第一单元 What is genuine friendship ？Some classical views may help us understand the notion of friendship more clearly .Aristotle distinguishes genuine friendship from two other forms:one based on mutual utility and the other on pleasure.While the ground for the latter two forms of friendship is closely related to material benefits,short-term interests or age,genuine friendship occurs only between those who are similar in their goodness.Cicero,another ancient scholar,believes that true friends' actions and lives should leave no question as to their honor,purity,equity and liberatily.Whether or not one possesses any superiority over the other,both must regard themselves as equal of the other and try their best to preserve the friendship.Moreover,true friends are bound together,as a friends is said to be a mirror in which you may perceive and know yourself.When virtuous friends are bonded together by a commitment to the good,they can recognize each other's moral excellence and fulfill their self-improvement
第四单元
AIDS is a terrible disease.It poses a threat to all the human beings without caring whether you are black or white,male or female,gay or straight,young or old.But what is at risk now is not just the people infected with the disease.Human civilization itself is being threatened.This is because the whole society tolerates both ignorance of and prejudice against HIV or AIDS.Onece diagnosed as HIV-positive,the victims are isolated or have entered some alien state of being.As a result,these poor people have to shelter the flickering candle of life from the cold wind of rejection by their family members.When they die of the disease,their families dare not whisper the word AIDS.They just grieve silently.Thus, our prejudice and silence have helped the disease along.Now HIV marches firmly towards AIDS in more than a million American homes,littering its pathway with the bodies of the young.To guard against the disease effectively,we must take this issue seriously.People should be educated to bring those negative attitudes to an end.We should not see AIDS as something evil and the patients as alien.Instead,we should concern oueselves with the prevention of the disease and render strong support to the patients with more compassion.Only in this way can we have a better chance of winning the war against AIDS.
第五单元
Mankind hopes for a better world to live in.To this end,man has to confront the inevitable conflicts that the future holds in store.Since education plays an indispensable role in managing those conflicts,the following four pillars of education are proposed.Learning to live together calls for an understanding of others and the awareness of the diversity,similarities and interdependence of all people so that the global changes brought about by scientific progress,the emphasis in learning to know should be put on combining a broad general education and the opportunity to study a small number of subjects in depth.Associated with the issue of occupational training，learning to do aims to equip people to cope with various situations and work in teams.The fourth pillar is learning to be,which focuses on the complete development of one’s potentials when he goes after an independent,critical way of thinking and judgment.Given the convenient access to knowledge in the information era,everyone longs for a way to get the most out of their own specific educational environment.These four interrelated pillars can help us make the best out of education and attain our future ideals.
第六单元
When We are suddenly transplanted abroad,we may lose the peace of mind we need for everyday work and life.All the familiar cues disappear including words,gestures,facial expressions,customs,or norms.We reject the foreign environment and slip into the tendency to believe that our culture,race and nation form the center of the world.The frustration and anxiety that can be attributed to the loss of familiar signs are symptoms of culture shock.One of the effective cures for this ailment is to know something about the nature of culture and its relationship to the individual.We should bear in mind that we are born with the capacity to learn culture and use it.The culture of any people is the product of history and is built up over time.It is by means of culture that we learn to adapt to the physical environment and to the people with whom we associat。Therefore,it is due to our own lack of of understanding of other people’s cultural background and of the means of communication that we can not orient ourselves to the host country.Another quick way to get over culture shock is to know the language.Once we are equipped with the language, a whole new world of cultural meanings opens up for us.We will begin to find out not only what people do and how they do things,but also what their interests are.In addition,it helps us to be a participant observer by joining the activities of the activities of the people and sharing in their responses,whether this be a carnival,a religious ritual,or some economic activity.
翻译：
第一单元
1. 以共同兴趣为基础的友谊是不容易破裂的。
The friendship grounded on common / shared interest does not break up easily. / It is not easy for the friendship grounded on common / shared interest to break up.
