Gun control 枪支管控

Gun control

Some information

• Gun politics is an area of American politics that is primarily defined by the actions of two groups: gun control and gun rights activists. These groups often disagree on the interpretation of laws and court cases related to firearms as well as about the effects of gun control on crime and public safety.It has been estimated that U.S. civilians own 270 million to 310 million firearms, and that 37% to 42% of the households in the country have at least one gun.

• Since the 1990s, debates regarding firearm availability and gun violence in the U.S. have been characterized by concerns about the right to bear arms, such as found in the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, and the responsibility of the government to serve the needs of its citizens and to prevent crime and deaths. Gun control supporters say that broad or unrestricted gun rights inhibit the government from fulfilling that responsibility.Gun rights supporters promote firearms for self-defense, hunting, sporting activities, and security against tyranny. Gun control advocates state that keeping guns out of the hands of criminals would result in safer communities, while gun rights advocates state that firearm ownership by law-abiding citizens reduces crime.

• Gun legislation, or non-legislation, in the United States is augmented by judicial interpretations of the Constitution. In 1791, the United States adopted the Second Amendment, and in 1868 adopted the Fourteenth Amendment. The effect of those two amendments on gun politics was the subject of landmark U.S. Supreme Court decisions in 2008 and 2010, that upheld the right of individuals to possess guns for self-defense.

枪政治是美国政治的一个领域，主要是由两个群体的行动：枪支管制和枪支权利的积极分子。这些集团往往不同意有关的法律和枪支案件的解释以及关于犯罪和公共安全的枪支管制的影响。据估计，美国老百姓自己的2亿7000万到3亿1000万，37%到42%的枪支，在全国的家庭都有至少一支枪。

自上世纪90年代以来，关于美国枪支的情况和枪支暴力辩论的特点是携带枪支的权利的关注，如对美国宪法第二修正案，与政府责任为其公民的需求和预防犯罪和死亡。枪支控制的支持者说，广泛的或不受限制的枪支权利禁止政府履行这一责任。枪支权利的支持者促进枪支的自卫，狩猎，体育，和安全对抗暴政等活动。枪支管制的支持者认为，使枪支脱离犯罪分子的手中，会导致更安全的社区，而枪支权利的鼓吹者认为守法公民拥有枪支可以减少犯罪。

枪支立法，或非立法，在美国是增强宪法的司法解释。1791，美国通过了第二修正案，并在1868通过了第十四修正案。这两项修正案对枪政治的影响是具有里程碑意义的美国最高法院的决定在2008和2010，支持个人拥有枪支的权利，为自卫权。

Accident

• The perpetrators and victims of accidental and negligent gun discharges may be of any age. Over 120 children 15 years old or younger were killed in gun accidents in 1998. Accidental injuries are most common in homes where guns are kept for self-defense.The injuries are self-inflicted in half of the cases. On January 16, 2013, President Obama issued 23 Executive Orders on Gun Safety,one of which was for the Center for Disease Control (CDC) to research causes and possible prevention of gun violence. The five main areas of focus were gun violence, risk factors, prevention/intervention, gun safety and how media and violent video games influence the public. They also researched the area of accidental firearm deaths. According to this study not only have the number of accidental firearm deaths been on the decline over the past century but they now account for less than 1% of all unintentional deaths, half of which are self-inflicted.

意外和疏忽的枪放电的肇事者和受害者可能是任何年龄。1998岁以下儿童15岁或以下120岁以下儿童死于枪支事故。意外伤害是最常见的在枪的家庭保持self-defense.the伤害是自己造成的在一半的情况下。2013年1月16日，奥巴马总统发布了23个关于枪支安全的行政命令，其中一个是为疾病控制中心（疾病预防控制中心）的研究原因和可能的预防枪支暴力。五个主要领域的重点是枪的暴力，危险因素，预防/干预，枪支安全，以及媒体和暴力视频游戏如何影响公众。他们还研究了意外的枪支死亡的地区。根据这项研究，不仅有意外的枪支死亡人数一直在下降，在过去的一个世纪，但他们现在占不到1%的所有意外死亡，其中一半是自我造成的。

History

Guns were common in the American Colonies, first for hunting and general self-protection and later as weapons in the American Revolutionary War. Several colonies' gun laws required that heads of households (including women) own guns and that all able-bodied men enroll in the militia and carry personal firearms.

The Second Amendment of the US Constitution was ratified on Dec. 15, 1791. The notes from the Constitutional Convention do not mention an individual right to a gun for self-defense. Some historians suggest that the idea of an individual versus a collective right would not have occurred to the Founding Fathers because the two were intertwined and inseparable: there was an individual right in order to fulfill the collective right of serving in the militia.

Although guns were common in colonial and revolutionary America, so were gun restrictions. Laws included banning the sale of guns to Native Americans (though colonists frequently traded guns with Native Americans for goods such as corn and fur); banning indentured servants (mainly the Irish) and slaves from owning guns; and exempting a variety of professions from owning guns (including doctors, school masters, lawyers, and millers).

