高考英语试卷分类汇编英语阅读理解（社会文化）（及答案）及解析

高考英语试卷分类汇编英语阅读理解(社会文化)(及答案)及解析

一、高中英语阅读理解社会文化类

1．阅读短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

    Moscow city authorities have begun using comics (漫画) with characters from Russian fairy tales to explain to migrants (移民) how they should behave. They say a 100-page guide is needed to "keep a positive image" of the city and could help reduce "tensions" between natives and migrants. But critics have pointed out that foreign migrants and natives may be regarded as antagonists in the manual (手册).

    Russians and migrants have repeatedly flooded in Moscow recently. Many migrants from ex-Soviet republics in Central Asia, the Caucasus (高加索) and North Caucasus, arrive in Moscow every year, attracted by the capital's job opportunities and relatively high salaries. A significant number of them work in the Russian capital illegally.

    The new guide in Russian seeks to explain the "dos" and "don'ts" to migrants. They are urged not to cause trouble, by staring at women, or eating or talking loudly on the streets. They are also warned that the police may routinely (例行公事) stop them to check their documents.

    In the manual, Russia's famous "three warriors" are meant to represent the city's law enforcement agencies (执法机关), while Prince Yuri Dolgoruky (a historical character) is used for tours around Moscow. Meanwhile, Vasilisa the Wise and The Snow Maiden test the reader on Russia's language and history. A special section of the book explains the importance of following Moscow's strict residency and employment rules, stressing that migrants could otherwise be deported (驱逐出境) or banned from entry.

    The manual was written primarily for illegal migrants, Alexander Kalinin, who heads the group Support for Working Migrants in Moscow, told BBC Russian.

    "We want to raise their level of law awareness," he added.

    Migrant characters had initially (最初) been identified as representatives of different nationalities, but the book's authors later decided to drop this idea so as "not to offend anyone", said Mr. Kalinin.

    "The old conflict between Russian heroes and non-Slavic invaders is being revived," Yevgeny Varshaver, a migration expert told BBC Russian. He also suggested that the language used in the book would be "difficult" to understand for some migrants who were not native Russian speakers.

（1）The underlined word "antagonists" in Paragraph 1 can probably be replaced by "________".

A. friends                     B. acquaintances                     C. cooperators                     D. opponents

（2）People from other countries come to Moscow "________".

A. to find well-paid jobs

B. to have a new lifestyle

C. to enjoy the fine climate

D. to experience a new culture

（3）The third paragraph is mainly about "________".

A. consequences the migrants may suffer

B. the purpose of publishing the handbook

C. the measures to attract foreign migrants

D. characters and their functions in Russian fairytales

（4）Which of the following would be the best title of the text?

A. Ways to help foreign migrants to settle in Russia

B. Characters from Russian fairy tales have new jobs

C. More and more foreign migrants to work in Moscow

D. Moscow fairy tale comics to help migrants behave

【答案】 （1）D

（2）A

（3）B

（4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了莫斯科当局用童话人物的漫画向移民解释行为规范。

（1）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的"They say a 100-page guide is needed to ‘keep a positive image’of the city and could help reduce "tensions" between natives and migrants."可知，他们说需要一份100页的手册来保持城市的积极形象，并有助于缓解当地人和移民之间的紧张关系，但批评人士指出，手册中可能把外国移民和本国人视为敌手，由此可知画线词词义为“敌手、对手”，故选D。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"Many migrants from ex-Soviet republics in Central Asia, the Caucasus (高加索) and North Caucasus, arrive in Moscow every year, attracted by the capital's job opportunities and relatively high salaries."可知，很多移民涌入莫斯科是因为他们被莫斯科相对较高的工作机会和薪水所吸引，故选A。

（3）考查段落大意。根据第三段中的"The new guide in Russian seeks to explain the ‘dos’ and ‘don'ts’ to migrants."可知，新的俄语手册试图向移民解释该做什么和不该做什么，由此可知本段主要是介绍出版新手册的目的，故选B。

（4）考查主旨大意。通读全文，特别是根据第一段中的"Moscow city authorities have begun using comics (漫画) with characters from Russian fairy tales to explain to migrants (移民) how they should behave."可知，本文介绍了莫斯科当局用童话人物的漫画向移民解释行为规范，故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，段落大意和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇社会类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行推理，归纳，从而选出正确答案。

2．阅读理解

    March 21 has been declared World Sleep Day, a time to recognize and celebrate the value of sleep. Many sleep experts hope it will be a wake-up call.

