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chapter6 古罗马的城市 英文

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Section1ThehistoricalbackgroundofancientRomeand
ConstructionSectionOverview
TheRomaneraisthehigheststageofdevelopmentofwesternslavery.TheRomanscreateuniquearchitectureandRomancityconstructionstylebyrelyingonahugeamountofwealthandslaves,remarkablebuildingtechniqueandgoodmaterials,GreekandOrientalcountriesbuildingtypesandshapingmethods,combiningwithitsowntradition.
Incityconstruction,theRomanpeoplearenotasgoodatmakingthemostofterrainastheGreeks.butpowerfultoreformit.ThisisthereasonthatwhytheRomanscanextensiveuseofslavelabor.
RomangeographicalpositionwasinItalyterritoryatfirst.Withthedevelopingofthecountryandterritorialexpanding,theterritoryhasbeenexpandedtoEurope,AsiaandAfricabytheRomanEmpire.WhenEmperorTrajan(AD98to117yearswasinpower,thepopulationismorethan1million(around800millionnativeItaliansintheRomanEmpire.It'sraretoseethatthequantityandthelargeofRomancitiesintheworld'sancientcivilizations.TherearethousandsofcitiesinthemapsoftheRomanEmpire.JustSpainforexample,thereareover400importantcitiesand293secondarycities.Mediumandsmallcitieshavetensofthousandsofpeopleatthattime.Largecitieshavethepopulationofuptoseveralhundredthousand,ornearlyamillion.Denseland-seacommercialtradenetworkmaintaintheeconomiclifeoftheempire.Mostofthematerialflowsofgoodsissustainedbythemarketmechanismofcommercialeconomyandfreetrade.ThatEmpiredensespiderwebaroundthehighwaytransportationsystem,hugegoldandsilvermining,massiveslavelaborandthe"lawofnations"providethematerialandlegalguaranteesforthedevelopmentofeconomy.
Romanhistorycanbedividedintothreeperiods,namelyEtruriaPeriod(750BC~300BC,RomanRepublic(510BC~30BCandtheRomanEmpire.(30BC-AD476.Startingfrom395AD,theRomanEmpirewasdividedintoeasternandwesternparts.EasternRomanEmpirecapitalisinConstantinople.CapitalcityoftheWesternRomanEmpireisinRome.Romecannotbesustainedafterthereunificationofthecountryafterbeingsplit,theWesternRomanEmpireinAD476destroyed.ThenEasternRomandevelopedintotheByzantineEmpirewiththefeudalsystem.Romanhistorycanbetracedbacktothe8thcenturyBCwhenIradaliyaruledtheLatiumplain.ItistheearliestculturednationinRome.IthaseverbeencombinedwiththecultureofEgypt,Phoenician,Greek,formingtheseedsofRomanculture.Theyhavesomesuccessinbuildingtechnology.Theyusestonestobuildthecitywalls,templesandtombs.
Inthelast100yearsoftheRomanRepublic,urbanconstructionhasbeengreatlydevelopedduetonationalunity,territorialexpansionandtheconcentrationofwealth.Constructionprojectsfirstarethoseroads,bridges,wallsformilitaryandtransportation.Andthentheatre,bathhouses,waterchannels,sitesfortheslaveownersanddailypleasuresandashipportexchangeandthecourtofBasilicaandsoon.Urbanhousingspeculationhasbeenpopular,butspeciesofthetemplehasbeenrelegatedtosecondarystatus.
IntheRomanEmpire,nation-buildingismoreprosperous.Inadditiontocontinuingconstructingtheaters,theColosseums,bathroomstheyalsobuiltmonumentstopropagandaemperorcreditsforemperors,suchasthesquares,theArcdeTriomphe,JiGongcolumn,andtombsoftheemperor'spalaceasPalatine(PalatineIiandotherplaceswhichseemextremelylike

luxuriouspalaces.AtthistimealargenumberofrentalapartmentsareconstructedinthecityofRome.DuringtheheydayofRomeitspopulationhasarrivedto100million.
Mostofemperorsabuseconstructionstoglorythemselves.Inthe1stcenturyAD,RomanEmperorAugustusboastedthathegainsaRomewhichismadeoldbricks,butleavesaRomewhichismadeofmarbles.
TherearelargenumbersofpublicfacilitiesinallcitiesofRomancountries.Freemen'scity-statepatriotismisfromthesepublicactivities.Theyelecttheirownconsulshereandcarryoutvariouspoliticalprogramdebates.Thecity'spubliclifecasttheRomanspiritsandformthespiritualpillarofthefreedmen'slife.
TheRomancitizens'city-statespatriotismandreligiousgod-manisomorphicideologicalbeliefisfromtheculturewhichisformedintheancientGreekpolis.
TheemperoraugustusarchitectsVitruvianwroteabookofbuildingpapersinthefirstcentury,namely"architecturalbuildingtenbook",whichisthefirstworldlegacyhasthemostcompleteandmostinfluentialarchitectureandurbanplanningrarebook.

