滴灌系统外文翻译

窗体顶端

DRIP IRRIGATION AUTOMATION WITH AWATER LEVEL SENSING SYSTEM IN A GREENHOUSE 

窗体底端

窗体顶端

Automated control systems in irrigation have in recent years made considerable progress, offering a wide range of new options. In this experiment, drip irrigation system automatically governed irrigation in accordance with a water level sensing system in the mini-pan with the help of evaporation. Data acquisition was performed by an electronic circuit, which processed data and then sent the data to the microcontroller (Pic16f877). In the system, a closed loop control system based on sensing water level in the mini-pan was used to activate irrigation, thereby the system started irrigation whenever water level in the mini-pan dropped to the set level. The performance of the automated system can be increased as the irrigation timing in the software is adjusted according to plant growth stages.

Keywords: automated irrigation; drip irrigation; water level sensor; irrigation controller; mini-pan.

INTRODUCTION

Pressurized irrigation systems when combining by an automation systems have become more effective in irrigation practices. Nowadays, the current trend has been swithcing from a manual system to automatic operations in a pressurized system and also that automation and electronics in agriculture become more popular all around the world (Josi and Gokhale, 2006). Energy savings, reduced labor cost and control in fertilizer application are among some of the major advantages in adopting auotomated techniques in drip irrigation systems (Yildirim and Demirel, 2011). Automated irrigation systems provide high crop yield, save water usage (Mulas ,1986), facilitate high frequency and low volume irrigation (Abraham et al. 2000), and also reduce human errors (Castanon, 1992). Many methods have been described and sensors developed to manage irrigation systems objectively (Salas and Urrestarazu, 2001). Recent irrigation technologies have used sophisticated equipment to supply water to the root area of plants as they need it. However, the use of these sophisticated methods is not possible for all growers. A simple irrigation system, called the irrigation control tray, was developed by Caceres et al. (2007), which activated the irrigation system with the aid of a level-control relay. Gieling (1995) stated that automation systems should be used both to measure the environmental conditions and to use in irrigation. Irrigation can be performed according to the methods of solar radiation and Class-A pan. Class-A pan has been used succesfully in all over the world to estimate evapotranspiration. Hanan (1990) reported that Class-A pan used in an greenhouse to estimate evapotranspiration has achieved the similar results as musch as the methods of radiation (FAO) and Priestley- Taylor. Jain (1975) and Sharma et al. (1975) stated Class- A pan is not appropriate for farmers to be used in an open field, so that they used a mini-pan (10.5 cm in diameter and 13.5 cm in height) to irrigate wheat and maize in an open field and obtained the correlation coefficient of 0.82 between mini-pan and Class-A pan. Palacios and Quevedo (1996) used a mini-pan consisting of double ring (the inner ring was 27.5 cm in diameter and 7.5 cm in height, the outer ring 55 cm in diameter and 22 cm in height) to schedule the irrigation program in an open field and reported to be used for irrigation. Cemek et al.(2004) observed a strong relationship between mini-pan and Class-A pan.

The objective of this study was to test a prototype of a mini-pan and a water level sensor and also to modify the irrigation controller, triggered by the water level sensor in the pan, and thereby develop a simple and economical automated irrigation system appropriate for greenhouse growing of high-value crops.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted outdoor of a greenhouse from May to August, 2011 at Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey. The geographical location of the experimental area is 40°06'32.64'' N latitude, 26°24'45.31'' E longtitude, and has a 5-m elevation (Figure 1).

Temperature (oC) and relative humidity (%) at the site were measured 1.5 m above the canopy of the plants by using a HOBO U12 instrument (Figure 2), and measurement range was from -20 0C to 70 0C for temperature, 5% to 95% for humidity.