    According to a poll (民意调查) by the National Sleep Foundation, nearly 4 in 5 Americans don't get as much sleep as they should during the workweek. On average, adults are thought to need at least eight hours of sleep a night, although some can manage with less and some won't do well without more. But the survey found that, on weekdays, only 21% of Americans actually get a full eight hours of sleep, and another 21% get less than six hours.

    To many of us, the thought of spending more time sleeping is, well, a big yawn. On the other hand, the thought of being smarter, thinner, healthier and more cheerful has a certain appeal. And those are just a few of the advantages that can be ours if we consistently get enough sleep, researchers say. Also on the plus side: We're likely to have better skin, better memories, better judgment, and, oh, yes, longer lives.

    “When you lose even one hour of sleep for any reason, it influences your performance the next day,” says Dr. Alon Avidan, director of the UCLA Sleep Disorders Center.

    A study published last year found the same to be true even of children. When kids aged 8 to 12 slept for just one hour less for four nights, they didn't function as well during the day.

    But sleeping has an image problem.“We see napping or sleeping as lazy,” says Jennifer Vriend, a clinical psychologist in Ottawa, Canada, and the leading author of the study with children.“We put so much emphasis on diet, nutrition and exercise. Sleep is in the back seat. In fact,”she adds,“no matter how much we work out, no matter how well we eat, we can't be in top physical shape unless we also get plenty of sleep.”

（1）The underlined part in Paragraph 1 means      .

A. waking up the sleepers                                    B. drawing people's attention

C. serving as a morning call                                D. declaring the special day

（2）From Paragraph 3 we can infer that      .

A. being healthier is one of the advantages for us

B. sleeping has nothing to do with one's expectations

C. enough sleep is the guarantee of the appealing things

D. spending more time in sleeping is a waste of time

（3）What Jennifer Vriend said in the last paragraph implies that      .

A. people care little about sleeping                    B. sleeping is an image problem

C. lazy people tend to sleep long                       D. sleeping is only part of our life

（4）What is the purpose of the passage?

A. To talk about people's sleeping problems.

B. To provide an investigation result of sleeping.

C. To stress the function of sleeping at night.

D. To arouse the awareness of enough sleep.

【答案】 （1）B

（2）C

（3）A

（4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，充足的睡眠对我们非常重要,为了引起人们的足够重视,3月21日被宣布为世界睡眠日。

（1）考查词义猜测。此处指,睡眠专家希望3月21日被宣布为世界睡眠日这件事会引起人们对睡眠的重视。由此可知,a wake-up call含有警钟的意思。与B项表述的意思相近,故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“On the other hand, the thought of being smarter, thinner, healthier and more cheerful has a certain appeal.”可知,充足的睡眠可以使我们更聪明、更苗条、更健康、更快乐等,这些都是有吸引力的事情。故选C。

（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“We put so much emphasis on diet, nutrition and exercise. Sleep is in the back seat.”可知,人们注重饮食、营养和锻炼,不很重视睡眠。故选A。

（4）考查推理判断。这篇文章旨在让人们意识到充足睡眠的重要性,呼吁人们关注睡眠问题。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及词义猜测和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

3．阅读理解

    While Black Friday and Cyber Monday help start the holiday shopping season, Giving Tuesday, which will be observed on November 28, attempts to inspire the season of giving. Now in its sixth year, the charitable(慈善的)day uses the power of social media to encourage organizations and individuals to donate funds or resources to worthy causes. Its mission is to bring positive change to communities through giving.

    Though devoting just one day to a worthy cause may not seem much, Giving Tuesday makes a surprisingly significant impact. In 2015,ORGANIZE,an online organ donor program asked people to “Give with your Heart”,by becoming registered donors. Thousands of Americans listen to the cry for help, resulting in one of the largest digital donor drives in US history.

    That same year, the Cleveland Library and the Pratt Library in Baltimore competed to see who could encourage more donations. While the Pratt Library won with a $41,000 acquisition, the Cleveland Library was able to raise a fairly large amount for its programs as well. In 2016, the University of Michigan encouraged students and friends to donate to hourly challenges. They raised an amazing $5.5 million! The university hopes to recreate the magic this year, with a virtual celebration to mark the institution's 200th anniversary.

    Giving Tuesday is not just a US phenomenon, but a global movement. In 2016, 98 countries participated in the event, raising $177 million, a 44% increase over 2015, when 71 nations collected $116.7 million. These numbers can only increase as the day gains further recognition.

    Though donating funds is a great way to help, there are numerous other ways to support your local community. You can give back by volunteering at a nearby nonprofit or food bank. Social media experts can do their share by spreading the information and inspiring their colleagues to get involved. Another great way to celebrate Giving Tuesday is by helping those closest to you, whether that's assisting a family member with chores or helping a neighbor with yard work.

