初中语法 - 宾语从句，现在完成时

初中语法---宾语从句，现在完成时

　在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。

　　1．语序

　　无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句＋连词＋宾语从句（主语＋谓语＋……）”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分，可分为以下四种：

　　1）连接词＋谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有： who，what，which等。如：

　　Could you tell me who knows the answer，please？你能告诉我谁知道答案吗？

　　The small children don't know what is in their stockings．这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西。

　　2）连接词＋名词＋谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有：whose，what，which，how many，how much等。如：

　　He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class．他问我们班上谁的书法最好。

　　The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room．老师问我们房间里有多少人。

　　3）连接词＋主语＋谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有：who（m），what，which，how many，how much， when，why，how，where，if ／whether（在句中不充当任何成分）等。如：

　　He hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi．他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。

　　Could you tell me what I should do with the money ？你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗？

　　4）连接词＋名词＋主语＋谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有：what，which，how many，how much，how等。如：

　　Do you know which class he is in ？你知道他在哪个班吗？

　　She asked me if I knew whose pen it was．她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。

　　2．连接词

　　1）当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：

　　He said that he could finish his work before supper．他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。

　　2）当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：

　　I don't know if ／whether he still lives here after so many years．我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。

　　3）如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如：

　　Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning？你能告诉我今天早上你为什么开会迟到吗？

　　3．时态

　　含宾语从句的复合句，主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容：

　　1）如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。如：

　　I don't know when he will come back．我不知道他将何时回来。

　　He tells me that his sister came back yesterday．他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。

　　2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如：

　　①The children didn't know who he was．孩子们不知道他是谁。

　　②He asked his father how it happened．他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。

　　3）如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。如：

　　The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun．老师说地球绕着太阳转。

　　初中英语宾语从句语法专项精选试题

　　习题(一)

　　1 The girls asked if they ____ some food and drink with them.

　　A. took B. take C. takes D. will take

　　2 Catherine said that she ___ to Guangzhou.

　　A. has never gone B. had never gone C. has never been D. had never been

　　3 The students want to know whether they___ dictation today.

　　A. had B. has . C. will have D. are

　　4 She asked Linda if___ go and get some.

　　A. could she B. she could C. she can D. she may

　　5 Linda said the moon___ round the earth.

　　A. travelled B. has travelled C. travells D. had travelled

　　答案:1-5 A D C B C

　　习题(二)

　　1 Can you tell me___ you were born, Betty

　　A. who B. what C. when D. that

　　2 I don't know ___ they have passed the exam.

　　A. what B. if C. when D. where

　　3 I hardly understand. ___ he has told me.

　　A. that B. what C. which D. who

　　4 She didn't know___ back soon.

　　A. whether he would be B. if would he be C. he will be

　　5. I don't know _____ he still lives here after so many years.

　　A. whether B where C. what D. when

　　6. Do you know _____ they listened to yesterday evening

　　A. what B when C why D how

　　7. He asked me _____told me the accident.

　　A whom B which C who D whose

　　答案:1-7 C B B A A A C

　　习题(三)

　　1. They don't know their parents are.

　　A that B what C why D which

　　2. Please tell me ______what last year.

　　A. where does your sister work B where did your sister work C where your sister works D where your sister worked

　　3. She asked me if I knew ______.

　　A. whose pen is it B. whose pen it was C. whose pen it is D. whose pen was it

　　4. You must remember ________.

　　A. what your mother said B. what did your mother say

　　C. your mother said what D. what has your mother said

　　5 Did you know ____

　　A. who he was looking after B. who was he looking for

　　C. who he is looking for D. who he is looking after

　　6 Could you tell me ___

　　A. when will they leave Beijing B. when would they leave Beijing

　　C. when they will leave Beijing D. when did they leave Beijing

　　答案:1-6 B D B A A C

　　习题(四)

　　1. In the bookshop, a reader asked the shop keeper _____ Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book. (北京市东城区)

　　A. that B. how C. whatD. if

　　2. —I don't know _____ Mr. Green will come to see us.

　　—He will help us with our English. (杭州市)

　　A. why B. when C. how D. where

　　3. —We never know _____ the old m an is.

　　—They say he is a teacher. (鄂州市)

　　A. what B. who C. which D. where

　　4. I was told _____ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers. (重庆市)

　　A. that how B. how that C. when that D. that when

　　5. —Do you know _____ I'm going to see him.