The quality of the irrigation water is given in table 1. A standard soil must have a pH value between 6.5 and 7.2 and electrical conductivity (EC) of less than 4 mS cm-1 (Ayers and Westcot, 1994). According to these values, the salinity level of the substrate was in the normal range. The irrigation water, however, was in the moderately tolerable range; it had already been used for irrigation at the site. Each pot in the experiment was applied with the same amount of fertilizers: triple super phosphate (3 g per pot), potassium sulfate (3 g per pot) and urea (3 g per pot). Urea was applied again at 15 and 20 day intervals respectively after planting at the same dosage.

Components of the automated irrigation system: Nurseries planted with peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) were transplanted into pots. The substrate was a mixture of peat (1:4, v/v) and soil (3:4, v/v).), each pot contained 4L of substrate and the layout of the experiment's components is given in figure 3. The irrigation system included the following components; water storage tank (50 L); one of it was to irrigate , another one was to fill the mini-pan, submersible pump operating at 12 vdc(volts direct current) in each storage tank and 2.05A, power supply (12 vdc), pots (250x210 mm, 9 L) having a pan under it to collect water that drains, Ø16 pipes with drippers (4 L/h) at a spacing of 33 cm, with one dripper serving each pot. Valves and connection apparatus were used to integrate all items of the irrigation system. Minipan was consisting of double rings, the height of both was 20 cm, the inner ring diameter of 27 cm and the outer of 32 cm, also there was a notch at the bottom of inner ring providing water movement between them. The sensor determining the amount of allowable water to evaporate was installed inside in the inner ring. The top tube was welded to the upper point of the mini-pan to fill it and water was pumped by the irrigation controller from storage tank, when the allowable amount of water was evaporated from mini-pan. The drainage pipe was removing excess water to fix the top water level in the mini-pan to 13.5 cm after each filling process as seen figure 4.

The most important and basic component of the automated irrigation system was the sensor, which detected the water level in the mini-pan. It was made of two steel rods, one rod fixed and screw one was moving up and down to adjust the amount of water allowed to evaporate. The distance between the rods was 2.5 cm. They were placed in a plastic box (width 3x3 cm, height 1 cm), then filled with silicone. At the end of the rods, the cable was connected to provide an electrical communication between the rods and the MCU (Fig. 5).

A signal coming from the water level sensor was sent to the Microcontroller unit (MCU-Pic16F877) and then irrigation started and stopped according to the logic embedded in MCU. The circuit included both a buzzer to give a warning voice and an LCD to show some messages such as "1.pump run" or "2.pump run" etc. The MCU unit is a device that has programmable capability, read sensor, and controls the devices such as relays connected to the pumps( fig 3). In this experiment, the MCU was actually a controller, upon receiving a signal from the water level sensor it runs the pumps and shuts down after the procedure. The MCU has a 20 Mhz pic processor with 40-pin Dual In-line package (DIP) and runs at a relatively low voltage value of 5 vdc (Altınbasak, 2004). One pin of the MCU was assigned as an input to monitor the water level in the mini-pan in each second for all day and throughout the entire experiment. Even though circuit has 4 relays, two pins of the MCU were assigned as output pins both to pump water to the root area of the plants and to pump water to fill the mini-pan.

Controller software: The irrigation controller program was written using the PicBasic Pro software program and the general strategy for the automated irrigation defined in the logic was loaded into the memory of the MCU. Hence, the logic of the irrigation strategy was defined in the MCU, having a memory of 2K, which then took over and made detailed decisions on when to apply water and how much water to apply. The dosage of water to be applied was determined according to the pumping time of water to refill the root zone as water level in the mini-pan dropped the threshold level. In the system, the feedback and control were done constantly, depending on the feedback from the sensor. Whenever a signal was sent to the MCU, the irrigation actions were carried out during the whole experiment period. Data flow diagram in the software is given in figure 6. The top water level in the mini-pan was 13.5 cm, and a signal was produced whenever the level dropped to 12 cm, then the MCU started irrigation and first, ran the irrigation pump for 15 minutes and second, filled the mini-pan. After completing these processes, it checked whether the mini-pan full or not. if yes, it went to back to read the sensor. If not, it sent the message "the system is out of order, please check" on LCD (Fig. 6).