（1）Why is Giving Tuesday started?

A. To appeal to people to perform an act of kindness.

B. To promote sales of the holiday shopping season.

C. To inspire the poor to have a positive view of life.

D. To encourage people to donate organs for patients.

（2）It can be inferred from the text that       .

A. people donated money actively for the two libraries in Baltimore

B. the University of Michigan thought it challenging to get donations

C. Giving Tuesday hasn't been universally accepted in the world so far

D. the donations to the institution were given for its 200th anniversary

（3）The author tries to tell the readers     in Paragraph 5.

A. why we need to volunteer in our local community

B. who we will celebrate Giving Tuesday together with

C. where we should donate funds to benefit other people

D. how we can give to help those who are in great need

【答案】 （1）A

（2）C

（3）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍Giving Tuesday,并激励人们慷慨行善。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“While Black Friday and Cyber Monday help start the holiday shopping season, Giving Tuesday, which will be observed on November 28,attempts to inspire the season of giving.”可知,人们庆祝Giving Tuesday的目的是激励人们慷慨行善。故选A。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“These numbers can only increase as the day gains further recognition.”可以推断出,到目前为止在世界上庆祝Giving Tuesday还不够普遍。故选C。

（3）考查主旨大意。根据第五段中的“)Though donating funds is a great way to help, there are numerous other ways to support your local community.”可知,本段文章的内容主要讲述为社会奉献有许多种方式。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

4．阅读理解

    Now in 2019, jazz music is an important part of Indianapolis' art culture. Jazz clubs around the city still host concerts with local jazz musicians like Rob Dixon and Joel Tucker. One of these clubs, the Chatterbox Jazz Club, still has live jazz seven nights a week.

    But the real history of jazz in Indy is much less simple. Along with the Avenue's culture, jazz music was gone from the streets for many years.

    Indiana Avenue was the heart of a neighborhood along the White River. It was a center for black music and live street music. The wealthy avoided this area. So it became a place that poorer families, including many African-American and immigrant (移民) families, moved to.

    Jazz prospered in the mix of American cultures around the Avenue in the 1930s and 1940s. But in the 1950s, things changed. After the war, there were projects to make the city beautiful and build a university nearby. Both of these seemed like good changes. However, the new university and buildings caused poorer families to have to leave the area. This destroyed the Indiana Avenue community - and with it, its jazz culture.

    After many years, Indianapolis remembered the value of its arts and music culture. It began to bring back lost cultures such as live music on the Avenue. To do so, it began to make new changes. The changes included repairing historic areas like the Avenue. Once again, the high living costs in these historic arts areas pushed low-income families out.

    Today there are several old-style jazz clubs where friends can meet up to remember the past or just enjoy a summer evening. It might seem at first that jazz is alive again, but there is a sad reality behind these jazz clubs: Modern Indy jazz is only a shadow (影子) of the lively culture that was once on Indiana Avenue.

（1）What does the author mainly want to say in Paragraph 1?

A.Jazz clubs can make big money.

B.Jazz musicians often hold concerts.

C.Jazz music is popular in Indianapolis.

D.Jazz culture is just part of Indianapolis' culture.

（2）What does the underlined word "prospered" in Paragraph 4 mean?

A.Disappeared quickly.

B.Arrived soon.

C.Recovered soon.

D.Developed well.

（3）What did Indianapolis do to bring back its lost culture?

A.It rebuilt some old important areas.

B.It invited old jazz musicians to sing in the city.

C.It educated people about the value of music culture.

D.It settled low-income families in the Indiana Avenue community,

（4）According to the passage, which of the following about modern Indy jazz is true?

A.Its home culture is gone.

B.Its styles are too traditional.

C.It shows the sadness of the poor.

D.It is no longer a favorite of the young.

【答案】 （1）C

（2）D

（3）A

（4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，2019年爵士乐仍然是印第安纳波利斯艺术文化的重要组成部分，但是它的本土文化消失了。

（1）考查段落大意。根据第一段中的“Now in 2019, jazz music is an important part of Indianapolis' art culture.” 现在到了2019年，爵士乐是印第安纳波利斯艺术文化的重要组成部分。可知，第一段主要是介绍了爵士乐在印第安纳波利斯很受欢迎。故选C。

（2）考查词义猜测。根据第四段中中的“But in the 1950s, things changed…. However, the new university and buildings caused poorer families to have to leave the area. This destroyed the Indiana Avenue community - and with it, its jazz culture.” 但在20世纪50年代，情况发生了变化。……然而，新的 大学和建筑使得贫困家庭不得不离开这个地区。这摧毁了印第安纳大道社区，也随之摧毁了它的爵士乐文化。可知，转折词but之后描述了爵士乐的衰落，因此推测出划线词prospered意为“兴盛、蓬勃发展”。故选D。

