”句型后,笔者让学生用该句型互相询问,并为对方填写个人信息卡。表格如下:
个人信息 Name: Age: Favourite Food: Favourite Fruit: |
2采访
例如,教学六年级上册Unit 5 What’s your hobby?后,结合学校艺术节举行才艺表演的实际情况,让学生们扮演小记者,用所学句型采访报名者。这样,学生就会在交谈中自然地运用所学的“What’s your hobby?/I like…/What can you do? /I can…”等句型。
③列购物清单
学校组织秋游活动,让学生们分小组讨论需要携带的物品,并列出一个购物清单。学生们将所学的“What do you like?/I like…?/Do you want some…?/Would you like some…?/How many do you want…?/I want…”等句型都灵活运用到讨论中,效果极佳。
(2)游戏活动
1找同类
教师课前准备一些卡片。每张卡片画一件物品,如dress, desk, eraser等,并注明该物的颜色、大小和价格。每套卡片中有两张是完全相同的。教师把卡片发给学生,每人一张。学生不能相互看卡片,而是通过对话,运用“Excuse me, do you have an eraser?/What colour is it? / How much is it?”等句型找出与自己所持卡片完全相同的同学。
2找主人
每位同学在一张卡片上写上自己的电话号码、出生年月、所崇拜的偶像和就寝时间等。教师将全班学生的卡片放入一个盒子中。每位学生从中任意抽出一张,用“What is your telephone number? /When is your birthday? / What time do you go to bed?”等句型询问其他同学,并找到卡片的主人。
综上所述,句型教学是小学英语教学的主要形式和重要内容。教师应积极创设真实的情景,组织形式多样和贴近小学生活的活动,让学生在情趣盎然的氛围中,灵活运用所学知识,提高语言交际能力。
Class: Name:
( )1. Good morning! !
A.Morning ! B.Hello ! C.Hi !
( )2. Nice to see you again ! .
A.How are you ? B.Nice to see you , too . C.How do you do ?
( )3.Good night,mom !
A.Night ! B.Good night ! C.Good evening .
( )4.How do you do ?
A.How are you ? B.Fine,thanks . C.How do you do ?
( )5.How many story books do you have ?
A.I have 10. B.I can see 10. C.Thirty yuan.
( )6.Do you have new teachers?
A.Yes,we do . B.Yes,we don’t. C.Yes,we have .
( )7.Who’s your art teacher ?
A.Mr Zhu. B.Miss Zhu. C.He’s tall.
( )8.What’s he like?
A.He’s tall and strong . B.Yes,he is. C.Mr Zhu.
( )9.Is your English teacher young?
A.No,she isn’t. B.Yes,she is . C.No,she is.
( )10. ? Her name is Chen Jie.
A.What’s your name ? B.What’s she name ? C.What’s her name ?
( )11. ? I like Chinese,math and English.
A.What classes do you like? B.What do you like? C.What are you like ?
( )12. ? We have English and P.E.
A.What do you have on Mondays ? B.What do you have ?
C.What do you have on Monday?
( )13. ? It’s Monday.
A.What is it today ? B.What day is it today ? C.What day is today ?
( )14. ? I watch TV and do my homework.
A.What do you do ? B.What do you do in Mondays?
C.What do you do on Sundays ?
( )15.May I have a look ?
A.Sure.Here you are . B.Look ! C.Here you are .
( )16.Our math teacher is Canada.
A.from B.in C.at
( )17.I three new teachers.
A.has B.am C.have
( )18.What’s Chinese teacher like ?
A.you B.your C.you’re
( )19.My P.E.teacher is thin.
A.too B.so C.very
( )20.There are days in a week.
A.six B.seven C.eight
( )21.There are month(月)in a year(年).
A.ten B.eleven C.twelve
( )22.I often watch TV Saturday .
A.on B.in C.at
( )23.I like P.E. I don’t lime music.
A.but B.and C.so
( )24.This is apple. It is red apple.
A.a , a B.an,an C.an, a
( )25.What do you like ?
A.classes B.class C.class’s
六年级英语测试题
Class: Name:
( )1. How are you ?
A.Fine,thanks. B.Yes,it is. C.How are you ?
( )2. Nice to meet you !
A.Fine,thank you. B.OK. C.Nice to meet you ,too !
( )3. How do you go to school ?
A.I go to Canada by plane. B.I go to school by bike. C.What about you ?
( )4. How do you go to the USA ?
A.I usually go to school by bus. B.I go to England by ship. C.I go by plane.
( )5. ? My home is near the post office.
A. Where is your home ? B.OK. C.See you then!
( )6. See you at 2 o’clock.
A.See you then ! B.The fifth floor. C.It’s easy.
( )7. ? You can go by the No.15 bus.
A.It’s not far. B. How can I get to Zhongshan Park ? C.Sure.
( )8. Where is the hospital?