Irrigation applications: The irrigation treatments were arranged as follows: the required time (15 minutes) for pumping water to the root area of the plant as 30% of available soil moisture was depleted was the time required to raise moisture content of the substrate up to field capacity (FC) in each irrigation. After each irrigation, all pots were weighed manually, then the water quantities were determined by weight of the pots intended to identify evapotranspiration. Daily evapotranspiration (ET) was estimated by using the water balance method between the two irrigations (Yıldırım and Demirel, 2011).

ET= [((Wi-1 -- Wi) + I -- D) / A ] i =1,2,3,…n ( 1)

Where: ET is the evapotranspiration (mm), Wi-1 and Wi mass (kg) of the pot at day i-1 and i, respectively, I is the amount of irrigation water (kg), D is the quantity of the drainage water if available (kg), and A is the pot surface area (m2).

Plant and fruit development parameters were observed for each plant in the treatment. Weights in gram for stem, leaf, etc. were determined by using a sensitive weighing (0.01g).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fruit development and vegetative growth parameters were given in table 2. Even though mean fruit weight was similar to the literature, stem and leaf weight and leaf area of pepper were slightly lower than the values given for these by Yildirim (2010) and Yildirim and Demirel (2011). The action of root zone depletion and the timing of the irrigation events throughout the calendar days are shown in figure 7. The irrigation events were performed successfully between 165 and 184 days of the year as seen in fig 7, since the MCU activated the pumps whenever water level dropped to 12 cm in the mini-pan. The controller unit, however, couldn't activate the pumps on the 185th, 195th, 212nd calendar days, even water level was below 12 cm. The reason of that was an adhesion of a small piece of straw to the adjustable rod, providing a connection between water and rod. That's why, the sensor failed to produce a signal to be sent to the MCU. However, after removing the straw, the system has fulfilled its responsibilities successfully. Therefore, the average pot weights dropped up to 5146 g on the 185th day of the year.

Water was applied according to the pre-set strategy by the automated system whenever water level in the mini-pan dropped to 12 cm, and the system met the water demand of plants till 185th day of the year. However, irrigation couldn't be initiated by the system on the 185th day, even though water level in the mini-pan fell up to 11 cm and soil moisture level in the substrate dropped up to 5146 g also. By taking the straw away from the mini-pan, the MCU initiated irrigation and brought the pots to the weight of 6200 g and increased the water level to 13.5 cm in the mini-pan. Because of the high evaporation in July, the water in the mini-pan that allowed to evaporate was adjusted from 15 mm to 10 mm by the screw rod and irrigation started when evaporation occurs 10 mm after the calendar day of 188th . Evaporation amounts and days on when irrigation events were activated are given in figure 8. As seen in fig 8, the system performed irrigation activities successfully according to the identified strategy, since the water level in the mini pan was increased to 13.5 cm at regular intervals and this time irrigation was activated when the water level fell to 12.5 cm. The substrate moisture level in the substrate after and before irrigation is given in figure 8. Even though the system run successfully according to the identified strategy, the substrate moisture level in plant roots remained below 6000 g which was caused by the definitions of the fixed run time of the irrigation pump to the MCU, as 15 minutes. The moisture level after and before irrigation seems to parallel to each other in fig 9. It is obvious that the moisture level in the substrate started decreasing in a stepwise manner after the 185 days of the year. Stress development in pepper plants began at this time and reached to the top level on the 199 days of the year due to the lack of water of 200 g. if irrigation timing was increased in a step manner from 15 minutes to 21 minutes after 185 days of the year up to the 199 days of the year, the performance of the system would be very higher than the existing condition

The relationships between the Class-A pan and mini-pan were given in figure 10. The amounts of evaporation in Class-A pan from June to August were 159.9, 294.1 and 61.5 mm, respectively, but those of that in the mini-pan reduced to 88.8, 127.6 and 27 mm for same months, respectively. Therefore, the correlation coefficient between Class-A pan and mini-pan were r2=0.50, which was lower than the values given in the literature. The main reason of less evaporation in the mini-pan was to place it next to the plants, which caused a reduction in the amount of evaporation by shading the mini-pan.