（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“It began to bring back lost cultures such as live music on the Avenue. To do so, it began to make new changes. The changes included repairing historic areas like the Avenue.” 它开始带回失落的文化，比如大街上的现场音乐。为此，它开始做出新的改变。这些改变包括修复像The Avenue这样的历史街区。可知，它重建了一些旧的重要区域。故选A。

（4）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“It might seem at first that jazz is alive again, but there is a sad reality behind these jazz clubs: Modern Indy jazz is only a shadow (影子) of the lively culture that was once on Indiana Avenue. ”乍一看，爵士乐似乎又活了起来，但在这些爵士乐俱乐部背后却有一个可悲的现实:现代印地安那爵士乐只是曾经活跃在印第安纳大道上的文化的一个影子。可知，爵士乐的本土文化消失了。故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和段落大意三个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

5．阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

    Going back to school can be an anxious time for many students. But one institution in Texas is doing its part to make sure middle schoolers are returning refreshed and inspired to learn.

    Through a process called the "bathroom inspiration project," teachers and administrators at Warren Middle School, spent their summer beautifying the school's restrooms by painting motivational murals (壁画) on each of the stalls (小隔间).Forming messages like "Your mistakes don't define you" and "Scatter (撒播) kindness," the brightly colored words are exactly what a young student needs to see when having a rough day-or any school day for that matter. And now that classes are officially in session, people are already noticing a positive impact.

    Since posting photos of upgrades to the school in July, Principal Joshua Garcia says that the alterations have aroused a great response.

    "Students have been talking about the murals from the moment the pictures had been posted. Some even took the time to find a reason to come up to the campus to see the murals," he says. "I think what makes this small little action so valuable is that it has set the tone for our campus."

    And not only is that important to students, parents, and fellow staff, but it is also vital for the school's new principal, who is trying to gain the trust of the community during a time in which trust is so necessary for schools.

    "Being new to the campus, I think the parents were able to see how much I value their children and have their best interest at heart," Garcia continues. "I have had many parents tell me how they can just feel a difference in the campus climate and how much they are enjoying seeing their children wanting to come here. These murals have put trust back in the campus and its teachers, and by doing so we are able to build a culture in which our students want to be here and learn."

（1）What has happened at Warren Middle School?

A.Painting has become popular among most students.

B.Some students have suffered great anxiety at school.

C.Its toilets have been beautified with inspiring words.

D.Motivational murals have been made in each classroom.

（2）What does the underlined word "alterations" in Paragraph 3 probably mean?

A.Rules

B.Arguments

C.Changes

D.Opportunities

（3）What's students and parents' attitude toward those murals?

A.Negative

B.Ambiguous

C.Uninterested

D.Supportive

（4）What does Garcia intend to do according to the text?

A.Reduce increasing anxiety.

B.Build an artistic atmosphere.

C.Create a trusting environment.

D.Introduce a new culture to society.

【答案】 （1）C

（2）C

（3）D

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，德克萨斯州的一所中学绘制卫生间文化墙，用正能量的语言激励学生，从而获得学生和家长的一致好评。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Through a process called the‘bathroom inspiration project,’ teachers and administrators at Warren Middle School, spent their summer beautifying the school's restrooms by painting motivational murals on each of the stalls  Forming messages like ‘Your mistakes don't define you’and‘Scatter kindness,’"可知，该中学用励志语言美化了卫生间的每一个小隔间。故选C。

（2）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的“doing its part to make sure middle schoolers are returning refreshed and inspired to learn,”以及本段划线单词前面的Since posting photos of upgrades to the school和后面的have aroused a great response 可推知，该校别具一格的特色改变引起了大家的关注。故alterations在此意为“改变”。故选C。

（3）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“Students have been talking about the murals from the moment the pictures had been posted. Some even took the time to find a reason to come up to the campus to see the murals ”以及最后一段中的“I have had many parents tell me how they can just feel a difference in the campus climate and how much they are enjoying seeing their children wanting to come here ”可推知，学生和家长对学校的这一举措持支持态度。故选D。

（4）考查细节理解。根据第五段中的“it is also vital for the school's new principal, who is trying to gain the trust of the community during a time in which trust is so necessary or schools”以及最后一段中Garcia所说的“These murals have put trust back in the campus ”可推知，校长Garcia希望创建一个家长对学校充满信任的大环境。故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

6．阅读理解

    On the banks of Tanzania's Lake Eyasi lives the world's last hunter-gatherer tribe (部落) — the Hadza. They don't grow food, raise animals or build houses. Instead they live a life unchanged for more than ten thousand years.