　　—Sorry, I don't know. (北京市海淀区)

　　A. where does Mr. Li live B. where did Mr. Li live

　　C. where Mr. Li lives D. where Mr. Li lived

　　6. —W here do you think _____ he _____ the computer

　　—Sorry, I have no idea. (南京市)

　　A. /; bought B. has; bought C. did; buy D. does; buy

　　7. I don't feel very well. Mum asked me _____ this morning. (重庆市)

　　A. what the matter is B. what is wrong

　　C. what the matter was D. what wrong was

　　8. —Where is Jack

　　—He is away to spend his holiday. He's gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan, but I'm not sure _____ . (南昌市)

　　A. that B. which C. where D. there

　　答案:1—4 D A A D 5—8 C A C C

注意：

(1)连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except,but和in等少数几个介词后。其它一些介词的宾语从句如由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如：

He is a good student except that he is careless.他是个好学生，只不过有点粗心。

See to it that children don’t catch cold.当心孩子别感冒了。

(2)that引导表语从句时，在句中无词义，只起连接作用，但不可省去。His idea is that we should go there at once.他主张我们立即去那儿。

五、that引导宾语从句时不可省的几种情况：

1.that宾语从句的状语部分位于从句前部时。

I promised that if anyone could set me free,I would make him king over the earth.

我曾许诺如果有人把我放了，我就让他成为全世界的国王。

2.当主句的状语部分位于that宾语从句前时。

Abraham Lincoln later said himself that he only went to school a little now and a little then.

亚伯拉罕?林肯自己后来说他只不过是时断时续地接受教育。

3.主句的谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时。

When he got to England,he found,however,that his English was too limited.

然而当他到英国时，他发现他的英语很有限。

4.当一个谓语动词带两个或两个以上的that引导的宾语从句时。

Then he said that French was the most beautiful tongue in the world,and that we must keep it among us and never forget it.

他说，法语是世界上最美的语言，我们必须坚持说法语，永远也不要忘记它。

5.宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时。

I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth.

我决不能告诉任何人我看不到那布。

6.宾语从句的主语是this/that，或用this/that修饰主语时。

He said that that was a good idea.他说那是个好主意。

7.在直接引语中，主句和宾语从句被隔开时。

“I’m sorry to tell you,”he said,“that you didn’t watch carefully enough what I did.”

我很遗憾的告诉大家，你们没有仔细观察我所做的一切。

8.宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时。

The old lady then explained that what she was looking for was a pair of gloves for a girl.

那位老太太解释说她在为一个女孩找一双手套。

在下列情况下只能用whether不能用if：

　　①在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether（if…or not也可以使用）。如：

　　②在介词之后用whether。如：

　　I'm interested in whether he likes English．我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。

　　③在不定式前用whether。如：

　　He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man．他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。

　　④whether置于句首时，不能换用if。如：

　　Whether this is true or not，I can't say．这是否真的我说不上来。

　　⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如：

　　Whether she will come or not is still a question．她是否能来还是个问题。

　　⑥若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether。如：

　　Please let me know if you like the book．可理解为：

　　a．Please let me know whether you like the book．请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。

　　b．If you like the book，please let me know．你如果喜欢这本书，请告诉我。

现在完成时：have / has + p.p (过去分词)

第一部分：　

　　现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果；也可表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。学习现在完成时,先从结构和句式开始:

　　构成:主语 + have/has + 过去分词 + 其他。(当主语是第三人称单数时用has,其余人称用have。过去分词:规则动词的过去分词构成与动词过去式相同;不规则动词需要特殊记忆。)

否定式:主语 + have/has (not) + 过去分词 + 其他。

疑问式: Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他?

简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定)

　　　　　No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定)

第二部分：　　

　现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义:

* 以already, just和yet为标志

　　already, just和yet 表示到现在为止动作或状态已经、刚刚或还没有发生。

He has already got her help.　他已得到她的帮助。

He has just seen the film.　他刚刚看过这场电影。

He hasn't (yet)come back (yet).　他还没有回来。

* 以ever和never为标志

　　ever和never 表示到现在为止动作或状态曾经或从来没有发生过。

This is the best film I have ever seen.　这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。

He has never been to Beijing.　他从没有到过北京。

* 以动作发生的次数为标志

　　若某一动作到现在为止已经发生了若干次,则要使用现在完成时。

He says he has been to the USA . 他说他已经去过美国三次了。

* 以so far为标志

　　so far / up to now往往表示动作或状态已经发生。

He has got to Beijing so far.　到目前为止他已到了北京。

She has passed the exam so far.　到目前为止她已经通过了考试。

第三部分：

　　过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。

　　*“终止”、“延续”要转换

　　英语中的动词从词义上可以分为延续性和非延续性两种,在现在完成时态中一定要注意动词这一特性,应将这类非延续性动词转换为延续性动词。如:

“The cat play” has been on for half an hour.　《猫》已经开演半个小时了。

How long have you had this dictionary?　这本字典你买了多久了?