Section2Etruscan'surbanconstructionperiod
InsteadofconstructingthecityfirstandthenbuildingwallsinGreekbeforeGreco-PersianWars,earliercitieswereconstructedafterthebuildingofwalls,inaunifiedmodel.Therearetworelativelyobviousfeaturesintheurbanconstruction:oneisthatearlierEtruscan'scitieswerebuiltonrockorhighground;theotheristhattakingreligiousthoughtasaguide,thedivisionofurbanareaswasveryobvious.Urbanplanningfollowedcity'sfoundationstonelayingceremonystipulatedintheregulationsrequiringcitieshavearuleofplanelayout.Provisionsofthecity'sfoundationstonelayingceremonyoffourbuiltdesignstages,namely(1location;(2division,regionalsubdivisionofland;(3todeterminethestreets'trend;(4cityceremony.Inthestageofdivisionandregionalsubdivisionofland,plannersattemptedtoreflectcelestialbodies’mode.Spindlerepresentedtheworld'saxis,andareablockreflectedtheuniversemode,andthepartitionresidentialrepresentedtheknowledgeofpeople'scognitiontotheworld.
AncientRomanwritersVahlhadwrittenabookdescribinghowEtruscansbuildingcities.Itwassaidthattherewasareligiouselderinconstructionsitetodrawacirclewithcattleploughasanurbangarden,andthusthecitywasdividedintofourparts.South-northroadwascalledCardoandeast-westroadwascalledDecumanus,andthetemplewasbuiltintheintersection.OneofsevenmoundsinthecityofRomecalledPalatiumwastheresidentialareaofancientEtruscans.
AnearlyEtruscan'scityhasalreadydiscoveredtodaywasnearMalzabato.Itwasbuiltinthe5th-6thcenturyBC.Urbanroadnetworkwassquareshape,mostofthestreetwaseast-west,andtherewasa15-meterswidetrunkroadrunningthroughoutthewholecityfromnorthtosouth.Onbothsidesofthistrunkroad,thereweresidewalksslightlyhigher,andsomeplaceshadseveralpiecesofstoneabovethecentralroadconnectingthesidewalkaroundtofacilitatepedestrianscrossingthestreetintherain.Therewereroadsidegutters,whichwasdesignedtolettherainwaterflowintotheundergrounddrainandoutofthecity.
Urbanneighborhoodissquare-shaped,insidewhichwasabigyard.Denselyhousingwas

aroundandtherewereshopsandworkshopsinthestreets.
SectionIIIofurbanconstructionduringtheRomanRepublic
Fromthe3rdcenturyBCtothefirstcenturyBC,theRomansconqueredalmostallthecoastsalongtheMediterranean.In275BC,theyoccupiedPallas(PyrrhuscamponthecoastoftheMediterranean,andregardeditasthemodelofcastles,whichformedtheprototypecityoftheRomancastles.Thecityoffortmode(Figure6-1istheFounderofthewall.Thecityhadasquareplaneandabasicorientationtowardsthecompass.Crossthemiddleofthecitysideroadleadstothefourcardinalpoints.Templeswerebuiltatthe
intersectionoftheroad.TheCastlesFigure6-1
citywasnolongercircularshapebuttoswitchtobesquare,becausecitieswerenotbuiltonthehighlandanymoreatthattime.
Europetodayhas120~130citiesandfortsoriginatingthecityofRome(diagram6-2.Thereyoucanseetheoriginalfaceofthecity.Oneofthemosttypicalcastlecities,theRomanEmpire'sNorthAfricancityofTimGardner(Timgad,wasbuiltin100AD.Thecitywassubmergedbysandaftertheconstructionof150,anduntilmoderntimesitwasexploredagain.Sothatisthe
reasonitisintactatthetimestyle.