Cemek et al. (2004) identified the correlation coefficient of evaporation occurring Class-A pan and mini-pan as 0.81. Palacios and Quevedo (1996) reported that mini-pan can be used in irrigation scheduling. Jain (1975) and Sharma et al. (1975) found the correlation coefficient between Class-A pan and mini-pan as 0.82, and they used a mini-pan successfully in corn and wheat irrigation in open field.

The prototype of the irrigation controller was tested to determine both the controller unit, sensor and software performances. In this experiment, once the general strategy was defined by the MCU, it took over and made decisions about when to apply water and how much water to apply. Yildirim and Demirel (2011) developed an irrigation controller and reported that the most important points in the automated drip irrigation system are sensor calibration and installation of the soil moisture sensor in the pot. In the experiment, depending on the feedback of the water level sensor, the irrigation decision was made and actions were carried out throughout the entire experiment. However, plant development parameters were lower than the values given in the literature, since the irrigation timing in the software used in the experiment was simple. Therefore, irrigation timing should be defined into algorithm according to the plant growth period and the location of the mini-pan is so important, since evaporation is greatly affected when it has been under the shadow of pepper plants and doesn't reflect the evapotranspiration. When this system is used in a greenhouse, irrigation timing must be arranged according to the plant growth periods.

Acknowledgements: The author is grateful for the financing of the study to Scientific Support Program of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University in Turkey, Research Project Reference No: BAP (2011-45). I also like to thank the Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Agricultural Experiment Station for their assistance of this research and thanks to unknown reviewers for their valuable recommendations for this paper.

Table 1. Quality of irrigation water used in the experiment

SAR = Sodium adsorption ratio, RSC = Residual sodium carbonate, me = miliequivalents

Table: 2. Plant development parameters

外文对应翻译：

温室中应用水位监测传感系统的滴灌式自动化装置

窗体底端

自动化控制系统在灌溉在最近几年中取得了相当大的进展并提供多种新的选项。 在这个实验中,根据在蒸发帮助的迷你盘中的水位监测传感器，滴灌系统自动灌溉被操控。 数据采集是由电子线路实现的,处理好数据然后发送数据到微控制器(Pic16f877)。 在系统中，基于迷你盘的感应水位的闭环控制系统，是用于激活灌溉,从而在迷你盘下降到设定的级别时，系统开始灌溉。自动化表现能通过软件中灌溉时间的增长而根据植物的生长阶段而更加适合。

