2013文都考研英语长难句精讲班讲义
第一部分 方法论讲解
⏹ 英文句子阅读的实际过程是什么？
英文 mind 中文
⏹ 英中文转化过程中在句子层面的障碍
语义（词汇）
语序
句子可以是这样的：There is something by reason of which man is man.
There is something.
Man is man by reason of (因为)which this thing.
世间存在一种东西，人之所以是人，就是这种东西。
⏹ 英语句子的分类：
简单 句和 非简单 句
简单句的定义： 只含有一套主谓结构的句子
简单句的障碍来源
简单句没有障碍的情况:
1. 主语+谓语 2. 主语+谓语+宾语 3. 主语+谓语+双宾语 4. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补
5.主语+系+表语 （表语为形容词时候，表语又可以称作主语补足语）
William ，do you take Jerry for your lawful wife, to have and to hold, from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, until death do part you ?
简单句的障碍来源：（问题在于识别和处理）
1. 定语 2. 同位语 3. 插入语 4. 状语
✧ 简单句的障碍识别及处理方法
作用和识别：
前置定语（可以有多个定语）+n
Adj. 物主代词；ving(单);；ved（单）； n
后置定语：
a student unaware of my presence 形容词+介词+名词
Otoman fighting with xiaoguaisou 现在分词ving+介+名；ving+名； ving+连词+句子
a picture painted by Picasso ved+介+名
n. + a way to solve this problem to+ v（原形）
an apple on the table 介+ 名词 /（介+代 代词就是代替名词的词语）
a cat alive 表语形容词充当定语后置
something important 不定代词充当定语后置
处理：前置（翻译成中文的时候），也可以拆分，特别是后置定语较长的时候。
定语从句（不属于简单句范畴）
定语从句的作用：1，修饰和限定名词
▲2，连接两个具有共同名词的句子
3，表示因果关系
今生：.I have three books of which the red is my favorite.（of which 叫做关系代词）
前世： I have three books.
The red of those three books is my favorite .
定语从句的识别：
（基本结构） 人称代词 who,whom,which.that,as
名词+连接词+句子 关系代词：物主代词 whose
后加 非完整句
定语从句的连接词：
关系连词：when,where,why,how
后加 完整句
介词+关系代词（就是介词短语）：as,that和who 后加 完整句/非完整句
定语从句的处理方法： 1拆分；2，找指代；3，还原
Eg1.A poem line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge /off which they both fall into the river.
Eg2. Man is born as a blank sheet of paper /on which each culture writes its text.
Eg3. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. （whose 引导的定语从句 后面表示因果关系）
Eg 4. The sun rises that looks beautiful.
练习：请将下面的两个句子用定语从句写成一个句子：
The ambition must be highly regarded(认同) by people /who are themselves admired.
The educated is not least among them.
The ambition must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired,
(The ambition must be highly regarded by people；People are admired by people. )Among whom educated is not least .
The ambition must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired,
(With) The educated not (being) least among them. 独立主格结构
作用：为了增加句子的多样性和正式性。
识别：
处理：跳读
1 A，B，kevin,head of intelligence service(情报机关),is quite NIU. 前三种都是对名词进行说明
2 A—B—
A,B都是名字 3 A or B
4 句子—A 这个名字A可以修饰前面句子中的一个名词，这个名字A也可以修饰前面的句子。
句子，A
5 A of B
Eg1. The Court supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle（名词的修饰）
Eg2.Robots will have to operate with less human supervision and （并列动词做谓语will have to）be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals/ that(指代goals,修饰整个句子) pose a real challenge. (句子的修饰)
A of B为同位语的条件：A为上义词，B为下义词 上下义词又称为种属词，如 fruit -apple ;city-beijing
上下义词的作用：增加语言表达的多样性，增加语言表达的正式性
如，the computer上义词 the invention ;the technology 下义词 the PC
除了定语从句中，其余句子中that 充当的是关系连词，表示只表连接， 后面连接的都是完整句。
同位语从句：(不属于简单句的范畴)
作用：解释和说明前面一个名词
结构识别：
名词+连接词（只能用关系连词来充当，不能用关系代词充当，when,how,that）+句子（完整句）； 名词+that+句子（完整句）
处理：从连接词处切分（连接词后）
例子：背。同位语从句
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed - we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.
I have a dream that one day, even the state of Mississippi（同位语）, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice（后置定语）, sweltering with the heat of oppression（后置定语）, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.
I have a dream（省略了一个that） my four little children will one day live in a nation / (定语从句)where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
I have a dream today!
