Lecture1.william shakespeare
‘Sonnet 18’ ‘ To be ,or not to be’
William Shakespeare (baptised 受洗26 April 1564; died 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent(优秀的) dramatist.[1] He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon"（雅芳巴德）. His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays154 sonnets, two long narrative poems（叙事诗）, and several other poems.
Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men（宫务大臣）, later known as the King's Men
His early plays were mainly comedies and histories
He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth（麦克白）,
In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies（悲喜剧）, also known as romances, Romantics（浪漫主义者）
Lecture2 Robert burns
A Red, Red Rose;Auld lang syne
Robert Burns (25 January 1759 – 21 July 1796) (also known as Rabbie Burns, Scotland's favourite son, the Ploughman Poet (田园诗)), Robden of Solway Firth, the Bard of Ayrshire and in Scotland as simply The Bard[1][2]) was a Scottish poet and a lyricist. He is widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland, and is celebrated worldwide. He is the best known of the poets who have written in the Scots language, although much of his writing is also in English and a "light" Scots dialect
He is regarded as a pioneer（先驱） of the Romantic movement, and after his death he became a great source of inspiration to the founders of both liberalism（自由主义） and socialism. A cultural icon in Scotland and among the Scottish Diaspora around the world, and his influence has long been strong on Scottish literature.
Burns also collected folk songs（民谣） from across Scotland
Other poems and songs of Burns that remain well-known across the world today include A Red, Red Rose; A Man's A Man for A' That; To a Louse; To a Mouse; The Battle of Sherramuir; Tam o' Shanter, and Ae Fond Kiss.
My Heart in the Highlands(心在高原)
我的爱人象朵红红的玫瑰
王佐良 译
呵，我的爱人象朵红红的玫瑰，
六月里迎风初开；
呵，我的爱人象支甜甜的曲子，
奏得合拍又和谐。
我的好姑娘，多么美丽的人儿！
请看我，多么深挚的爱情！
亲爱的，我永远爱你，
纵使大海干涸水流尽。
纵使大海干涸水流尽，
太阳将岩石烧作灰尘，
亲爱的，我永远爱你，
只要我一息犹存。
珍重吧，我惟一的爱人，
珍重吧，让我们暂时别离，
但我定要回来，
哪怕千里万里！
Lecture3 william wordsworth
‘I wandered lonely as a cloud’’The solitary reaper’
William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch发起 the Romantic Age in English literature with the 1798 joint publication Lyrical Ballads(抒情诗谣集).
Wordsworth's magnum opus 大量作品is generally considered to be The Prelude前奏, Wordsworth was Britain's Poet Laureate（桂冠诗人） from 1843 until his death in 1850.
Wordsworth, Coleridge科尔律治 and Southey索锡 came to be known as the "Lake Poets"（湖畔诗人）.
"Lines Written in Early Spring"（早春诗行）“ Tinter Abbey”
Lecture4.Sammuel taylor coleridge
Samuel Taylor Coleridge (21 October 1772 – 25 July 1834) was an English poet, Romantic, literary critic and philosopher who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets. He is probably best known for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner(古舟子咏) and Kubla Khan（忽必烈汗）, as well as for his major prose work Biographia Literaria. His critical work, especially on Shakespeare, was highly influential, and he helped introduce German idealist philosophy to English-speaking culture. He coined many familiar words and phrases, including the celebrated suspension of disbelief. He was a major influence, via Emerson, on American transcendentalism（超越论）. Lyrical ballads
adult life, Coleridge suffered from anxiety and depression; Coleridge suffered from poor health that may have stemmed from a a bout of rheumatic fever and other childhood illnesses. He treated these concerns with opium（鸦片）, becoming an addict in the process. This addiction would affect him in the future.
Lecture5.George Gordon Byron
George Gordon Byron was an English poet and a leading figure in Romanticism. Amongst Byron's best-known works are the brief poems She Walks in Beauty, When We Two Parted, and So, we'll go no more a roving, in addition to the narrative poems Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan. He is regarded as one of the greatest British poets and remains widely read and influential.
Byron was celebrated in life for aristocratic excesses including huge debts, numerous love affairs, and self-imposed exile. He was famously described by Lady Caroline Lamb as "mad, bad and dangerous to know".[1] He travelled to fight against the Ottoman Empire土耳其帝国in the Greek War of Independence, for which Greeks revere崇拜 him as a national hero.[2] He died from a fever contracted while in Messolonghi in Greece.