    Their world is one of complete freedom — something modern society can barely imagine and is unlikely to ever experience, let alone have the skills to stay alive. Text messages and phone calls don't exist. Nor do cars and electricity. No jobs, timetables, and social structures. No laws, taxes and unbelievably, no money — the closest thing to currency (交易) is the trade for a pair of shorts with a neighboring tribe.

    We spent our time with the Hadza hunting baboons (狒狒), a daily activity for the men. Their land is packed with sharp bushes, poisonous snakes and man-eating lions. But a successful hunting trip is the difference between eating or going hungry.

    The Hadza diet consists mainly of honey, fruit and meat. Men often hunt in pairs to shoot animals with bows and arrows. The Hadza show us how to track animals, from baboons to snakes to lions. They are hugely skilled with their handmade bows and arrows — we have a go and barely get the arrow to go three feet in front of us.

    The language of the Hadza is believed to be the oldest still-spoken language known to man. The Hadza don't have conflict, and have no memory of starvation. Their population never reaches numbers that cannot be supported through hunting or gathering. They never get from their land more than they need.

    Unlike modern-day office workers, the Hadza enjoy an extraordinary amount of free time. Their “work” — hunting for food — takes up around five hours of their day. They've been in such a state of peaceful existence for thousands of years.

（1）We can learn from the text that the Hadza_______.

A. lead a very simple life                                      B. live on traditional agriculture

C. have their own system of currency                 D. show a lot of interest in new technology

（2）Which of the following can describe the Hadza's environment?

A. Stressful.                       B. Comfortable.                       C. Exciting.                       D. Dangerous.

（3）The relationship between the Hadza and nature_______.

A. is going wrong                                                 B. is full of conflict

C. is in perfect harmony                                       D. is changing all the time

（4）Why does the author come to visit the Hadza?

A. To study their native language.                       B. To get to know their way of life.

C. To learn survival skills from them.                   D. To persuade them to protect animals.

【答案】 （1）A

（2）D

（3）C

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了哈扎人的生活方式：他们生活简单，主要以狩猎为生。他们和大自然和谐相处，长期以来过着平和的生活。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段和第二段中的“Instead they live a life unchanged for more than ten thousand years. Text messages and phone calls don't exist. Nor do cars and electricity. No jobs, timetables, and social structures. No laws, taxes and unbelievably, no money — the closest thing to currency (交易) is the trade for a pair of shorts with a neighboring tribe.”可知，他们过着一万年不变的生活……短信和电话根本不存在。汽车和电力也没有。没有工作、时间表和社会结构。没有法律、税收。难以置信的是，没有钱。由此可以推知，the Hadza过着非常简单的生活。故选A。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“Their land is packed with sharp bushes, poisonous snakes and man-eating lions”可知，他们的土地上满是锋利的灌木丛，毒蛇和食人狮。由此可知，他们的环境非常危险。故选D。

（3）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的“The Hadza don't have conflict, and have no memory of starvation. Their population never reaches numbers that cannot be supported through hunting or gathering. They never get from their land more than they need.”可知，哈扎人没有冲突，也没有饥饿的记忆。它的人口从未达到通过狩猎或采集无法维持的数量。他们从自己的土地上得到的东西从来不超过他们所需要的。由此可知，他们和自然和谐相处。故选C。

（4）考查推理判断。纵观全文可知，本文介绍了哈扎人的生活方式：他们生活简单，主要以狩猎为生。他们和大自然和谐相处，长期以来过着平和的生活。由文章的主要内容可以推知，作者来参观the Hadza就是为了了解他们的生活方式。故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

7．阅读理解

    Beneath the water in the China's Qiandao Lake lies a hidden treasure. The ancient city of Shi Cheng (also known as Lion City), located in the province of Zhejiang, has been submerged underwater for 53 years. Shi Cheng was founded about 1,300 years ago in a valley surrounded by the Five Lion Mountains. When the Chinese government decided they needed a new hydroelectric power station (水力发电站)， a dam and man-made lake were constructed and the city was left at the bottom of this new body of water. Now, it sits at depths ranging from 85 feet to about 103 feet.