关键字:自动灌溉、滴灌;水位传感器;灌溉控制器;迷你盘。

介绍

加压灌溉制度相结合的自动化系统已成为更有效的灌溉方法。 如今,目前的趋势是从手动系统转变为加压系统操作的自动化系统，并且在世界各地自动化和电子产品在农业方面变得更为流行（Josi 和 Gokhale, 2006)。 节省能源、降低劳动力成本和控制化肥的应用是在灌溉系统中采用自动化装置的主要优势统(耶尔德勒姆·阿和德米雷尔,2011年)。 自动灌溉系统提供较高的作物产量,节约水的用量(穆拉斯,1986年)、便利的高频率和低量灌溉(Abraham et al 2000年),并减少人为错误(卡斯塔尼翁,1992年)。 许多方法已被叙述和传感器的开发客观的管理灌溉系统(萨拉斯和乌雷斯塔拉苏,2001年)。 最近的灌溉技术使用先进的设备给植物的根部区域提供水，因为,他们需要它。 然而, 所有的种植者使用这些先进的方法是不可能的,。 一种简单的灌溉系统,称为灌溉控制盘,是由卡塞雷斯等人开发的 (2007年),基于一个被激活的灌溉系统级别控制的继电器。 Gieling(1995年)指出,自动化系统中都应当使用的衡量环境条件并且使用的灌溉。 灌溉可根据太阳能辐射的方法和A类表盘的实现。A类表盘已经成功使用在世界各地,去评估蒸散量。 Hanan(1990年)报告指出,A类泛用于温室估计蒸散量已达到的(粮农组织)和普莱斯利——泰勒总统的辐射蒸发法相似的效果。 Jain(1975年)和沙尔马 (1975年)指出A类表盘不适合农民在开放的区域使用,以便他们使用的迷你盘(10.5厘米直径13.5厘米的高度)在开阔的区域来灌溉小麦和玉米并取得迷你盘和A类表盘间相关系数为0.82的值。 帕拉西奥斯和克沃杜(1996年)在开放区域使用了用双环组成的迷你盘 (内环是27.5厘米,直径7.5厘米,高度、外环55厘米直径22厘米的高度)去总结灌溉方案并报告指出可用于灌溉。 Cemek et al(2004)观察到了迷你盘和A类表盘之间很大的关系。

这项研究的目的是要测试的原型小盘和水位传感器和还要修改的灌溉控制器引发的水位传感器在平移,从而发展一种简单、经济的自动化灌溉系统的适当的温室种植高价值作物。

材料和方法。

2011年在土耳其恰纳卡莱翁塞基兹马特大学从5月到8月进行了一次温室外的实验。 实验区的地域位置是北纬40°06’32.64”西经26°24’45.31”、海拔为五米(图1)。

在站点温度(oC)相对湿度(%)是通过使用一个奥博U 12仪表(图2)来测作物檐棚上1.5米高度处的得到的,测量范围是零下20 0 C至70 0 C的温度、5%至95%的湿度。

灌溉用水的质量在表1中列出。 标准的土壤必须具有pH值在6.5和7.2和电导率(EC)小于4 mS cm 1(艾尔斯岩和Westcot,1994年)。 根据这些值、盐度水平的基材是在正常范围内。 灌溉用水,但在中度可容忍的范围;它已经被用于灌溉的站点。 试验每个点应用了相同数量的肥料:强力r磷酸盐(3 g每锅)、硫酸钾(3 g每罐)和尿素(3 g每罐)。在种植的15和20天的间隔后以同一剂量的尿素再次应用。

自动灌溉系统的组件苗圃种植的辣椒(辣椒品种为L)移植到花盆里。使用的 基材是一种混合的泥炭(1:4,v/v)和土壤(3:4,v/v),每个锅载包括4 L的基材并且实验的组件布局如图3。 灌溉的系统包括以下组件;储水罐(50 L);一个用于灌溉、另一种给迷你盘加油，在每个存储罐中潜泵的操作电压为12 Vdc(电压直接电流)操作电流为2.05 A的电源(12 Vdc)、存储罐（250 x 210 mm,9 L)外面有一个表盘用来收集排放出的水，在间距为33厘米的空间中，有在出水口（4/h）处有16个水管,一个滴头供应每个锅。 阀门和连接装置被用于灌溉系统的。 迷你盘是由双环组成的高度均是20 cm,内环直径为27厘米、外径为32 cm,凹槽底部的内圈是提供水之间的流动的。 传感器确定许可的水的蒸发量是安装在内环中。 顶管是焊接在迷你盘上的点并填充它和水通过灌溉控制器从存储罐抽出,当允许量的水从小盘中被蒸发。 在排水的管道是消除多余的水份去修复迷你盘的高水位，在如图四的加气过程后水位达到13.5厘米。