昔日依依惜别， 泪流默默无言； 离恨肝肠断， 此别又几年。 冷颊向愕然， 一吻寒更添； 日后伤心事， 此刻已预言。 朝起寒露重， 凛冽凝眉间— 彼时已预告： 悲伤在今天。 山盟今安在？ 汝名何轻贱！ 吾闻汝名传， 羞愧在人前。 闻汝名声恶， 犹如听丧钟。不禁心怵惕— 往昔情太浓。 谁知旧日情， 斯人知太深。 绵绵长怀恨， 尽在不言中。 昔日喜幽会， 今朝恨无声。 旧情汝已忘， 痴心遇薄幸。 多年惜别后， 抑或再相逢， 相逢何所语？ 泪流默无声。
她走在美的光彩中，象夜晚 皎洁无云而且繁星漫天； 明与暗的最美妙的色泽 在她的仪容和秋波里呈现： 耀目的白天只嫌光太强， 它比那光亮柔和而幽暗。
增加或减少一份明与暗 就会损害这难言的美。 美波动在她乌黑的发上， 或者散布淡淡的光辉 在那脸庞，恬静的思绪 指明它的来处纯洁而珍贵。
呵，那额际，那鲜艳的面颊， 如此温和，平静，而又脉脉含情， 那迷人的微笑，那容颜的光彩， 都在说明一个善良的生命： 她的头脑安于世间的一切， 她的心充溢着真纯的爱情！
Lecture6.Percy Bysshe Shelly
Love’s Philosophy Ozymandias
Percy Bysshe Shelley was one of the major English Romantic poets and is critically regarded among the finest lyric poets in the English language. Shelley was famous for his association with John Keats and Lord Byron. The novelist Mary Shelley was his second wife.
Shelley's unconventional life and uncompromising idealism, combined with his strong disapproving voice
He became an idol of the next three or even four generations of poets, including the important Victorian and Pre-Raphaelite poets.
Essays （随笔）：A Defence of Poetry（诗之辩护）
Prometheus Unbound,（解放了的普咯米修斯） A Lyrical Drama, in Four Acts
Queen Mab: A Philosophical Poem
Ode to the West Wind (text)：The trumpet of a prophecy! O, wind,If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?
To a Skylark（致云雀）
1. 奥兹曼迪亚斯（杨绛 译）
我遇见一位来自古国的旅人
他说：有两条巨大的石腿
半掩于沙漠之间
近旁的沙土中，有一张破碎的石脸
抿着嘴，蹙着眉，面孔依旧威严
想那雕刻者，必定深谙其人情感
那神态还留在石头上
而私人已逝，化作尘烟
看那石座上刻着字句：
“我是万王之王,奥兹曼斯迪亚斯
功业盖物,强者折服”
此外，荡然无物
废墟四周，唯余黄沙莽莽
寂寞荒凉，伸展四方。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley
Lecture7.john keats
On the Grasshopper and Cricket; Ode on a Grecian Urn John Keats was an English Romantic poet. Along with Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley, he was one of the key figures in the second generation of the Romantic movement
after his death, his reputation grew to the extent that by the end of the 19th century he had become one of the most beloved of all English poets. He has had a significant influence on a diverse range of later poets and writers
The poetry of Keats is characterized by sensual imagery感觉的想象, most notably in the series of odes(颂歌集). Ode on a Grecian Urn ;Ode on Melancholy忧郁 ;Ode to a nightingale夜莺
Here lies One / Whose Name was writ in Water（他的墓志铭）
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats
Lecture8.Robert Browning
Meeting at night ;My last duchess
Robert Browning was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse(戏剧诗), especially dramatic monologues, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets.
The Ring and the Book（指环书）
夜会
灰濛濛大海，黑幽幽长岸； 又大又黄的半月挂得低；梦中惊醒的浪花在蹦跳，像无数小小的火环闪耀——当我急行的船擦着淤泥，减慢了速度驶进小海湾。 三里路沙滩，海香风暖和；过了三垄地，到了那农家；一叩窗，顿时嚓的一声响，火柴迸出了蓝莹莹火光； 充满喜乐惊怕的悄悄话 轻过怦怦对跳的心两颗！
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Browning
Lecture9.Henry Wadsworth longfellow
A Psalm of life
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27, 1807 – March 24, 1882) was an American poet and educator whose works include "Paul Revere's Ride", The Song of Hiawatha, and Evangeline. He was also the first American to translate Dante Alighieri's The Divine Comedy(神曲) and was one of the five Fireside Poets.
His first major poetry collections were Voices of the Night （夜吟）(1839) and Ballads（民谣） and Other Poems (1841).