    Much like the Machu Picchu ruins in Peru, this underwater city remained forgotten until some renewed interests lead to its rediscovery. Qiu Feng, a local official in charge of tourism thought about utilizing Shi Cheng for entertainment on the lake and as a destination for diving clubs. On September 18, 2001, scuba divers made their first attempt underwater. "We were lucky. As soon as we dived into the lake, we found the outside wall of the town and even picked up a brick, "Qiu told Guangzhou Daily in an interview. More research was conducted, and it was discovered that the entire town was intact (1881), including wooden beams and stairs. After the initial findings, international archaeologists and a film crew then recorded the preservation of the lost ruins.

    Looking at surface of the lake, dotted with over 1,000 islands, you'd never know that an entire city was below.

    It's incredible to think that after all this time, the structure still remains intact and we could one day visit it. Until then, Shi Cheng will continue to remain inconspicuously submerged.

（1）Why was Shi Cheng covered by water according to the passage?

A. Because the city has a long history.

B. Because the government could attract more tourists by doing so.

C. Because the government needed to build a power station where it was.

D. The mountains surrounding the city led to the consequence.

（2）What does the underlined word "initial" mean in paragraph 2?

A. Original                            B. Great                            C. Wonderful                            D. Amazing

（3）What is the most unbelievable part of Shi Cheng according to the passage?

A. It has something to do with Machu Picchu ruins in Peru.

B. No one was interested in the lost city for a long time.

C. Its structure keeps perfect in the water for a long time.

D. There are over 1,000 islands protecting the lost city.

（4）Who will most probably come to visit the lost city?

A. Someone who likes swimming.                       B. Someone who likes diving.

C. Someone who likes climbing mountains.      D. Someone who likes taking pictures.

【答案】 （1）C

（2）A

（3）C

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，浙江古城--石城在多年前被埋在水下，后被人们发现。最令人惊叹的是整座城市保存得很完整。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“When the Chinese government decided they needed a new hydroelectric power station (水力发电站) , a dam and man-made lake were constructed and the city was left at the bottom of this new body of water.”可知当时中国政府决定他们需要一个新的水电站，就建立了一个大坝和人工湖,然后这座城市就被留在了水底。故选C。

（2）考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的“After the initial findings, international archaeologists and a film crew then recorded the preservation of the lost ruins.”可知在的发现之后，国际考古学家和一个摄制组记录下了失落的遗址的保存（情况）。由此推断前面那些发现是"最初的"，故选A。

（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“It's incredible to think that after all this time, the structure still remains intact and we could one day visit it.”可知令人难以置信的是，经过这么长时间，这座建筑仍然完好无损并且我们有一天可以参观它。也就是说石城最难以置信的部分就是它在水下这么长时间还保持完好，故选C。

（4）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“Now, it sits at depths ranging from 85 feet to about 103 feet”可知石城现在在水下85英尺到103英尺。石城在水下很深的地方，所以参观石城需要潜水，所以最有可能去游玩的是那些喜欢潜水的人，故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

8．The passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

    In a career that lasted more than half a century, Tom Wolfe wrote fiction and nonfiction best-sellers including The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test and The Bonfire of the Vanities. Along the way, he created a new type of journalism and coined phrases that became part of the American vocabulary.

    Wolfe began working as a newspaper reporter, first for The Washington Post, then the New York Herald Tribune. He developed a literary style in nonfiction that became known as the "New Journalism." "I've always agreed on a theoretical level that the techniques for fiction and nonfiction are interchangeable," he said. "The things that work in nonfiction would work in fiction, and vice versa."

    "When Tom Wolfe's voice broke into the world of nonfiction, it was a time when a lot of writers, and a lot of artists in general, were turning inwards," says Lev Grossman, book critic for Time magazine. "Wolfe didn't do that. Wolfe turned outwards. He was a guy who was interested in other people." Wolfe was interested in how they thought, how they did things and how the things they did affected the world around them.

    In 1979, Wolfe published The Right Stuff, an account of the military test pilots who became America's first astronauts. Four years later, the book was adapted as a feature film. "The Right Stuff was the book for me," says Grossman. "It reminded me, in case I'd forgotten, that the world is an incredible place."

    In The Right Stuff, Wolfe popularized the phrase "pushing the envelope." In a New York magazine article, Wolfe described the 1970s as "The 'Me' Decade." Grossman says these phrases became part of the American idiom because they were accurate.

    "He was an enormously forceful observer, and he was not afraid of making strong claims about what was happening in reality," Grossman says. "He did it well and people heard him. And they repeated what he said because he was right." All those words started a revolution in nonfiction that is still going on.

（1）The "New Journalism" is a style of journalism that     .

A. changes its news writing techniques frequently

B. popularizes new American idioms in a literary way

C. combines novelistic techniques with traditional reporting

D. reports various news events from a theoretical perspective

（2）It can be learned from the passage that The Right Stuff     .