Diagram6-2


Second,theRepublicancityofRomeduringtheRomanRepublicSquare
Accordingtolegend,thecityofRome'sfoundationdatewas753BCyears.Thecitywasinthespontaneousformationinalongtime.Itwasnotaunifiedandrationalplanning.IntheRepublic,Romewasstillthenaturaldevelopmentofthecity,thelayoutcomparisondisorders.Butthecentreofthecity(Figure6-4hadhadagloriousbuildingachievement.ThecityofRomewasmadeupbythefamoushillcomposedofseven,onepolalostforsevenCupid'sheart,anareaofabout300metersx300metersincliningtothenorthwest.Thepeakhadanaturalreservoirwhichsuppliedtheneedofthecitywaterandthatwassurroundedbyprotectivewalls.Romancityinthe4thcenturyBCbuiltwalls,cityretainedbytheenemywasaspaceasasourceoffoodwhensurrounded.Inthecity'scentralsquaretothrowpola'snorthofhere,thengraduallyformingsquaregroup,namelyiswellknownforitsrepublicansquare(Repu¨cbanF0Run1(50BC4~27B.C.,andbuiltintheperiodoftheempireplaza(IrnpcRIa1F0Rum(B.C.27~inthe4thJuly6years(FIG.6-5.RepublicanperiodofRomanplaza(figure66wasacenterofurbansocial,politicalandeconomicactivitycenter,aroundthehousequitescattered.Squareforcitizensgatheredhuanpublicactivitiesnaturemoreintense,verymuchliketheGreekPuHuaperiodofcitysquare.Republicanperiodofsquarebuildingsinformeachotherwiththewholeverynotharmonious,itsbuildingsreflectedtheincreaseofpoliticalandmilitarypower.Eachcountybuildingwaslargerthanbefore.ThisgroupbecameanaccountedforlocustconstructionofurbanspaceinRome.OneLuoNumuPlaza(ForumRomanumwasbuiltbyallthemarble,largetrapezoidlaneswerecompletelyopen,itwassurroundedinthebasilica,templesandhousesofeconomicactivities,itwasaplaceforpublicevents.ItssouthwasCaesarsquare(ForumoFJulIus(Caesa.r.whichwasbuiltintherepublicanempire'stransitionin54BCto56BC.Thesquareswasl6ox75meters.Thissquarestillretainedsomecommonproperties,bothsideshadopengalleryporchwhichwasoperatingusuryafterthehundredthpartofthemoneyindustry.Anditwasadeepsquarepavingthepatronsaintofdimensionfamilykaynieer(Venertemple,beforethetemplestandedCaesarequestrianstatue.Thissquarewascloserthanpreviouslybuiltsquare,andwastheaxissymmetric.Republicanperiodofurbanfactoryfieldwasaveryrichstatuedecoration.Thesestatuesweremostlyinwarplunder,andplacedontheedgeofthesquare.Figure6-6AerialviewoftheRomanRepublicSquare.

Third,PompeiiCity
ThefamouscityofPompeii(PompeiiduringtheRepublic(Figure6-7wasfoundedintheabout4thcenturyBC,andinAD79itwassubmergedduetotheoutbreakoftheVesuviusvolcanointheancientRomanrepublic.Itwasrulestrongholdscityoriginally,andthengraduallydevelopedintoanimportantcommercialportandtheancientRomanresortcity.ThecitywaslocatedatthefootofMountVesuviuswithabout20,000people.Themainstreetdirections,andthemajorpublicbuildingsandlargemansionofaxis,werebasicallyfacingtheMountVesuvius.Thepositionofthewholecitybasedonthethoughtsforregardingvolcanoasthecentre.
Pompeiihad7~8metershighwalls,8gates,andtheurbanplanewasirregular,withthelength1200mfromeasttowestandthewidth700mfromnorthtosouth,slightlylikeawideoval.Thewidthoftheroadcrossthetownsquareoffour-armwasaboutsixtosevenmeters.Thesecondarystreetwasbetween2.4and4.5meters,engineeringequipmentwasverygood,roadswerestrong.Thestreetstosquarewiththeblock-stonewerebuiltbylayingbricksorstones,generalroadswerebuiltinmassoftones,roadswerebuiltbyYuanShiandsidewalks.Thetrackofturningradiuswas