Longfellow predominantly wrote lyric poems which are known for their musicality and which often presented stories of mythology and legend（神话和传奇）.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow
Lecture10.Edgar Allan poe
To Helen; Annabel lee
Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American author, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre(恐怖推理小说), Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective fiction（侦探小说） genre体裁. He is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction（科幻小说）.[1] He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.[2]
The Fall of the House of Usher（倒塌的房子）
The Raven（乌鸦）
海伦， 你的美对于我犹如尼萨的船舸， 在往昔， 它们滑过芬芳的海波， 把漂泊者从倦人的旅羁载回故国的陆地。 经历了海风多次的吹拂—— 你那风信子般的美发， 你典雅的脸庞， 水仙女的风姿， 带我回到希腊的熠熠光华和古罗马的气魄。 看! 在一个华美的窗龛你犹如雕像那样伫立， 玛瑙明灯擎在手里！ 啊，赛琪，你来自彼岸那不可及的圣地！
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe
Lecture11.Emily Dickinson
Because T could not stop for death; If you were coming in the fall
Emily Elizabeth Dickinson was an American poet. Born in Amherst, Massachusetts, to a successful family with strong community ties, she lived a mostly introverted and reclusive life(隐居生活).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Dickinson
Lecture12.Robert Frost弗罗特斯
The road not taken ; Fire and ice ;stopping by woods on a snowy evening
Robert Lee Frost was an American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic(现实主义)depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech.[1] His work frequently employed settings from rural life in New England in the early twentieth century, using them to examine complex social and philosophical themes. A popular and often-quoted poet, Frost was honored frequently during his lifetime, receiving four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry.
Lecture13.William Carlos Williams威廉 卡洛斯 威廉斯
The red wheelbarrow独轮手推车 ; the widow’s lament悲痛 in springtime （现代主义诗歌）
William Carlos Williams was an American poet closely associated with modernism 现代派and Imagism意象派. He was also a pediatrician小儿科医师 and general practitioner of medicine, having graduated from the University of Pennsylvania. Williams "worked harder at being a writer than he did at being a physician(医生)"; but during his long lifetime, Williams excelled at both.[1]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams#Poetry_collections
Lecture14.Ezra pound
Ezra Weston Loomis Pound was an American expatriate侨民 poet and critic and a major figure in the early modernist movement in poetry. He became known for his role in developing Imagism, His best-known works include Ripostes (1912), Hugh Selwyn 休 赛尔温 Mauberley (1920), and his unfinished 120-section epic, The Cantos(诗章)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Pound
Lecture15.T.S.Eliot
Thomas Stearns "T. S." Eliot was an American-born English poet, playwright, and literary critic, arguably the most important English-language poet of the 20th century.[4] The poem that made his name, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock—started in 1910 and published in Chicago in 1915—is regarded as a masterpiece of the modernist movement. He followed this with what have become some of the best-known poems in the English language, including Gerontion (小老头)(1920), The Waste Land Preludes序幕（荒原）(1922), The Hollow Men (1925), Ash Wednesday (1930), and Four Quartets (1945).[5] He is also known for his seven plays, particularly Murder in the Cathedral (1935). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948.[6]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot
名词解释部分：
Dramatic monologue (戏剧独白)：A dramatic monologue is a piece of performed writing that offers great insight into the feelings of the speaker. Not to be confused with a soliloquy（独白） in a play (which the character speaking speaks to themselves), dramatic monologues suggest an auditor or auditors. The dramatic monologue is now understood to include short pieces of prose（散文） written for performance
Dramatic monologue features：A single person, who is patently not the poet, utters the speech that makes up the whole of the poem, in a specific situation at a critical moment […].
This person addresses and interacts with one or more other people; but we know of the auditors' presence, and what they say and do, only from clues in the discourse of the single speaker.
The main principle controlling the poet's choice and formulation of what the lyric speaker says is to reveal to the reader, in a way that enhances its interest, the speaker's temperament and character.
One of the most important influences on the development of the dramatic monologue are the Romantic poets
The Victorian period represented the high point of the dramatic monologue in English poetry.
Representative Men Alfred, Lord Tennyson's Ulysses Robert Browning My Last Duchess
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatic_monologue
Folk song：Folk music is an English term encompassing both traditional music and contemporary folk music. The term originated in the 19th century. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways: as music transmitted by mouth, as music of the lower classes, and as music with unknown composers（作曲家）. It has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. It has become increasingly common to refer to this type of music as traditional music.
Starting in the middle of the 20th century a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional music. This process and period is called the folk revival（复兴） and reached its zenith in the late 1960's. The most common name for this new form of music is also "folk music", but is often called "folk revival music" or "contemporary（当代） folk music" to make the distinction.[1] This type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, electric folk, folk metal, progressive folk, psychedelic folk, freak folk and neofolk. While contemporary folk music is a genre generally distinct distinct from traditional music, it often shares the same English name, performers and venues as traditional music; even individual songs may be a blend of the two.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music
Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems is a collection of poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, first published in 1798 (see 1798 in poetry) and generally considered to have marked the beginning of the English Romantic movement in literature. The immediate effect on critics was modest, but it became and remains a landmark, changing the course of English literature and poetry.
