Section Ⅲ Grammar——动词ing形式(Ⅰ)
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一、动词ing形式作状语的基本用法
动词ing形式作状语时可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随动作，作方式状语和伴随状语时可以变为并列分句，作其他状语时也可以变为相应的状语从句。它的位置比较灵活，可以置于句首、句中或句末，有时用逗号分开，有时不用。一般来说，作时间、原因、条件或让步状语时，通常位于句子的前部；作结果、方式或伴随状语时，通常位于句子的后部。
[即时训练1] 用动词ing形式改写下面的句子
①If you read carefully, you'll learn something new.
→Reading carefully, you'll learn something new.
②As he was very tired, he couldn't walk any further.
→Being very tired, he couldn't walk any further.
③Although he worked as hard as he could, he didn't pass the exam.
→Working as hard as he could, he didn't pass the exam.
二、动词ing形式的时态和语态
1．在逻辑上，当动词ing形式表示的动作和句子谓语动词表示的动作(几乎)同时发生时用一般式；当动词ing形式表示的动作发生在句子谓语动词之前时用完成式。
Seeing the stranger coming towards him, little Tom ran away as fast as he could.
看见陌生人朝他走来，小汤姆尽可能快地跑开了。
( see和run几乎同时发生)
Having studied English for three years, he could read brief stories in English.
由于学习了三年英语，他能用英语读简单的故事。
(study发生在read之前)
2．在逻辑上，当句子的主语执行动词ing形式表示的动作时，动词ing形式用主动式；当句子的主语承受动词ing形式表示的动作时，动词ing形式用被动式。
He listened to the tape, making notes now and then.
他听着磁带，偶尔记笔记。(he执行make表示的动作)
Being called by a stranger, he realized what had happened.
由于一个陌生人打电话，他意识到出事了。(he承受call表示的动作)
[即时训练2] 用动词ing形式完成句子
①Having written an important letter(写完一封重要的信后), I listened to the music for a while.
②Being well taken care of(受到了很好的照顾), she recovered quickly.
三、动词ing形式作状语时需注意的几个问题
1．动词ing形式作状语时，有时前面可用一个连词或介词，表示强调或出于表达需要。常用的词有：when, while, after, before, if, unless, though/although等。“从属连词＋动词ing形式”可以视为状语从句的省略。
Don't talk while having dinner (＝while you are having dinner)．
吃饭时不要说话。
Though working hard(＝Though he worked hard), he couldn't earn enough money to pay off his debt.
尽管努力工作，他也不能挣到足够的钱还清债务。
2．动词ing形式的否定形式是在其前加not或never。
She was puzzled, not knowing what had happened.
她迷惑了，不知道发生了什么。
Not having tried his best, he failed in the exam.
由于没有尽最大努力，他这次考试没通过。
3．动词ing形式与不定式作结果状语时的比较
动词ing形式作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。而不定式作结果状语则表示出乎意料的结果，且常与only 连用。
He ran all the way, reaching the school out of breath.
他跑了一路，到达学校时上气不接下气。
Yesterday I went to see him, only to learn that he had gone abroad two days ago.
昨天我去看他，结果了解到他两天前已经去了国外。
4．动词ing形式与独立主格结构作状语时的比较
动词ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语要与主句的主语相一致，如果不一致，通常要在动词ing形式前加上它自己的逻辑主语，这种带逻辑主语的动词ing形式被称为独立主格结构。
Arriving at the station, he found the train had left.
到达车站时，他发现火车已经开走了。(he是arriving的逻辑主语)
She walked along the path, her daughter following close behind.
她沿着小路走，其女儿跟在后面。(following的逻辑主语是her daughter，而不是句子的主语she)
5．有少数动词ing形式并不表示句子主语的动作，而是表示说话人的态度，被称作独立成分，它不受句子主语的限制。常见的有：generally speaking一般来说；judging from/by根据……来判断；considering考虑到，鉴于；supposing假设等。
Generally speaking, the more you practise, the more skillfully you can write in English.
一般来说，你练习越多，用英语写作就越熟练。
[即时训练3] 用动词ing形式完成句子
①Although working hard from morning till night(虽然从早到晚拼命干), his father didn't get enough food.
②Not knowing how to deal with(不知道如何应对) the difficult situation, he turned to his teacher for help.
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Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．When leaving(leave) the airport, they waved again and again to us.
2．Having spent(spend) nearly all our money, we couldn't afford to stay at a hotel.
3．Judging(judge) from his expression, he was frightened of spiders.
4．I built all my hopes on his promises, only to find(find) that he was not an honest person.
5．The guide leading(lead) the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
6．Being talked(talk) to, you should look into the eyes of the person.
7．Having been asked(ask) to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.
8．There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland, staring(stare) at the night sky.
9．He did his homework carelessly, making(make) a lot of mistakes.
10．Making(make) an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．Heard the bad news, she couldn't help crying.Heard→Hearing
2．Not know her address, we can't get in touch with her.know→knowing
3．It rained heavily, caused severe flood in the area.caused→causing或caused前加and
4．Seen from here, you will get a wonderful view of the city.Seen→Seeing
5．Generally speak, facial expressions are helpful ways of communication as well.speak→speaking
6．Tasted good and sweet, this kind of apple was soon sold out in the market.Tasted→Tasting
7. Ordering over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive right now.Ordering→Ordered
8．Taking good care of ourselves and don't let our parents worry about us.Taking→Take
9．Stand in front of the school gate, I wondered what to do next.Stand→Standing
10．Judged from his words, he has been to America.Judged→Judging
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