From I Have a Dream~ Martin Luther King
作用：增加语言的表达多样性
识别：被两个逗号或者破折号隔开的成分。（任何成分都可充当插入语）
处理：跳读 P8
万能插入语：
▲Rather than: 而不是（肯前否后）
I ,rather than anyone else,am rather than was,the best,rather than good,teacher,rather than police.
=i am the best teacher.
状语在句子中的位置不固定。
作用：修饰和限定动词或形容词，有时也修饰整个句子（某些副词来充当的。）
例句：
She is admittedly reliable. 她是可靠的，这是被承认的。
It is painfully apparent that she is a liar. 很明显她是一个骗子，这点令人痛心
He is obviously intelligent. 她非常聪明，这点很明显。
The tomato is technically （从严格的意义上来说）a fruit.
从严格的意义上来说，西红柿是一个水果。
China's long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth.
中国长期现代化的羡慕强调经济的增长，这点是可被理解和必须的。
识别：尽量不把状语放在名词后
副词adv. l y结尾的，
现在分词短语
过去分词短语
过去不定式短语 处理：剥离（从句子中提出来，用“这”开头）
介词短语
独立主格结构（欠）
例1：（现在分词短语，充当状语，跳读）Using techniques （方法）developed for the offshore oil and gas industry（过去分词短语作定语修饰现在分词短语的名字做定语）, the DSDP’s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger（同位语。跳读）, was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean’s surface and drill in very deep waters（水域）（状语，跳读）, extracting samples of sediments and rocks from the ocean floor（状语，跳读）. (From TOEFL authentic test)
例2：A few art collectors---James Bowden Ⅲ of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens And Hamilton of Philadelphia---introduced European art traditions to those colonists/ privileged（过去分词，有个特权） to visit their galleries（翻译前置）, especially aspiring artists, and established ( 这里是和introduced并列的)in their respective communities the idea [“动词+（介词+名1做状语）+名2”]of the value art and the need for institutions 制度/(省略了which are) devoted to its encouragement.（名词翻译成动词 ）（致力于鼓励价值艺术的制度） (From TOEFL authentic test)
▲对一种隔离结构的强调
1.They maintain 【with a certain fidelity （忠诚）剥离】the principle of this school学派.
2. He elected as his primary duty and happiness in his life the thinking activity （思维行动）about the moral problem.
动+介1+名1+介2+名2+名3
他选出了关于道德思维行动当做是他一生中最重要的责任和最大的幸福
非简单句定义：含有一套以上主谓结构的句子 连接词（关联词）
非简单句的障碍来源：拆分（找连接词），组合（区分嵌套or 并列）。 简单句如何组装为非简单句。
非简单句的构成：{简1，简2，简3，...简n} 主句专一原则
✧ 非简单句的障碍解决方案
关联词和主句专一原则
1. 关系代词：,that,which,who,whom,as,what等
2. 关系连词： that,when,where,why,how等 主从复合句，嵌套句
3. 标点符号： 冒号 ：和 破折号—
分号；
4. 并列连词： and,or,but 并列句
例证：
✧ 句子之间的关联方式
1.并列
并列连词的用法
1.连接两个句子（句间的并列）
2.连接两个句中成分可以是从句也可以是短语等（句中并列），从连词后往前寻找并列成分。
3.并列连词表示并列的终结
4.并列常常引起省略（可以是省略并列成分也可以省略连词如and等）
例1． He drank beer, and it made him fat. 句间的并列
例2. （形式主语）It is a little upsetting to read that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer and to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, "Pluff! Pluff!" A hundred and eighty-five kilograms. （句中并列）
解析：并列成分为to read… and to find…
例3. A and B , C and D. A和B一起，并列C和D。
如果想A,B并列C,D ，中间得加连接词，此时不能再用and,可以用如：Complied with;along with ;besids; inaddition to
解析：并列连词表示并列的终结就意味着：A and B 是一个并列成分和C 以及D构成并列；
例4. 背
TO see the world in a grain of sand 一沙一世界 ， 一花一天国
And a heaven in a wild flower 君掌盛无边， 刹那含永劫。
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand
And eternity in an hour.
例5. The love song of the sixth Dalai Lama
Tshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho (1683- 1707 or 1746 ), was the Sixth Dalai Lama of Tibet, he was also a well-acclaimed poet.
That day, I closed my eyes in the incense fog of the Buddha’s Hall, suddenly heard the mantra from your voice;
That month, I turned all the prayer wheels, not for my salvation, but for the touch of your fingertips;
That year, I prostrated myself along the mountain paths, not for my pilgrimage, but for the warmth of being close to you;
That life, I turned around mountains and rivers，I turned around all the Pagodas,
not for earning my afterlife, but to meet with you in the way.