madeartificiallyontheroad.Citydowntownplazalocatedinthesouthwest(figure6-8,6-9areaof117*33meters.ThemainbuildingsinthesquarehadcitypatronsaintofJupitertemple,courtsandexchange,market,nominalmetersfurnishingroom,administrativeorgans,conferenceroom,etc.Jupitertemplestoodstraightinthenorth,anditssettingjustfacedthepeakofMountVesuvius.
Buildingssurroundingtheplazaweresuccessivelybuilt,relativelymessy,solaterborderbuiltacircledouble-storeyfoyercolonnaded,alreadyovertheJupitertemplefacade,andcolonnadesbeingunifiedmadetheoverallcomplete.Whensquareheldvariousperformances,twolayerporchesbecamestands.Squaregroundlevelgroundwaslowerthanporchesaround,whichobviouslyvehicleswerenotaccessible.
Inthesouthofthecitytherewasatrianglesquare,theupperofthesquarelocatedthetemple,thenorthhadtwotheatresindifferentsize,whichcouldhold5000and1500peoplerespectively.Acoliseumlaidintheeastwithacapacityof20,000people,namelyalladultsofthecitycouldbeaccommodatedinside.
Urbangeneralhousingorshopwasalayerortwolayers,thebuildingsurroundedthepatio.ThemansionPizzaPanneardowntownwasProminentneardowntown,aloneoccupyingthewholestreetswithnorth-southlength97metersandwest-eastwidth38metersandthreefacingstreet.Behinditwasabiggarden,occupying1/3ofthewholemansionland.Partsofthemansionalongthestreetwereopenstoresandbakeries.
Section4,urbanconstructionduringtheRomanEmpire
RomanEmpirewastheheydayofRomanhistory,inthevastthreecontinentsacrossEurope,Asiaandwithinareaofland,constructionorexpansionofcitieseverywhere,suchasthecapitalofRomeandtheRomanEmpireSquarebuilding,suchasthePortofPalmyra(PalmiraandOstravaTia(Ostiaofthebuilding,suchasmilitarycampsCypriotcityofAaoCosta,TimStuttgart'sconstruction.
One,RomeandtheRomanEmpireSquare
Rome
2ndcenturyAD,theRomandevelopmentofthecityhasexceeded13.86squarekilometersoftheAustriancitywallsremaingoodrangeoffreedevelopmentoutsidethewallsofclass.ForVin(TivoliHadrianVillaemperor'spalacenearRomethatislocatedinthesuburbs.Therearegraves,temples,militaryinstallationsandsportsfacilitiesalongthewaytosuburbs.
.
Inthe3rdcenturyAD,thepopulationhasmorethan100million.TheirfoodsupplyisthroughtheladderBo(TiberRiverofOstravaTia(Figure6-10shippedincorporatedintotheRoman's.OstravaTiahasapopulationof5millionpeople,18kmfromRome.TheRomansbuiltinOstravaTiaTrajanHarbour(HarbourofTrajanandKlausTiyaSiHarbour(HarbourofClaudius.CityandHarbourwerebuiltdefensivewalls.Lackoffoodshortage,onceancientRome,thecityresidentstosuburbanmigration,thePoRiveralongthestaircaseappearedlotsofbuildings.
Romanneedshugewatersupply,thendozensofkilometersawayfromthewatersourcewastransportedintothecity.Thereareonly11ofthecityofRomeaqueduct(Figure6-11.

PalatinehillinRome,thecityhastheEmperorPalace(seeFigure6-3,hasdifferentconstructionyears,shortageoflandissmall,relativelymessyconstruction,butforrecreationandenjoymentoflifeneededtoracetrack,theater,theColosseum,bathingandother
macro-scalepeople.MaxiMasi(Maximusracetrack
canaccommodate250,000Figure6-11
spectators.Theatrecanaccommodate10,000to25,000spectators.Coliseumcanaccommodate50,000spectators,bathscanaccommodate2,000to3,000people,including576metersCaracallaBaths×365meters,oflandwithintheadditiontobathing,thereareclubs,arecreationroom,auditorium,stadium,storagereservoirs,suchasgardenandcommercialhouse.3rdcenturyAD,representingtheRomancityofBathhas11large,mediumandsmallbeachisalloverthecity.LateImperialRomehas46,602apartments,someashighassevenoreightlayers_toi.J._
Departmentofmalignantdevelopment.Manyapartmentsforpoorquality,resultinginthecollapse,sotheAustrianemperortopoweraccountsforSriLankaarespecifiedheightshallnotexceedfive,six,highhousingcannotexceed18meters.
Romereceivedtheonly6.5meterswide,generalAvenueto4.8meters.Atthattimeregulationsstreetnotlessthan2.9meterswidth.CaesartheemperorfarawayintherepubliccametopowerinRome,whichprovidesthatnovehiclesinthecityduringthedays,sothenightthesoundofthecityhustleandbustleofRome.
AchievementsinbuildingthecityofRomeconcentratedinthecentralareaofsquareskirtandbuildings,buttheoveralllayoutofthecityrelativelymessy.Shewasmadebyanumberofmakeshiftshops,butnotformacompletesystem.