A.Next to the cinema. B.Thank you . C.You’re welcome.
( )9. Excuse me ,is there a cinema near here ?
A.Yes,there is . B.No,it’s not far. C.It’s near the post office.
( )10.? ? It’s near the post office.
A.Yes,there is . B.No,it’s not far. C. Where is the library?
( )11. ? It’s next to the hospital.
A. Where is the cinema ,please ? B.Is it far ? C.Go straight.
( )12. How can I get to the hospital ?
A.It’s next to the hospital. B.You can go by the No.201 bus. C.Thank you.
( )13.Thank you .
A.Thank you . B.OK. C.You’re welcome.
( )14. How can I get to the museum?
A.Go straight.Then turn left. B.Thank you . C.It’s east of the cinema .
( )15. Where is the post office ?
A.Go straight.Then turn left. B.Thank you . C.It’s east of the cinema .
( )16. What are you going to do this evening ?
A.I’m going to the cinema . B.I go to school on foot. C.Yes,it is.
( )17. Is it far ?
A.No,it is . B.Yes , it is . C.Yes,it isn’t.
( )18. do you go to school ?
A.What B.Where C.How
( )19. I go to school bike.
A.on B. by C.get
( )20. Can I go foot ?
A.by B.at C.on
( )21.How can I to the post office ?
A.near B. get C.for
( )22. me.
A. Excuse B. How C.next
( )23. birthday to you !
A. After B.Happy C.First
( )24. The hospital is the left.
A. at B.in C.on
( )25. is the bookstore ?
A.Where B.How C.When
四年级英语测试题
Class: Name:
( )1.Good afternoon !
A.Hello! B.Hi ! C.Afternoon !
( )2.Nice to see you again !
A.How are you ? B.Hello ! C.Nice to see you , too.
( )3.Good night,moom !
A.Good evening ! B.Good night ! C.Night !
( )4.How are you ?
A.Fine,thank you . B.I am 10. C.Nine .
( )5.How do you do ?
A.Fine ,Thank you . B.How are you ? C.How do you do ?
( )6.How old are you ?
A.How are you ? B.I am 11. C.I have 11.
( )7. ? I have 23.
A.How many books do you have ? B.How many books can you see?
C.How many book do you have ?
( )8. ? I can see 6.
A.How many lights do you have ? B.How many lights can you see ?
C.How many light can you see ?
( )9.May I have a look ?
A.Sure.Here you are . B.Look! C.Sure.Here are you .
( )10. ? 50 yuan.
A.How much is this schoolbag ? B.How many is this schoolbag ?
C.How much are this schoolbag ?
( )11.Where’s my seat ?
A.It’s near the door. B.It’s on the door. C.It’s under the door.
( )12.Let’s clean the desks and chairs.
A.All right ! B.Hello ! C.It’s nice .
( )13.What’s this ?
A.There is a board . B.It’s a bee. C.It’s bee.
( )14. ? My name is Mike.
A.Here are you ? B.What’s your name ? C.How do you do ?
( )15.Who’s the inventor of paper ?
A.Chinese people. B.Oh! Great ! C.Hello!
( )16.I a student. You a teacher.
A.am ,am B.are, are C.am, are
( )17.This a boy.His name Zhang Peng.
A.is, is B.am , is C.is , are
( )18.Let clean the fish bowl.
A.I B. me C.my
( )19.This is apple.It is red apple .
A.an ,an B.a, a C.an, a
( )20.We a new classroom.
A.are B.have C.has
( )21.There a bee in our classroom.
A. is B.are C.am
( )22. have a new schoolbag. schoolbag is heavy.
A.I , my B.I ,My C.My , I
( )23.Put your English book your head.
A.at B.in C.on
( )24.There many books in the desk.
A.am B.is C.are
( )25.How many do you have ? A.pencil B.pencils C.pencils.
三年级英语测试题
Class: Name:
( )1.当向别人打招呼时,应该说:
A.Hello. B.Good morning .
( )2.How are you ? 的正确答语是:
A.name B.I’m fine,thank you .
( )3.当想知道别人的名字时,应该说:
A.What’s your name ? B.See you.
( )4.字母K的小写是:
A.k B.
( )5.Nice to meet you 的意思是:
A.见到你很高兴。 B.你好吗?
( )6.向别人告别时,应该说:
A.Good bye! B.Hi.
( )7.Jenny is a
A.boy B.girl
( )8.Li Ming is a
A.boy B.girl
( )9.Jenny lives in
A.Canada. B.China.
( )10.字母P的大写是:
A.P B.q
( )11.当向别人说谢谢时,应该说:
A.Nice to meet you . B.See you later.
( )12.早上好的正确答语是:
A.Good morning . B.See you later.’
( )13.What’s this ? It’s a
A.desk B.book
( )14.This is a
A.teacher B.Danny
( )15.This is a boy.What’s name ?
A.his B.her
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