那一天，闭目在经殿香雾中，蓦然听见你颂经中的真言。
那一月，我摇动所有的转经筒，不为超度，只为触摸你的指尖。
那一年，磕长头匍匐在山路，不为觐见，只为贴着你的温暖。
那一世，转山转水转佛塔啊，不为修来生，只为途中与你相见
2.主从复合（嵌套）
主从复合句的分类：
三大从句：
名词性从句： 主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句
形容词性从句：定语从句
副词性从句： 状语从句
常见的关联词：
名词性从句：关系代词：what，who，whom，which,
形容词性从句：见定语从句
副词性从句：书P23
主语从句：
连接词+句子（完整句或者非完整句）+动词
It +be+形容词+连接词+句子（完/非）
处理：从连接词处切分（或前或后）
✧ 层次化句子阅读法:
1. 层次化结构的表示形式 区分分句间的关系是并列还是嵌套，一层一层的往下读。
例1：However, for many years, physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit light
V. +that 宾语从句
spontaneously and that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker.
先翻译这一层：但是，很多年以来，物理学家思考了两件事情。
that that
第一件事情是原子和分子通常更容易自行发光，第二件受到刺激的发射通常都更弱
例2：It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families / that occurred through
It+不及物动词+that 主语从句 that 充当主语成分 that +v.
all the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.
一件事情出现了
that
加拿大再一次朝更小家庭发展的趋势
that
这种趋势从工业革命以来就席卷了整个西方世界。（翻译：since后的提前）
例3：The history of clinical nutrition or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and
A or B形式 同位语，跳读
utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into
冒号，主从复合
两个动词的并列，简单句范畴
the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that food contained constituents that
were essential N.+when 定语从句
连词 形式主语从句
代词 定语从句that+be
for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents.
That+n.连词
临床营养学的历史能够被分成四个不同的阶段
冒号
第一个阶段开始于19世纪并且延伸到20世纪早期
When
在那个时候有两件事情第一次被认识到了，
that
that
第二件事情不同的食物必须提供必须成分的不同的量
that
（翻译时候往前倒）
第一件事情是食物中包含有人体功能必须的成分
同位语：临床营养学是研究健康和身体如何去吸收和利用植物物质的的学科。这句话翻译放在最前面
同位语跳读 插入语跳读 状语从句剥离
3.完整信息链法 完整主干法
缘起：
主谓隔离：主语和谓语之间常加入修饰成份；
谓宾隔离：谓语和宾语之间也常加入修饰成份；
解决之道：
1、句子开头的第一个独立名词（前面没有出现介词和关联词）就是句子的主语，应该寻找和其相对应的动 词。
In the classroom, Kevin is standing on the stage. 为独立名词。
（That Kevin is a good man） is the truth。 That形式主语
2、动词和宾语之间的成份应该跳读。
系 和 表语
动词+介词1+名词1+名词2（剥离）
系 + 介+名+adj
例1. The fact that /artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are
主语（单数名词）
frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth
Century. 谓语（单数形式与主语相匹配） a1 b1 c b2 a2
读a1 a2 b1 b2 c
翻译顺序 C B A
匠人在18世纪被当成技工或熟练工，但是在19世纪的时候被认为艺术家，这样的事实归因于当时的工艺运动。
例2. Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart,
主语 谓语
the most obvious difference being that it is often much heavier.
任何处理过化石骨头的人都知道，化石骨头和现在骨头不一样，最明显的就是这种骨头就是重一些。
例3 The notion that learning should have（ in it） an element of inspired play would seem 【to the greater part of the academic establishment】 merely silly.
V+（介+代）+名 这里括号为状语，拿出来
Learning should have an element of inspired in it.
Seem to + v.才搭 这里to+n.