2. 孩子们必须学会将电脑游戏中的暴力与勇敢区分开来。
Children must learn to distinguish between violence and bravery / courage in computer games.
3. 当今世界每天涌现如此多新鲜事物，要求一个人什么都知晓是不合情理的。
There spring up so many new things every day in the world that it is no longer sensible to expect a person to know / keep track of everything.
4. 诸如背弃朋友这类事并不受法律制约，所以才有了我们称作的“道德法庭”。
Laws do not regulate such things as betrayal to friends; that is why there is what we call / is called "the court of morality".
5. 有人把今天的文化描述为“快餐文化”。无论做什么事，人们只是追求用最短时间达到最大的满足。
Today’s culture is described as “fast-food culture”. Whatever they may be / are doing, people just pursue the greatest / maximum satisfaction within the shortest time.
6. 常言说，天下没有免费的午餐。如果你想要什么，就得去挣。
As the saying goes, there is no such thing as a free lunch. If you want something, go and earn / work for it.
第二单元
1.无论是友情还是爱情，你都不可能期待自己付出最少而得到最多。
In either friendship or love / In both friendship and love, you should never expect to take / receive the maximum while you give the minimum.
2.我把全部希望寄托在他的承诺上，结果却发现他根本不是个真诚的人。
I built all my hopes on his promise(s), only to find that he was not a man of sincerity at all.
3.我们带母亲去了所有我们能找到的最好的医院，但一切努力都是徒劳的，母亲还是没能熬过那次疾病。
We took Mother to all the best hospitals we could find, but all our efforts were in vain; she failed to survive the disease.
4.情人节是个一年一度在2月14日庆祝的节日，一个向自己心仪的对象表达爱意的好日子。
Valentine’s Day is an annual holiday celebrated on February 14, a perfect day to express love to the object of your / one’s affection.
5. 在信息时代，通过电子邮件方式跟远方的朋友交流几乎可以是同步的。
In the information era, communications with far-away friends via e-mail can be almost / virtually simultaneous.
6.爱情需要时间，因为只有慢慢习惯和学会欣赏对方才会产生出爱情。
Love takes time, for it is not forged until you have grown used to the other’s company and learned to appreciate the other.
第三单元
1.千百年来哲学家们费劲心机从各自的角度阐述何为幸福。
For thousands of years philosophers have taken pains to illustrate / explain / interpret the meaning of happiness from their own points of view.
2.刚上大学时，突然发现自己得处理所有日常事物，直到那时自己才觉得在父母身边生活真是幸福。
When I first came to college, I suddenly found myself left with everything to deal with by myself. It was not until then did I realize that living with my parents was truly a happy experience.
3.你不要总是和别人攀比，否则你可能会陷于忧郁之中，因为毕竟有许多人比你强。
You shouldn’t always make comparison with others; otherwise, you may be trapped in / fall into depression, for there are always many others who are better than you.
4.今天人们的生活比以前富裕多了，闲暇时间也多了，奇怪的是人们反而觉得生活乏味了。
Today people are much better off and enjoy more leisure. Strangely enough, they find life boring / dull.
5.事实上，人生是漫长而缺少兴奋的。如果期待每天都如戏剧般精彩必定会遭遇失望。
Life, in effect, is long but short of excitement. You are sure to suffer from inevitable disappointment if you expect everyday life to be as exciting as a drama.
6.过于顺利的生活可能具有破坏性，因为人们没有机会学会怎样应对挫折。这能部分解释年轻人居高不下的自杀率。
A life that is too easy / smooth may also be destructive because it offers no opportunity for one to learn how to deal with / handle failures / frustrations / setbacks. That / This in part explains / accounts for the high rates of suicide among young people.
第四单元
1)他们带着生病的父亲远赴北京，希望能治好他的心脏病。
They took their sick father on a long journey to Beijing in the hope of finding a cure for /in the hope of curing his heart disease / problem.