枪在美国殖民地，第一次是用于狩猎和一般自我保护，后来在美国革命战争中的武器。[ 105 ]几个殖民地的枪支法律要求户主（包括妇女）自己的枪和所有身体健全的男性报名参加民兵，携带个人枪支。

美国宪法第二修正案于1791年12月15日批准生效。宪法公约的注释不提及个人的权利，以自卫的枪。一些历史学家认为，一个人与一个集体的权利的想法不会发生，因为这两个是交织在一起的，不可分割的：有一个个人的权利，以履行在民兵服务的集体权利，有一个个人的权利。

虽然在殖民地和革命的美国，枪支是常见的，但枪支的限制。法律包括禁止枪支，土著出售（虽然殖民者频繁交易的枪支与本土美国人的商品如玉米和毛皮）；禁止契约佣工（主要是爱尔兰人）和奴隶拥有枪支；并免除各行各业拥有枪支（包括医生、教师、律师、和米勒）。

From the 1700s through the 1800s, so-called "slave codes" and, after slavery was abolished in 1865, "black codes" (and, still later, "Jim Crow" laws) prohibited black people from owning guns and laws allowing the ownership of guns frequently specified "free white men." [98] For example, an 1833 Georgia law stated, "it shall not be lawful for any free person of colour in this state, to own, use, or carry fire arms of any description whatever… that the free person of colour, so detected in owning, using, or carrying fire arms, shall receive upon his bare back, thirty-nine lashes, and that the fire arm so found in the possession of said free person of colour, shall be exposed for public sale."

从18世纪到19世纪，所谓的“奴隶法”，废除奴隶制以后1865、“黑码”（和，再后来，“Jim Crow法”）禁止黑人拥有枪支和法律允许拥有枪支的规定“自由白人频繁。”[ 98 ]为例，一个1833格鲁吉亚法律规定，“是不合法的任何在这种状态下，自由人的彩色的自己，使用或携带武器的任何种类的任何…，色彩的自由人，所以检测拥有、使用或携带武器，就在他裸露的后背，接受三十九下鞭刑，，所以在拥有的火器说颜色的自由的人，不得暴露公开销售。”

Federal and State Gun Laws in the 2000s

Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act and Child Safety Lock Act of 2005 was enacted on Oct. 26 by President George W. Bush and gives broad civil liability immunity to firearms manufacturers so they cannot be sued by a gun death victim's family. [114] [118] The Child Safety Lock Act requires that all handguns be sold with a "secure gun storage or safety device."[119]

The National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) Improvement Amendments Act of 2007 was enacted as a condition of the Brady Act and provides incentives to states (including grants from the Attorney General) for them to provide information to NICS including information on people who are prohibited from purchasing firearms. [114] The NCIS was implemented on Nov. 30, 1998 and later amended on Jan. 8, 2008 in response to the Apr. 16, 2007 Virginia Technical University shooting so that the Attorney General could more easily acquire information pertinent to background checks such as disqualifying mental conditions. [120]

On Jan. 5, 2016, President Obama announced new executive actions on gun control. His measures take effect immediately and include: an update and expansion of background checks (closing the "gun show loophole"); the addition of 200 ATF agents; increased mental health care funding; $4 million and personnel to enhance the National Integrated Ballistics Information Network (used to link crimes in one jurisdiction to ballistics evidence in another); creating an Internet Investigations Center to track illegal online gun trafficking; a new Department of Health and Human Services rule saying that it is not a HIPAA violation to report mental health information to the background check system; a new requirement to report gun thefts; new research funding for gun safety technologies; and more funding to train law enforcement officers on preventing gun casualties in domestic violence cases.

邦和州在2000年的枪支法

美国总统小布什于10月26日颁布的关于武器法案和儿童安全锁定法案的法律保护，并赋予武器制造商广泛的民事责任豁免权，所以他们不能被枪死亡的受害者的家庭起诉。儿童安全锁法案要求所有手枪被卖与“安全枪存储或安全装置。”

全国即时犯罪背景检查系统（NICS）2007改进修正法案颁布的布雷迪法案的条件和提供奖励的状态（包括由总检察长补助）他们网卡包括那些禁止购买枪支的信息提供信息。NCIS 1998年11月30日实施后修改响应于2007年4月16日拍摄，弗吉尼亚技术大学总检察长可以更容易地获得背景检查如淘汰的心理状况相关信息2008年1月8日。

2016年1月5日，奥巴马总统宣布了新的关于枪支管制的执行行动。他的措施立即生效，包括：更新和背景检查膨胀（关闭“枪展漏洞”）；200 ATF的代理商加入；增加精神卫生保健资金；400万美元，人员提升国家综合弹道信息网络（用于连接在一个管辖权的犯罪在另一个弹道的证据）；创造了一个互联网调查中心跟踪网上非法贩卖枪支；新的卫生和人类服务部的规则说，它不是违反HIPAA对背景检查系统报告心理健康信息；报告枪盗窃案有了新的要求；对枪支安全技术新的研究经费；和更多的资金来培养执法办公室防止家庭暴力案件中的枪支伤亡。

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