A. is a film directed by Lev Grossman                  B. is an influential book by Tom Wolfe

C. accounts for popular American phrases         D. deals with incredible places in the world

（3）According to the passage, Tom Wolfe     .

A. was good at reporting news from a realistic perspective

B. preferred making claims about events to writing books

C. was fond of commenting on other people's thoughts

D. liked analyzing social problems from the outside

（4）Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A. Tom Wolfe: A Professional Phrase Coiner

B. Tom Wolfe: A Forceful Observer and Novelist

C. Tom Wolfe: A Theoretical Creator in Literature

D. Tom Wolfe: An Innovative Journalist and Writer

【答案】 （1）C

（2）B

（3）A

（4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了Tom Wolfe，一位富有创新的记者和作家。他将小说技巧与传统报道相结合创造出了一种非虚构文学风格，被称为"新新闻"。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“He developed a literary style in nonfiction that became known as the ‘New Journalism.’‘I've always agreed on a theoretical level that the techniques for fiction and nonfiction are interchangeable,’"可知他将小说和非小说的技巧结合形成了一种新的文体。即"新新闻"是一种将小说手法与传统报道相结合的新闻文体，故选C。

（2）考查细节理解。倒数第二段中的“In The Right Stuff, Wolfe popularized the phrase ’pushing the envelope.’In a New York magazine article, Wolfe described the 1970s as ‘The 'Me' Decade.’"可知在The Right Stuff书中，Wolfe普及了短语"推信封"。在纽约杂志的一篇文章中，Wolfe将20世纪70年代描述为"自我"的十年。即可知The Right Stuff是Tom Wolfe写的一本很有影响力的书，故选B。

（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"He was an enormously forceful observer, and he was not afraid of making strong claims about what was happening in reality,"可知Tom Wolfe是一个非常有说服力的观察者，他不害怕对现实中正在发生的事情做出强有力的断言。即Tom Wolfe善于从现实的角度报道新闻，故选A。

（4）考查主旨大意。根据文章主要内容为介绍了发明了"新新闻"文体的Tom Wolfe，他是一位创新的记者和作家。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

9．阅读理解

    Like a tired marriage, the relationship between libraries and publishers has long been dull. E-books, however, are causing heartache. Libraries know they need digital wares, but many publishers are too cautious about piracy (盗版）and lost sales to co-operate. Among the big six, only Random House and Harper Collins license e-books with most libraries.

    Publishers are wise to be nervous. Owners of e-readers (电子阅读器）are exactly the customers they need: book-lovers with money. If these people switch to borrowing e-books instead of buying them, what then? Electronic borrowing is awfully convenient. Unlike printed books, which must be checked out and returned to a physical library miles from where you live, book files can be downloaded at home. The files disappear from the device when they are due.

    E-lending is not simple, however. There are lots of different and often incompatible (不兼容的)e-book formats, devices and licenses. Most libraries use a company called OverDrive，which secures rights from publishers and provides e-books and audio files in every format. Yet publishers and libraries are worried by OverDrive's global market dominance, as the company can control fees and conditions. Publishers were annoyed when OverDrive cooperated with Amazon, the world's biggest online bookseller，last year. Owners of Amazon's Kindle e-reader who want to borrow e-books from libraries are now redirected to Amazon's website, where they must use their Amazon account to secure a loan.

    According to Pew, an opinion researcher, library users are a perfect for market for Amazon. Late last year Amazon introduced its Kindle Owners' Lending Library, which lets its best customers borrow free one of thousands of popular books each month.

    Library supporters argue that book borrowers arc also book buyers and that libraries are vital spaces for readers to discover new work. Many were cheered by a recent Pew survey, which found that more than half of Americans with library cards say they prefer to buy their e-books.

    So publishers keep adjusting their lending arrangements in search of the right balance.

    Random House raised its licensing prices earlier this year, and Harper Collins limits libraries to lending its titles 26 times.

（1）It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that       .

A. libraries and publishers face the same problem of e-books'piracy

B. libraries are eager to keep strong relationship with publishers

C. most publishers are hesitant to cooperate with libraries

D. several big publishers have sold e-books to libraries

（2）Why are publishers worried that people will switch to electronic borrowing?

A. Book sales may drop sharply because of convenient electronic borrowing.

B. There are lots of different and incompatible e-book formats available.

C. There is no time limit for the book files downloaded on the device.

D. E-books must be checked out and returned to libraries regularly.

（3）We can learn from the passage that      .