2)普及艾滋病知识的活动需要继续开展，这个阶段的重点放在这种病的传播途径。
The campaign of Knowing More About AIDS needs to be carried on, and for / at this stage the emphasis is put on the way (how) the disease is contracted.
3)权利如果运用得当则百姓安居乐业，运用不当则殃及百姓日常生计。
If power is properly applied / used / exercised, the lives of the common people will be rendered happy. If not, their daily life will be placed under threat.
4)征服使用核武器来防御恐怖袭击算是正当行为吗？
Could a government justifiably use nuclear weapons to guard against terrorist attacks?
5)由于缺乏对这种病的了解，许多人依然认为HIV受害者都是自作自受。
Owing to ignorance of the disease, many people still believe that HIV victims deserve what they suffer.
6)新发布的关于改善农村医疗系统的报告让我们相信农村地区缺医少药的时代终将结束。
The newly issued report on improving the medical system in rural areas leads us to believe that the era is to be brought to an end when such areas are always short of doctors and medicines
第五单元
1.培养正确的感情是极其必要的，因为它可以一个人将来学习和工作的成功是奠定基础。
Cultivating the right emotions is indispensable in that / because it lays the foundations for the successes of one’s future work and studies.
2.中国西部发展急需人才，政府为此制定了优惠政策，号召更多大学毕业生去西部工作。
West China is crying out for talented people for its development. To this end, the government has laid down / made favorable policies, calling for more college graduates to go and work there.
3.你怎么可以在我这样艰难的时候对我置之不理呢？我们患难与共差不多半个世纪了。
How can you turn your back on me when I am in such difficulty? We have gone through trials and tribulations for practically half a century.
4.网虫们很多时间都泡在网上，以至于他们无法分辨虚拟世界与现实世界。
Web addicts spend so much time on the Internet that they are unable to draw a distinction between the virtual world and the real world.
5.生活在城市的人常常有这样的幻想：乡村生活是闲适安逸的。其实不一定是这回事儿。
Urban / City residents often have the illusion that rural life is always leisurely and comfortable. In fact, that may not be the case.
6.远程学习是个全球化的趋势。随着它的迅速发展，人们无论身处何地都能有同样方便的途径享受教育资源。
Distance learning is a global trend. With its quick growth / development, people are given / can enjoy an equally convenient access to educational resources, no matter where they are
第六单元
1. 我们中国人会再三地请客人多吃饭桌上的菜，以表明我们好客。
As a proof of our hospitality, we Chinese will repeatedly ask our guests to help themselves to the dishes on the table.
2. 正是通过倾听人们的谈话和观察他们的举止，我们才加强了了解社会的能力。
It is by means of listening to what people say and observing how they behave that we’ve strengthened our own capacity to learn about / understand society.
3.安全感常常来自环境的熟悉，所以人们对于陌生的环境往往会抵制或避开。
One’s sense of safety comes from familiarity with the environment; so people have the tendency to resist or avoid new situations.
4. 我们往往对某地区的人产生偏见甚至敌意，这是由于我们不熟悉她们。
We tend to show prejudice against or even hostility towards people from a certain region, which can be attributed to the fact that we are unfamiliar with them.
5.我觉得直接拒绝是一种礼貌，而我父母却很少说“不”，以免使对方为难。
I believe it is polite to decline directly, while my parents seldom say “No” so as not to embarrass others.
6.知识积累有两种方式：亲身体验和间接体验。能为我们打开不同文化世界的阅读属于间接体验。
There are two means to build up knowledge: to get it personally or by second-hand experience. Reading, which opens up a new world of different cultures for us, belongs to second-hand experience.
第七单元
1.奥运旗帜白色的背景上印着五个相连的彩色圆圈，代表五大洲。
Against the white background, the Olympic flag features five interlinked colour circles, representing the five continents.