　　初中阶段常见的有

　　* 时间“点”、“段”须分清

　　过去开始的动作可以延续到某一点结束,也可能继续延续,这时就要根据时间“点”、“段”选择相应的介词for或since。如:

He has been away for two years.　他已走了两年。(for+时间段)

He has been an English teacher since 1992.　自从1992年以来他一直当英语教师。

(since+过去某一时刻)

I have never seen him since we met last time.

for + 时间段 for many / several years=for years

since +时间点作状语（状语从句），句子一般使用完成时态

第四部分：

A)选用have, has填空:

1.I _______ told him the news.

2.She ________ come back from school.

3.You ________ won the game.

B)按要求改写下列各句:

4. They have bought a computer. (改成否定句)

_________________________________________

5. He has lost his book.

(先改成一般疑问句,再作肯定与否定回答)

_________________________________________

C) 单项选择

6. -Where have you _____, Kate?

　-I've ______ to the bank.

A. gone, gone　B. been, been　C. gone, been　D. been, gone

7. Her grandfather ______ for two years.

A. died　B. has died　C. has been dead　D. has been died

Die v. dead adj. death n.

He has been blamed for (因为) his mistake.

My mother bought a new coat for me. = My mother bought me a new coat.

8. It is (has been) six weeks ______ I met you last time.

A. when　B. since　C. before　D. for

9. Tom and Jack have arrived at West Hill Farm already.

A. have got　B. have gone to　C. have been to　D. have reached

Key:

1.have 2.has 3.have 4.They have not/haven't bought a computer.

5.－Has he lost his book? －Yes, he has. / No, he has not/hasn't.

6-9 BCBD

1.  ---Where ____(be) my bike?---It _ _(be) here just now.

2.  ---______________ you ________(see) my book? ---Yes, he __________ (take) it away half an hour ago.

3.  ---________ he ______(eat) all the food? ----Yes, I _______ all the food, because I _______(be) very hungry.

4. Nanjing _______________ (change) in the past twenty years.

5. Mary __wants_(want) _to collect_(collect) more information before she _______(do) the history project.

6.Great changes __________________ (take) place in Shanghai since 1996.

7. My mother _____ (teach) Maths for 20 years.

8. Daniel ______(join) the swimming club when he ____(be) 18. He ___(be)a member of the club for 20 years.

9. ---Would you like_____(go) to the park with me? ---I’d like to. But I ____(not have) dinner.

10.   Millie __________(just) _________(finish) her homework. She ____________(watch) TV.

11.   My parents _______________ (live) there for years.
12.   ---__________you ____________ (read) this book?    ---Yes, I ____________.

---When __________you ________ (read) it?  ---I ___________ (read) it two months ago.

13.Joe ______________(be) here for three hours since he __________(come) here.

14.I ______________(not see) so beautiful a park before.

15.She __________already____________(learn) how __________(drive) a car for two weeks.

16.   ---How long_________ your father___________(work) at this school? ---For more than ten years.

17. There _____________(be) fresh air and green hills on Lautau Island in the past.

18. I_____________ my homework already. (finish)

19. You won't know if it fits you until you___________ it on. (try)

20. It's said that he_____ ____________ sent to Australia to improve his English.(be)

21. The living standard of the  people in Nanjing ___ ____  since 1983. (rise)

22. Tom________________ for 40 years. (marry)

II. 同义句转换。

1. I have already been here for 5 years.    I have been here________5 years________.

2. I married over two years ago.    I________ ________married________ over two years.

3. Where did you go just now?   Where________ you________?

III. 改错。

1. He has borrowed the magazine for days.

2. Mr Li has come to this city since 1990.

3. How long has he joined the army?

4. The film had begun for ten minutes when I arrived.

本文来源：https://www.2haoxitong.net/k/doc/a77d2600c0c708a1284ac850ad02de80d4d806a3.html