1、静电力做功的特点：静电力做功与路径无关，与初末位置的电势差有关。即![](https://wkrtcs.bdimg.com/rtcs/image?w=98&md5sum=4a7811d560685ac62aff3ac6f010119b&sign=c930eaaa13&rtcs_flag=1&rtcs_ver=4&l=webapp&bucketNum=289&ipr={"t":"img","w":"98","h":"23","c":"9f91e14ce88aee9531d0ea56e4a765e1.png"})
2、电荷在电场中具有的势能，叫电势能。
3、电场力做功与电势能变化的关系：![](https://wkrtcs.bdimg.com/rtcs/image?w=126&md5sum=4a7811d560685ac62aff3ac6f010119b&sign=c930eaaa13&rtcs_flag=1&rtcs_ver=4&l=webapp&bucketNum=289&ipr={"t":"img","w":"126","h":"24","c":"64ba62368abb3ed336e1fc2130a8eb4d.png"})
电场力做了多少功，电势能就变化多少。
![](https://wkrtcs.bdimg.com/rtcs/image?w=145&md5sum=4a7811d560685ac62aff3ac6f010119b&sign=c930eaaa13&rtcs_flag=1&rtcs_ver=4&l=webapp&bucketNum=289&ipr={"t":"img","w":"145","h":"24","c":"5a5d887f39837b3707f68b7e8693039e.png"})
![](https://wkrtcs.bdimg.com/rtcs/image?w=145&md5sum=4a7811d560685ac62aff3ac6f010119b&sign=c930eaaa13&rtcs_flag=1&rtcs_ver=4&l=webapp&bucketNum=289&ipr={"t":"img","w":"145","h":"24","c":"5e03f94de82fe6748b38e69700c85c95.png"})
例：电场力做了![](https://wkrtcs.bdimg.com/rtcs/image?w=37&md5sum=4a7811d560685ac62aff3ac6f010119b&sign=c930eaaa13&rtcs_flag=1&rtcs_ver=4&l=webapp&bucketNum=289&ipr={"t":"img","w":"37","h":"20","c":"596adf4b99f51ffcf718b67fa86f12e7.png"})
4、设![](https://wkrtcs.bdimg.com/rtcs/image?w=57&md5sum=4a7811d560685ac62aff3ac6f010119b&sign=c930eaaa13&rtcs_flag=1&rtcs_ver=4&l=webapp&bucketNum=289&ipr={"t":"img","w":"57","h":"24","c":"c9b122fa568db086a4a7eef0190afc34.png"})
5、电势能与电荷量的比值叫电势 ![](https://wkrtcs.bdimg.com/rtcs/image?w=54&md5sum=4a7811d560685ac62aff3ac6f010119b&sign=c930eaaa13&rtcs_flag=1&rtcs_ver=4&l=webapp&bucketNum=289&ipr={"t":"img","w":"54","h":"46","c":"54f47b054d76ad69a520740181ab4db9.png"})
6、电势的单位是伏特，电势是标量
电势与零电势点的选择有关（电势具有相对性）
通常选无穷远处或大地处电势为零
★ 7、如何比较电势的高低
（1）（根据电场线判断） 沿电场线方向电势降低
（2）（根据电势能及电性判断）
若电荷为正电荷，则电势能大处电势大 （
若电荷为负电荷，则电势能小处电势大 （![](https://wkrtcs.bdimg.com/rtcs/image?w=61&md5sum=4a7811d560685ac62aff3ac6f010119b&sign=c930eaaa13&rtcs_flag=1&rtcs_ver=4&l=webapp&bucketNum=289&ipr={"t":"img","w":"61","h":"46","c":"7cc5bb23645d83a7209c20fcc93301ee.png"})
8、电势相同的各点构成的面叫等势面
9、等势面的性质：
（1）在同一等势面上移动电荷时，电场力不做功
（2）电场线跟等势面垂直
（3）等势面密处场强大、电场线密
（4）不同等势面在空间不相交、不相切
10、电势差
电场中两点间电势的差值叫做电势差，也叫电压。
![](https://wkrtcs.bdimg.com/rtcs/image?w=113&md5sum=4a7811d560685ac62aff3ac6f010119b&sign=c930eaaa13&rtcs_flag=1&rtcs_ver=4&l=webapp&bucketNum=289&ipr={"t":"img","w":"113","h":"27","c":"2b25f03a70905986b8da537b07b54c4c.png"})
11、静电力做功与电势差的关系：
![](https://wkrtcs.bdimg.com/rtcs/image?w=88&md5sum=4a7811d560685ac62aff3ac6f010119b&sign=c930eaaa13&rtcs_flag=1&rtcs_ver=4&l=webapp&bucketNum=289&ipr={"t":"img","w":"88","h":"46","c":"c1b1fca8d174bdac1c4b0d35284a672d.png"})
电势与零电势点的选择有关，即电势具有相对性。电势差与零电势点的选择无关，即电势差具有绝对性。
12、电场强度与电势差的关系：![](https://wkrtcs.bdimg.com/rtcs/image?w=63&md5sum=4a7811d560685ac62aff3ac6f010119b&sign=c930eaaa13&rtcs_flag=1&rtcs_ver=4&l=webapp&bucketNum=289&ipr={"t":"img","w":"63","h":"46","c":"2a3a2882096ea8e1db9a8e054a48806c.png"})
13、电容：表示电容器储存电荷本领的物理量
![](https://wkrtcs.bdimg.com/rtcs/image?w=121&md5sum=4a7811d560685ac62aff3ac6f010119b&sign=c930eaaa13&rtcs_flag=1&rtcs_ver=4&l=webapp&bucketNum=289&ipr={"t":"img","w":"121","h":"43","c":"14486a82221d5f9ecd5c0eaf002e5dc6.png"})
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