2. 他差0.02秒就得金牌。那些目睹这一比赛的人们不禁发出叹息。
He narrowly missed the gold medal by 0.02 seconds. Those who had witnessed the race could not help giving a sigh.
3.长跑比赛是对耐力的极大考验。运动员不仅流汗，还会流泪，甚至流血。
Long-distance race is a hard test on tolerance. The athletes shed not only sweat, but also tears, and even blood.
4.绊到另一个选手的脚，他摔倒在跑道上，但他很快爬起来，一瘸一拐地走到终点。
Having tripped over another athlete's foot, he fell down on the track, but he soon rose to his feet and limped to the finish line.
5.故事的最初版本是这样的：那个助理教练因为率领球队打赢了与古巴队的比赛而一夜成名。
The original version of the story goes like this (Or: As the original version of the story goes), the assistant coach rose to fame / became famous overnight by leading his team to conquer Cuba.
6.有些运动员承认以提高竞技成绩为名服用过兴奋剂，而且他们的教练也不对这种违法行为表示异议。
Some sportsmen confessed that they had taken dope in the name of improving / enhancing performance, and that their coaches showed no disagreement with such illegal acts.
1-4练习
Not until he saw in the mirror that his hair was turning grey_did he realize how short-lived youth was.（他才意识到青春是多么短暂）。
Given (the fact) that she is only twelve, (考虑到她只有12岁),the girl has done a good job.
It is on common interest that friendship is grounded（正是共同的兴趣奠定了友谊奠定基础）,although good friends do not necessarily have everything in common.
Happiness should not be based on money,big houses,etc.because however high social status that these material things have brought you（无论这些物质的东西给你带来了多么高的社会地位），they will not bring lasting happiness to you at all.
Did you read Sam’s article in today’s newspaper?Nothing is more disgusting than distorting the truth so shamelessly (再没有比如此无耻地扭曲事实更让人厌恶的了)。
5-8练习
He was immersed in the virtual world when all of a sudden the electricity was cut off.（突然断电了）。
The more stress you lay on scores, the poorer performance the student may have.（学生的成绩可能会越差）。
Be nice to him.He became here not to quarrel but to negotiate for an agreement（不是为了吵架，而是想协商达成一致）。
The two companies cooperate so well that they’re won most of the consumers in this region（赢得了该地区大部分的客户）。
As is universally acknowledged, no country will get prosperous without opening up to the rest of the world（一个国家如果不向世界打开门户它就不可能繁荣昌盛）。
写作：
常用句型
1. 我认为 I think…?
I believe/ hold/argue/ insist/ maintain/ deem/ As I see it,/ In my opinion,/ From my point of view,/ As to me,/ As for me,/ As regards me,/ When it comes to me/ I hold the view that/ As far as I am concerned,…
2. 重要的 important
essential/ vital/ significant/ crucial/ of great importance
3. 支持 support
be in favor of/ side with/ approve of
4. 反对 disagree
disapprove of/ frown on
5. 喜欢 like
Prefer/ feel inclined to/ be keen on/ be fond of
6. 好的 good
Beneficial/ positive/ favorable/ perfect/ pleasurable/ desirable
7．坏的，差的 bad
Dreadful/ unfavorable/ poor/ adverse/ undesirable/ unpleasant/ less impressive
替换划线部分单词
Among the three means mentioned above, I think the third kind is most suitable for me. As I am from the countryside and my family is quite poor, my parents cannot afford so much money. Besides, I don’t think the second way is quite good, because doing part-time jobs surely deprives some time from my study. Study is the most important task for me when I am at college.
起
Recently the issue of ___ has been brought into public focus.
At present, some people think___ while others claim___. Both sides have their merits.
The issue whether it is good r bad to ____ has aroused a heated discussion all over the country.
Recently the issue of whether or not___ has been in the limelight and has aroused concern in the public.
The controversial issue is often brought into public focus. People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue.
承
Some people are of the opinion that ___.