为 V,+介1+名1形式 【】跳读
学习应该把具有激发性的元素包含在其中，这样的理念对于大多数的学术来讲是很傻的。
非谓语动词和独立主格：
非谓语动词不做谓语的成分。
充当主、宾语、表、同位语时，一定是动名词ving形式.。
作定语。本质是定语从句的省略（修饰限定名词的从句才可以省略），即其句子都可以恢复成定语从句的形式。
3充当状语。两个句子主语相同，去掉一个主语，动词做相应的变化。
主动语态：am/is/are-being; was/were-having been; do/does-doing; did-having done
被动语态：be done-done 否定式 not 提前 ； 注意：being 可以省略 独立主格结构，两个句子主语不同，保留主语，动词做相应的变化，being可以省，也可以加上with 。
It is hot today。I stay at home。 - It being hot today，I stay at home。
I enter the house。 A book is in my hand。 - I enter the house，with a book (being省) in my hand。
例：President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, （with） retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. with N.+ving. = trade
布什总统大力的将社会保险变为储蓄模式，退休人员将大量和甚至是全部的有保障的收入换成依靠有投入的收入。
句型：trade A for B . 把A换成B。
How can you not being A know B of A? 你不是A，怎知道A的B。
非正常语序之倒装句：
倒装句的分析方法
倒装句的定义：动词在句子中的位置和相对位置发生改变。 倒装的作用是保持句子的平衡。
倒装句的分类：1部分倒装 2 完全倒装 倒装句的处理流程：识别 还原
部分倒装：
1. 部分倒装的定义/识别：助动词，系动词，情态动词被置于主语前。
2. 部分倒装的还原：将助动词，系动词，情态动词还原到主语后。
完全倒装： 1.完全倒装定义：动词前后成分的位置完全倒置。
“主+系+表”倒装为“表+系+主”
3.能够在句子中充当主语和表语的成份
主语 n/代词pron/ to do/ + 系 +
ving (单数、复数)
常见的系动词
Be, come, go, run, walk ,lie, crouch ,
stand, descend ,ascend, become,
4.完全倒装的判断流程
Step 1 形容词性的结构和介词短语/方位副词置于句首，后紧跟系动词，可判定为倒装。
Step 2 ving置于句首后紧跟复数系动词，可判定为倒装。
Step 3 ving置于句首后紧跟单数系动词，后接名词性结构，可判定为倒装。
例1：Herein lay the beginning of turn from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.
例2：Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted
Ving+系动词复数 three sepals and three petals are surrounding the column,
into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.
例3：Young people in Canada ,today, married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than
had their predecessors during the Depression.
例4：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive
Adj + 介+n. ：形容词短语=定语从句的省略 形容词短语+系动词is 倒装
population growth.
Canada ' s impressive population growth is Basic to any understanding(了解，理解) of the country in the 20 years after the Second World War
句型：Basic to （any understanding ）B is A. A是(了解)B的基础。
Status quo 现代
例5：Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.
例6．Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals are her increased “opportunities” for stress.
例7：Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common
murres , Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets.
例8：Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained (with a certain fidelity )the technique and composition
That was most important, adj +系 v+介+n1+n2 方法和构图原则
consistent with those of America’s first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill
Adj +介+n, 形容词短语 现在分词短语修饰career
Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River.
例10：Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.
部分倒装，if被省略， had/were提前
例11: All would be well ，were reason the only judge in the creationism and evolution debate.
If被省略
Snowflakes - by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Out of the bosom of the Air,
Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,
Over the woodlands brown and bare,
Over the harvest-fields forsaken,
Silent, and soft, and slow
Descends the snow.
Even as our cloudy fancies take
Suddenly shape in some divine expression,
Even as the troubled heart doth make in the white countenance confession,
The troubled sky reveals the grief it feels.
This is the poem of the air,
Slowly in silent syllables recorded;
this is the secret of despair,
Long in its cloudy bosom hoarded,
now whispered and revealed
to wood and field.
强调句的分析方法
1.强调句的构成
It is (was) + 被强调对象 + that(who) + 其他成份
时态 除动词外 人：that /who 正常语序
的成份 物：that
2.强调句的处理方法 将被强调部分还原；去掉强调结构
Ii is clear that he is smart. 形式主语 It is clearly that he is smart. 强调句
例1：It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and
were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of
supplementation for a variety of health-related conditions.
例2：It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that
included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies.
例3：Thus, （in the American economic system）it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of 个人消费者的需求 商人想最大化利益的渴望
businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together
个人收入最大化的渴望
determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
省略 并列引起省略
例1：It is said that in England death is pressing, ( )in Canada inevitable and in California optional.
据说在英国死亡是迫在眉睫的， death is canada
例2：Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.
例3：(As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family
(AS引导状语)，剥离
relationships, )the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence ( )that information will be
非正式信息的流动就被切断了， is cut off
available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
句子 and 句子（主语），主语没有省略，宾语谓语省略，表明和前面的相同。
1、对句子的完整处理流程
五大基本句型 end.
简单句 动词 定语
正常语序 四大成分 状语
动词 连接词 同位语
动 非简单句 并列 省略 插入语
句 嵌套
词
子 倒装
非正常语序
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