RomanEmpireSquare
IntheRomanRepublic,RepublicSquareistheurbansocial,politicalandeconomicactivity.TotheEmpire,theEmpireStatePlaza,thenatureofchange,asglorifyingtheemperors
commemorativesitesforindividuals.Thestatueoftheemperorbegantostandtothemainlocationofthecentralsquare.Squarebasedwithgreattemples,magnificentcolonnadeto
recognizetheresultsoftheemperor.Placeintotheformtheygraduallyclosedbytheopen,bythefreeintorigorous,withtheaimofcreatingathree-dimensionalartsforpeopletowatchthegroup.EmpireStatePlazaisfromRepublicSquaretothenorthwestextensionofthemiddleaxisofabout300meters.Thisopenspacewasoriginallyamountain.AugustusSquare,theEmpireStatePlaza(ForumofAugustusandAbdullahtruePlaza(ForumofTrajan,andothergroupscomposedofsquares.TheyaredifferentfromtheRepublicSquarebuildinglayout.RepublicPlazabuildingontheemphasisonself-prominent,andthecourtasawholenotverycoordinated.TheEmpireSquarePlazabuildingentitysubordinatetospace,bythesquareofthesquare,linearand
semi-circularspaces.Eachspacehasacolonnadeconnection,theendofthemainbuildingsplaya

majorroleindecorating.Square
designtechniqueisthateachgroupoftheEmperorofthebuildingsandtheconstructionofthePlazaSquare,anotherEmperorlayoutofbuildingstoeachotherinthespace
perpendiculartotheverticalaxisofmultipleintersectingeachothertoformacompletewhole(Figure6-12.Colonnadeslinkthevariousspaces,eachspaceisthetransition.Thisdesignapproachissomelongertimeintervalbetweentheconstructionsofbuildingswithinestablishedorder.ThePlazaGroupgloriousopen,clearandorderlymanner,bythehugebuildingsposeagreatspace.
AugustusSquare(42BC~2BChasnosenseofsocialandeconomic
activities,builtsolelyfortheEmperor
praises.StationtemplehighupontheFigure6-12
greatsteps,oneachsideofasemicircularauditorium.Squareareaof120*83metersupto36metersaroundthesquare,thewallsenclosingthecityisolation.
SquareTrajan(AD109-112oftheaxisofsymmetry,thelayoutofamulti-layerdepth.3CrossSquare,themainentranceistheArcdeTriomphe,entered,120*90meterssquare.Bothsidesofthecentralloggiahaveasemi-circleroom.PlacethebottomoftheBasilica.Basilicafollowedbya24*16msmallcourtyard,thecentralstandingupto35.27metersinthedisciplinefunctioncolumn.Aboutthelibrarycourtyard.Acrosstheyard,butalsoagallery-stylearoundtheyard,therearetempleworshipTrajanistheartisticclimaxofthesquare.PlaceaseriesofTrajanaspectofspace,size,baychangesreflecttheartisticcausedbybuildinganatmosphereofdignitytodeepenthemysteryofthedesignideaoftheemperor
Second,HadrianVillapalace
LurkingintheoutskirtsofRomenearthepalaceHadrianVilla(HadrianVilla(Figure6-13wasbuiltinAD114~138years,istheuseoftheconceptofphysicalandspatialorganizationinthenaturalcontextofalargebuildingcomplexandsamplegroups.TherearemanyirregularPalaceirregularanglephasespace,or
theuseoftheaxisofthewindingFigure6-13