People who support___ give some of the following reasons…
Mnay/ A large number of/ A majority of people claim that…
Some people advocate that…
People would claim that…
转
But on the other hand, there are also quite a few people who strongly advocate that…
However, there are a large number of people who hold a different view concerning this case.
Some people examine this issue from another angel.
On the other hand, there are also many opponents who strongly____
However, some others argue that…
合
According to my personality and fondness, I would prefer___ rather than___.
To my mind, the advantages far overweigh the drawbacks/ disadvantages/ shortcomings.
As far as I am concerned, I am inclined to be on the side of the latter view.
Taking into consideration of both sides, I tend to favor the former view that___
If it is up to me to make a choice between ___ and ___, I would rather choose___ over____.
模板一
Topic
说明好处/优点段
word/media/image1.gifNowadays 提出主题.
word/media/image2.gifIt is no doubt that 该主题 bring(s) several/many benefits (to受益对象)/has/have many advantages.
word/media/image3.gifAbove all,好处一/优点一.
word/media/image4.gif进一步阐述好处/优点一
word/media/image5.gifFurthermore/ Moreover/ In addition, 好处二/优点二.
说明坏处/缺点段
word/media/image6.gifHowever, problems may also arise./ As every coin has two sides, 该主题also have some disadvantages./该主题is /are also harmful.
word/media/image7.gif (For one thing,) 坏处一/缺点一.
word/media/image8.gifFor another/ What’s more/ What’s worse/ Even worse, 坏处二/缺点二.
阐述观点段
word/media/image9.gifWeighing the advantages and disadvantages/ pros and cons (of 该主题), 我的观点
word/media/image10.gifUndoubtedly, 我的理由. 11But it is worth noting that 需要注意的事项. 12Therefore/ To conclude, 总结全文.
Nowadays, many well-known university campuses in China have become popular tourist attractions. During holidays, large numbers of tourists can be seen on university campuses, particularly, Peking University and Tsinghua University.
Should the university campus be open to tourists? People’s opinions vary from one to another. Some maintain that opening university campuses to tourists can not only increase university’s financial income but also provide young students a good opportunity to know the university so that they can be encouraged to study harder to realize their dreams. While others argue that opening university campuses to tourists may ruin both their natural and academic environment.
As far as I am concerned, university campuses should not be open for profit as tourist attractions, because it is a place for study and research, not for tourism. Its purity and beauty will be destroyed if it becomes a profitable organization. However, I think university is a profitable organization. However, I think university is a property for the whole society so that it can be open to individual visitors so long as the visit does not disturb its order. (182, 2005,12)
表示强调的连接词
still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially. Obviously, clearly.
表示比较的连接词
like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally.
表示对比的连接词
by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast.
表示列举的连接词
for example, for instance, such as, take …for example. Except (for), to illustrate.
表示时间的连接词
later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while.
表示顺序的连接词
first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important.
表示可能的连接词
presumably, probably, perhaps.
用于解释的连接词
in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms.
表示递进的连接词
What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again.
表示让步的连接词
although, after all, in spite of…, despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, whatever may happen.
表示转折的连接词
however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on theother hand, unfortunately. whereas
表示原因的连接词
for this reason, due to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to.
表示结果的连接词
as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence.
用于总结的连接词
on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, in short.
其他类型连接词
Mostly, occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently, frankly, commonly, for this purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case,
图表作文常用句型
As is shown in the graph… 如图所示…
The graph shows that… 图表显示…
As can be seen from the table,… 从表格中可以看出…
From the chart, we know that… 从这张表中,我们可知…
All these data clearly prove the fact that…
所有这些数据明显证明这一事实,即…
The increase of …. In the city has reached to 20%...
在这个城市的增长已达到20%.
In 1985, the number remained the same.
1985年,这个数字保持不变.
There was a gradual decline in 1989.
1989年,出现了逐渐下降的情况.
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