最重要的，自动灌溉系统的最基本的组件是传感器检测到的水层的迷你盘。 它是由两个钢棒、一杆和螺钉固定，另一个是向上和向下移动以调节水量的允许和水分的蒸发。 它们之间的距离为2.5 cm。 它们被放置在塑料框中(宽3 x 3 cm、高度1 cm),然后再填充硅胶。 在连杆上的末端，电缆被连接起来去提供连杆和MCU之间的电信号交流（图5)。

来自水位传感器的信号发送到微控制器单元(MCU PIC16F877)，然后灌溉的开始和停止根据该逻辑嵌入式MCU。 该电路包括蜂鸣器给出的警告语音和LCD显示某些消息如“1、泵的运行"或"2、泵的运行”等MCU单元设备的可编程能力、读取传感器和控制设备如继电器连接到泵(图3)。 在这个实验中,MCU是实际上的控制器,从水位传感器在接收信号币并运行和停止程序。 MCU的20 Mhz pic处理器采用40引脚的双列直插式封装(DIP)和在较低的电压值为5 V直流下运行 (Altınbasak,2004年)。 MCU的一个引脚的输入每一秒都显示在迷你盘中并且贯穿在整个实验。 即使电路有4个继电器, MCU两个引脚已被指定为输出引脚,被用于给植物根部排水和给迷你盘填充水量。

控制器软件:灌溉控制器程序是使用PicBasic Pro软件方案编写的并且在逻辑中定义的自动灌溉的通常策略被下载到MCU的存储器中。因此,灌溉策略的逻辑在MCU中被定义，拥有2K的存储器,然后接管了何时应用水和应用多少水作出了详细的决定。 用水量的应用是根据迷你盘中水位的下降来给根部泵水的时间决定的。 在系统中，根据传感器的反馈来进行连续的反馈和控制。 每当将信号发送到MCU,灌溉就开始运行在整个实验期。软件数据流图如图6。 迷你盘中的顶级水位是13.5厘米,当某个信号产生时水平降到12厘米,然后MCU开始灌溉并且第一次灌溉泵时为15分钟,第二个装满了迷你盘。 在完成这些流程后,检查迷你盘是否装满。如果选择“是”,到回读取传感器。 如果没有,会在LCD显示屏上会显示发送的消息“系统紊乱,请检查" (图。 6)。

灌溉的应用:灌溉的处理安排如下:所需的时间(15分钟)抽水到植物的根部,30%的土壤的水分消耗时间是在每次灌溉中提高区域土壤湿度的时间(FC)。 在每次灌溉后,所有盆需要被手动称重,然后通过盆的重量来决定用水量的重量旨在确定蒸散量。 每天蒸散量(ET)通过两个灌溉间的水平衡法来进行估量(Yıldırım和德米雷尔,2011年)。

ET=[((Wi 1-Wi)+I-D)/A]i=1、2、3、…n( 1)

其中:ET是蒸发量(毫米)，盆在i1,i天的重量分别是Wi1和Wi(公斤),I为灌溉用水(公斤),D是可用的的排水(公斤),A是锅的表面面积(平方米)。

在处理中，植物和水果的发展参数被观察到。干、叶等重量以克为单位，均由使用敏感的重量所决定(0.01 g)。

结果和讨论。

水果的发展和植物生长的参数列于表2。 即使平均果重是近似于根和叶重并且辣椒叶面积略微低于耶尔德勒姆·阿(2010年)和耶尔德勒姆·阿德米雷尔的给定值 (2011年)。 通过日历显示的根部区域湿度变化和灌溉的时间如图7所示。 如图七所示，在一年的165到184天之间灌溉事件表现的最为成功，只要迷你盘的水位降到12厘米，MCU就能活跃抽水，然而，在日历中的185天，195天，212天不能活跃抽水，甚至水位低于12厘米，原因在于水和杆之间的连接为可调杆提供可调的小片稻草杆。 这就是为什么在传感器出现故障时产生的信号被发送到MCU。 不过,在杆被移除后，,系统已履行了它的职责。 因此平均锅重量在一年的第185天下降多达5146 g。

