专题：句子成分与结构分类
基础知识
句子的各个组成部分叫句子成分主语(subject) 谓语(predicate verb) 宾语(object) 表语(predicative)
宾补(complement) 定语(attribute) 状语(adverbial)主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！
是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词、系动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。
Jane is good at playing the piano.
She went out in a hurry.
Four plus four is eight.
To see is to believe.
Smoking is bad for health.
The young should respect the old.
What he has said is true.
叙述主语动作和状态
简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成
I saw the flag on the top of the hill?
He looked after two orphans.
复合谓语:情态动词/助动词+动词;
He can speak English well.
表述主语特征，状态，身份等。位于系动词后构成所谓的系表结构。用作表语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句等。常见的系动词有:be,appear,look,seem,feel,smell,taste,sound,keep,turn,become, get, grow, come,go.
The apple tastes sweet.
The war was over. Time is precious
They seem to know the truth. .
I’m not quite myself today.
Who was the first?
He is out of condition.
The book is what I need.
宾语为动作的承受者，分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人.
He gave me some books.
They went to see an exhibition yesterday.
The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.
He pretended not to see me.
I enjoy listening to popular music.
I think（that）he is fit for his office.
补充说明宾语宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当
I found the book interesting.
Do you smell something burning?
He made himself known to them.
She asked me to lend her a hand.
Please make yourself at home.
Please keep the dog out.
We must keep it a secret.
定语用来说明名词，代词的特征的词短语句子。
He is a clever boy.
His father works in a steel work.
There are 54students in our class.
Do you known betty’s sister?
There is a sleeping baby in bed.
His spoken language is good.
I met a friend on my way home.
The girl in red is his sister.
We have a lot of work to do.
Do you know the man who spoke just now?
用于修饰形容词,副词,动词,介词短语或句子.可表示时间,地点,原因,结果,目的,方式,伴随,条件, 让步等.
I will be back in a while.
They are playing on the playground.
He was late because he got up late.
He got up so late that I missed the train.
I waited to see you.
He often went to school by bus.
His parents died,leaving him an orphan.
Please call me if it is necessary.
This book is very interesting.
He went to school in spite of his illness.
He always comes late to school.
简单句的五种基本句子结构
1.主语+谓语 S+V
Things changed .
2.主语+系动词+表语（主系表）SLP
She seems kind.
3.主语+谓语+宾语（主谓宾）SVO
We don’t beat children.
4.主语+谓语+间宾+直宾 SVOO
The teacher asked him a question.
5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 SVOC
I found the book easy.
由一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语构成的句子。即一套主谓关系。
Tom and I found her there.
We all breathe, eat and work.
由并列连词（and,so,but等）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。
He likes eggs, but he doesn’t like 。。。
Work hard or you will fall behind.
由一个句子充当另一个句子的某个成分，充当什么成分就叫什么从句---分为：
定语从句（又叫形容词性从句）
He is the man who wants to see you.
状语从句：You can use my house as long as you are careful.
名词性从句
主语从句：That you are leaving is a pity.
表语从句：This is what we should do.
宾语从句：I am interested in what she is doing.
同位语从句：I had no idea that you were here.
考试能力指点：
利用句法基础知识应掌握以下能力
1根据自己所掌握词汇翻译相应难度的句子，完成一篇12句120词左右的作文
2 在完形填空和阅读之中能利用句子成分与结构知识解决长或复杂句子的翻译问题。
方法指引
1 作文句子翻译（一篇作文大约由10个句子组成，加上一些相应的连接词和短语）具体步骤如下：
a根据汉语意思确定句子结构
b挑主干
简单句挑主谓宾或主系表
并列句分隔为俩个简单句
复合句分清主句和从句
c补词（包括主谓宾定状补表）
d整理句子（联句并注意谓语时态语态人称变化，名词单复数，冠词的使用及大小写）
注意：句子难度和结构尽量在自己的词汇和能力水平之内。
1919年，在北京爆发了五四运动。
a 确定句子为简单句一套SVO
b 挑主干S=五四运动 V=爆发 O=无
c 补词 S=the may fourth V=break out 状语=in Beijing in 1919
d 整理：The May Fourth broke out in Beijing in 1919.
下次早点来，不然的话你会错过这部电视剧最精彩的部分。
a 确定句子结构为并列句俩套SVO
b 挑主干与连接词 S1=S2=you V1=come V2=miss O1=无 O2=part
连接词=or
c 补词 状语=a little earlier next time O2定语=the best part of the TV play
d 整理：Come a little earlier next time，or you will miss the best part of the TV play。
他努力学习为了能赶上他的同学。
a 确定句子为复合句俩套SVO
b 挑主干与连接词 S1=S2=he V1=work hard V2=keep up with O1=无O2=classmates 连接词=so that
c 补词 定=his
d 整理：He works hard in order that/so that he could keep up with his classmates。
注意：有的时候可以将复合句转为简单句，降低翻译难度，要注意相应的变化
He works hard in order to keep up with his classmates。
翻译练习：
那男孩把他的玩具拿出来和其他孩子一起玩。
这是他第三次来我们学校。
答案：The boy shared his toy with other children。
It is the third time that he has come to school。
2 阅读理解与完形填空技巧
文章出现较难或者较复杂的句子可以将句子简化，去掉修饰成分（定语和状语）或找句子主干帮助理解文章内容。
判断词性再判断充当的成分。根据各种词缀判断词性 辅助词类 例如：-tion标志名词 冠词a/an/the出现必有名词，及物动词和介词后有宾语 名词前出现定语 ly副词充当状语修饰动词或形容词
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