Most of the poems in the 1798 edition were written by Wordsworth, with Coleridge contributing only four poems to the collection, including one of his most famous works, "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner".A second edition was published in 1800, in which Wordsworth included additional poems and a preface detailing the pair's avowed poetical principles. Another edition was published in 1802, Wordsworth added an appendix titled Poetic Diction in which he expanded the ideas set forth in the preface.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrical_Ballads
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byronic_hero
modernism：Modernist poetry refers to poetry written between 1890 and 1950 in the tradition of modernist literature in the English language, but the dates of the term depend upon a number of factors, including the nation of origin, the particular school in question, and the biases of the critic setting the dates. It is usually said to have begun with the French Symbolist movement and it artificially ends with the Second World War. The beginning and ending of the modernist period are of course arbitrary: poets like Yeats and Rilke started in a post-Romantic, Symbolist vein and modernised their poetic idiom under the impact of political and literary developments; other poets, like T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, or E.E. Cummings went on to produce significant work after World War II. The questions of impersonality and objectivity seem to be crucial to Modernist poetry. Modernism developed out of a tradition of lyrical expression, emphasising the personal imagination, culture, emotions and memories of the poet. For the modernists, it was essential to move away from the merely personal towards an intellectual statement that poetry could make about the world. Even when they reverted to the personal, like Eliot in the Four Quartets or Pound in the The Cantos, they distilled the personal into a poetic texture that claimed universal human significance. After World War II, a new generation of poets sought to revoke the effort of their predecessors towards impersonality and objectivity. Modernism ends with the turn towards confessional poetry in the work of Robert Lowell and Sylvia Plath, among others.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_poetry
Imagism was a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of imagery and clear, sharp language. The Imagists rejected the sentiment and discursiveness typical of much Romantic and Victorian poetry. This was in contrast to their contemporaries, the Georgian poets, who were by and large content to work within that tradition. Group publication of work under the Imagist name appearing between 1914 and 1917 featured writing by many of the most significant figures in Modernist poetry in English, as well as a number of other Modernist figures prominent in fields other than poetry.
Based in London, the Imagists were drawn from Great Britain, Ireland and the United States. Somewhat unusually for the time, the Imagists featured a number of women writers among their major figures. Imagism is also significant historically as the first organised Modernist English language literary movement or group. In the words of T. S. Eliot: "The point de repère usually and conveniently taken as the starting-point of modern poetry is the group denominated 'imagists' in London about 1910."[1]
At the time Imagism emerged, Longfellow and Tennyson were considered the paragons of poetry, and the public valued the sometimes moralising tone of their writings. In contrast, Imagism called for a return to what were seen as more Classical values, such as directness of presentation and economy of language, as well as a willingness to experiment with non-traditional verse forms. The focus on the "thing" as "thing" (an attempt at isolating a single image to reveal its essence) also mirrors contemporary developments in avant-garde art, especially Cubism. Although Imagism isolates objects through the use of what Ezra Pound called "luminous details", Pound's Ideogrammic Method of juxtaposing concrete instances to express an abstraction is similar to Cubism's manner of synthesizing multiple perspectives into a single image.[2]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagism
Sonnet: is one of several forms of poetry originating in Europe. The term "sonnet" derives from the Occitan word sonet and the Italian word sonetto, both meaning "little song" or "little sound". By the thirteenth century, it had come to signify a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure. The conventions associated with the sonnet have evolved over its history. The writers of sonnets are sometimes referred to as "sonneteers," although the term can be used derisively. One of the best-known sonnet writers is William Shakespeare, who wrote 154 of them (not including those that appear in his plays). A Shakespearean, or English, sonnet consists of 14 lines, each line containing ten syllables and written in iambic pentameter, in which a pattern of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable is repeated five times. The rhyme scheme in a Shakespearean sonnet is a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g; the last two lines are a rhyming couplet.
Traditionally, English poets employ iambic pentameter when writing sonnets, but not all English sonnets have the same metrical structure: the first sonnet in Sir Philip Sidney's sequence Astrophel and Stella, for example, has 12 syllables: it is iambic hexameters, albeit with a turned first foot in several lines. In the Romance languages, the hendecasyllable and Alexandrine are the most widely used metres.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet
Romanticism (or the Romantic Era or the "'Romantic Period"') was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.[1] In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.[2] It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography,[3] education[4] and natural history.[5]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism
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