根据自动化系统预先设定的策略，只要迷你盘水位降到12厘米，谁都是适合的。直到一年的185天系统满足植物的用水需求。 但是,灌溉在第185天无法启动系统,即使水位在迷你盘下跌高达11厘米,土壤的湿度在基材下降多达5146 g也无法启动。通过从迷你盘中带走杆，MCU发起灌溉,使盆的重量变为6200 g,迷你盘的水位增加为13.5厘米。 由于七月份的高蒸发量，迷你盘中的水,让水分蒸发量通过螺旋杆从15毫米到10毫米进行调整并且灌溉时在日历日的第188次后开始出现蒸发10毫米。 在灌溉事件发生后，蒸发数额和天数如图8所示。 见图8，,因为迷你盘中的水位每隔一段固定的时间已增加到13.5厘米并且水位下降到12.5厘米时灌溉时间是活跃的。 在灌溉前后，基体上的水分如图8所示。根据已经确定的策略即使系统成功运行，植物的根部基材水分依然低于6000 g，原因是定义的固定运行时间所造成的，如15分钟。如图九，灌溉前后的湿度水平似乎是彼此平行的。 很明显的是,在一年中的185天灌溉的潮湿的基材开始减少。由于缺乏200克的水，辣椒植物在一年中的199天开始达到顶级的199天的。如果灌溉时间从一年中的185到199天开始以某一方式从15分钟到20分钟增加，,系统的性能将会非高于现有的条件。

A类表盘和迷你表盘间的关系如图10所示。从6月到8月A类表盘的蒸发量分别是1.599,294.1和61.5毫米,但是迷你盘在同样的月份降至88.8、127.6和27 mm。 因此,两类表盘之间的相关系数是 r 2=0.50,低于文献中给定值。迷你盘有较少的蒸发量的主要的原因是,它紧挨着植物放置，在迷你盘影子的影响下蒸发量有所减少。

Cemek et al (2004年)确定了A类表盘和迷你盘之间的蒸发相关系数为0.81。 帕拉西奥斯和克沃杜(1996年)报告说,迷你盘可用于灌溉的调度。 Jain(1975年)和沙尔马l (1975年)发现了A类表盘和迷你盘之间的相关系数为0.82,并且他们用迷你盘在开放区域中成功实现了玉米和小麦的灌溉。

灌溉控制器的原型被测试,以确定这两个控制器单元、传感器和软件的表现。 在这个实验中,一旦总战略由MCU定义，关于甚么时候用水和用水量就被确定。 耶尔德勒姆·阿德米雷尔 (2011年)制订了一项灌溉控制器并提出报告说指出在自动化滴灌系统中传感器的校准和在盆中安装土壤湿度传感器的重要几点。 在实验中,根据水位传感器反馈量,作出灌溉决定并在整个实验中采取了灌溉措施。 但是,植物的发展参数低于文献中的给定值,在软件中被使用的灌溉时间是简单的。 因此,根据植物生长阶段和迷你盘的位置来定义灌溉时间是如此重要的，因为水分蒸发会由于辣椒植物的遮蔽造成很大的影响并且不反映的蒸腾。 当此系统用于温室中时，灌溉时间的安排必须按照植物生长的时期进行。

致谢:作者感谢土耳其的恰纳卡莱翁塞基兹Mart大学对这项研究的大力支持，研究项目参考编号:BAP(2011-45)。 我还要感谢恰纳卡莱翁塞基兹集农业实验站提供的援助,这项研究也要感谢未知的主任审评员为本文章提供了宝贵的建议。

表1。 高质量的灌溉用水的实验

SAR=钠吸附比、RSC=残余碳酸钠、me=miliequivalents

表:2。 植物的发展参数。

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