A. e-books can be lent at libraries as many times as you like

B. OverDrive distributes e-books and audio files to publishers

C. over half of Americans are borrowing e-books from libraries

D. Amazon is adopting measures to win more customers

（4）What is the best title for the text?

A. The Hopeful Future of Publishing Business

B. The Uncertain Economics of Lending E-books

C. The Dull Relationship between Libraries and Publishers

D. The Close Cooperation between OverDrive and Amazon

【答案】 （1）C

（2）A

（3）D

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，论述了借用电子图书给图书馆个出版商带来的问题。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“ Libraries know they need digital wares, but many publishers are too cautious about piracy (盗版）and lost sales to co-operate.  ”图书馆知道他们需要数字产品，但许多出版商对盗版和销售失利行为过于谨慎，不愿合作。可推知选C。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“ If these people switch to borrowing e-books instead of buying them, what then? Electronic borrowing is awfully convenient. Unlike printed books, which must be checked out and returned to a physical library miles from where you live, book files can be downloaded at home. The files disappear from the device when they are due. ”如果这些人转而借电子书，而不是买，那怎么办？电子借贷非常方便.与印刷书籍不同，必须在离你住的地方几英里的地方办理退书手续，书籍档案可在家中下载。文件到期时会从设备中消失。可推知由于方便的电子借贷，图书销售可能会急剧下降。故选A。

（3）考查推理判断。根据倒数第三段中的“ Late last year Amazon introduced its Kindle Owners' Lending Library, which lets its best customers borrow free one of thousands of popular books each month. ”去年年底亚马逊推出了Kindle所有者贷款图书馆，这使得它的最佳客户每月可以免费借阅成千上万本流行书籍中的一本。可推知，Amazon正在采取措施赢得更多的客户，故选D。

（4）考查主旨大意、纵观全文可知，本文论述了借用电子图书给图书馆个出版商带来的问题，故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。

10．阅读理解

    The Spanish sculptor Isaac Cordal sees the city as his playground. He specializes in miniature, a street art often representing a social commentary as a critical observation on capitalism, power and so on.

    Cordal first models the sculptures in clay then reproduces them in cement(水泥)about 15cm in height.

    “As a material, cement seems very symbolic because it is one of our most recognizable footprints against nature.” he says. “Today we have been too used to cement city habitat.”

    For several years he's been working on the project, Cement Eclipses, referring to the state when a building covers the sun: “It's a critical reflection on the idea of progress.”

    These tiny cement figures have appeared in cities across Europe, found sitting on top of bus shelters or drowning in the grass land of the big city. “The street became a perfect setting in which I could find enough landscapes for them. Due to their small size and color, they go really well into the urban environment. They even normally go unseen by passersby. I'm very interested in that moment of surprise when someone accidentally discovers them.” he says.

    “Nowadays there is a fear of not being seen in the public area, so everything is always big and bold. We become a product of this and do not focus in as much. I think it is good to pay attention to small details. My work is a reward for those who do and it allows us to understand and change the world we have created in a different angle.”Cordal says.

（1）Which of the following best explains “miniature” Underlined in paragraph 1 ?

A. Tiny sculpture.       B. Small playground.       C. Social comments.       D. Critical observation.

（2）What's Cordal's attitude toward cement city habitat?

A. Indifferent.                         B. Critical.                         C. Neutral.                         D. Supportive.

（3）What does Cordal intend to tell us in the last paragraph?

A. Everything big in public is attractive.

B. Being small may be a fear in public.

C. We need to focus on the details of the products.

D. His work helps us to see the world differently.

（4）What does the text mainly talk about?

A. Cordal and his street art.                                 B. Ways to be a sculptor.

C. Materials used for sculptures.                         D. Reflections on city progress.

【答案】 （1）A

（2）B

（3）D

（4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了Cordal和他的街头艺术。

（1）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的“He specializes in miniature，a street art often representing a social commentary as a critical observation on capitalism，power and so on.”他的专长是微型画，是把社会评论作为一种关于资本主义、权利等的批评观察的街头艺术。由此推知划线词的意思是“微型雕塑”。故选A。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“For several years he's been working on the project，Cement Eclipses，referring to the state when a building covers the sun: ‘It's a critical reflection on the idea of progress.’”可知，Cordal 持批评的态度。故选B。

（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“My work is a reward for those who do and it allows us to understand and change the world we have created in a different angle.”可知，他的工作帮助我们以不同的方式看世界。故选D。

（4）考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“The Spanish sculptor Isaac Cordal sees the city as his playground. He specializes in miniature, a street art often representing a social commentary as a critical observation on capitalism, power and so on.”可知作者介绍Cordal 和他的街头艺术。故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断，词义猜测和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

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