spacewitheachother.Usuallythebendintheaxisofatransition,firstintoasmallspace,andthenconnectingwiththelargespace,sothatpeoplefeelitisimpossibletoirregularshapeandspace,noorder.Baiplacedinthebuildingsofseveralunitsontheground,inordertoadapttothecomplexterrain.
Third,TimGardnerfortsCity,LanpeiFrancisandAaoStar
EmpirehasbuiltanumberofimportantmilitarysignificanceofcitiessuchasNorthAfrica,TimGardner,LanpeiSith(Figure6-14andAaoStar(Aostawerebuiltbythemilitaryintheshorttermthe.PlanningthelayoutofthethreecitiesisacommonfeatureoftheRomanarmybywayofstrictconstructionofforts.Cityhastwointersectingperpendiculartoeachotherwordtype,theintersectionisthecity'scentralsquare.Herecanbetheparade.Andtherearetheater,bathsandotherlargepublicbuildings.Onmajorroads,startingandendingpointsandtheintersection,oftenrotatingdoorbetweenthestreetforalongcolonnade,formingaverymajesticvistas.TimGardnercity(Figure6-16flatsquare,350meterssquare,whathaveI2exclusiveneighborhood,northandsouthof11rows,eachneighborhood25meterssquare.TownSquare2metershigherthantheroad,withthelevelconnections.Squareareaof50meters×42meters.
SquaresurroundedFigure6-16
byabuildingsurroundedbyacolonnadeand,spacingof2.5to3meters,5metershigh.Inproportiontothecolonnade,itfeelsverylargesquare.TimGardnerhillandaplaceoutsidethetempleofGod.
NorthItalyAaoda(Fig.6al7north-southroad(Card0isnolongercentralinthewesternside,butalsowithaparallelroad.Wasprobablyduetopresenceoftwoarmiesatthesametime,sotherearetwocenters.
FourcolumnsoftheRomanEmpireStreetandUrbanEngineeringcolumnRomanEmpire,thecityreachedahighlevelofengineeringfacilities.Somecitystreetiswide20~30meters.LikePalmyra(Figure6~18,trunkandevenreached35meters,hasbothsidesofthesidewalk.Smoothandflatonthestreetscoveredwithalargestone.InPalmyra,TimGardnerandothercities,theroadsonbothsidesofalongcolonnade,usuallylistedinthedrivewayandthesidewalkbetween.TimGardnerinNorthAfricasuchasthesunviolentareas,sidewalksarethe

topsub,theformationofthecolonnade.
Figure6-18
Inadditiontoroads,Romanbridges,walls,conduitandotheroutstandingachievementsinboththeconstruction.RomecityTeboliqibridgespanning4.5m2,withthecontinuousbouldercoupons,andevenoverlapthesecondlayerofflintcouponsupStretchingputsupdozensofkilometersaqueduct,hasbecomeagreatexpressivecommemorativestructures.t,
Beforeandaftertheearly5thcenturyBC,theRomanbuiltasleepingmatonthewaterwaysandsewers,andlaterbuiltalargepoolofwaterseepage.
V.Vitruvius's"TenBooksBuilding"
SupportsetofVitruvius's"TenBooksBuilding"isasummaryofRomanbuildingglorioushistory.SummaryProceedingsofGreeceandRomanarchitectureandurbanconstructionexperience.Inurbanconstruction,siteselectionforthecity,urbanform,urbanlayout,insightfulviewsontheproposedcitysiteselection,henotedtheneedtotakeGAOlot,donotaccountforwetlands,abreedinggroundforepidemicdisease,mustbebeneficialtoavoidthefog,strongwindsandhot,agoodwatersupply,isrichinagriculturalresourcesandaconvenientroadorriverleadingtothecity.Onthebuildingsite,hediscussesthenatureofthebuilding,therelationshipwiththecity,thestatusofthesurroundinglots,roads,topography,orientation,wind,sunlight,waterquality,pollutionandsoon.
Onthelayoutofthestreets,hestudiedtherelationshipbetweenthestreetandoftenwinddirection,andtherelationshipbetweenthelocationofpublicbuildings.Thedesignoftheplaza,hemadeconstructivesuggestions,andresearchexperimentsusinglocalmethodsofanimalorgans,suchastestingofdrinkingwater.HeinheritedtheancientGreekHippocrates,PlatoandAristotle'sphilosophyandthetownplanningtheory,theidealcitymodel.Hedrewtheidealcityplan,theplaneisoctagonaltowerwallsspacednotmorethanarrows.Distance,sothatallaspectsofdefensetoeasilycheckfromthesiegeby.Urbanroadnetworkfortheradiationringsystem.TempleSquaredowntowncenter.Toavoidthestrongwind,theradialroadsdonotdirectlytothegate.Vitruvius,aftertheidealRenaissancecitymodelitsurbanplanninghasveryimportantimplications.

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