Unit 11

Section One Tactics for listening

Part1 spot dictation

Give your child the happiness trait

Happiness is both a "state" and a "trait". The state of happiness is a (1) mood that comes and goes. I can (2) induce it in my two-year-old daughter simply by making a (3) silly face.

The trait of happiness is more (4) stable. I see it in my daughter when she gets out of bed with a smile, eager to (5) take on the day. Even when life isn't so pleasant, she can sustain her (6) optimism and hopefulness.

A recipe for a happy disposition through life is harder to (7) come by, but researchers have identified key (8) ingredients. By focusing on these, parents are more likely to raise children with the (9) trait of happiness built into their (10) character.

1) Give your child choices.

2) Resist the urge to (11) spoil. Common sense suggests that people with (12) adequate incomes are happier than those (13) without. The key word is "adequate". What is important is having enough to (14) provide for basic needs and feeling content with what you have.

3) (15) Encourage broad interests.

4) Teach resilience*. Everyone has ways to (16) cope with bad days. A child should be taught to find solace in things that will (17) restore his sense of well-being.

5) (18) Promote a happy home. One of the best ways to help a child find (19) enduring happiness is for the parents to (20) look for it in their own lives.

Part 2 Listening for Gist

Old and young, single and married, rich and poor - anyone can be lonely, irrespective of the number of friends, family and social contacts they actually have. Women, the elderly, the young, the single parent, the widowed and the unemployed are most at risk.

Young mothers at home with children under five are particularly vulnerable to loneliness and depression because of the transition from working wife to housebound mother. Elderly people, particularly those who move toa new area on retirement, may be isolated from their families and friends. Illness, disability and fear of going out alone also combine to turn many pensioners into prisoners in their own homes. Teenagers' natural shyness and self-consciousness may make them awkward in the company of their peers and the opposite sex. Single parents feel cut off from a couple-orientated society. Divorce can be shattering to the self-esteem. With so many social contacts being made through work, unemployment can also lead to loneliness.

Exercise

Directions: Listen to the passage and write down the gist and the key words that help you decide.

1) This passage is about various reasons for loneliness and depression.

2) The key words are young mothers, transition, working wife, housebound mother: elderly people. isolated. illness. disability. fear of going out alone: teenagers. natural shyness. self-consciousness: single parents. cut off. a couple-orientated society. divorce. self-esteem: social contacts. work. unemployment.

Section Two Listening Comprehension

Part 1 Dialogue

Deputy Editor

Ray Jones: You know, a lot of people who read newspapers have no idea how they're put together.

I'm often asked to talk to groups of people about my work, and it's incredible how many of them think either that reporters write the headlines and take their own pictures or, conversely, that the Editor writes and prints everything in the paper. They fail to realize that producing a newspaper is really very much a team effort.

Mary Keen: Ray, you're Deputy Editor of the Evening Post. What exactly does that entail?

Ray Jones: Well, the work of a Deputy Editor varies from paper to paper depending on the Editor.

No two Editors work the same way. Some delegate all the administration to a deputy. Others take on all the admin themselves and concentrate on the management side of running the newspaper rather than on the editorial side. Our Editor here is the sort who likes getting involved in the editorial side of the paper, so he'll often come, sit down with the reporters and work on a story with them. But then once or twice a week he'll leave that and get on with the admin ...

Mary Keen: So what are your responsibilities as Deputy?

Ray Jones: I supervise the reporters, sports writers and sub-editors and try to see that everyone knows what everyone else is doing so that it all runs smoothly. And, of course, I also stand in* for the Editor when he's at meetings, conferences, or whatever.

Mary Keen: And what is Ray Jones' typical working day?

Ray Jones: Well, it starts at about 7: 15, and the first thing I have to do is to find out what's going on in the newsroom, what are the best stories of the day, who's going to cover them, and so on. Quite often it's not immediately obvious what's going to be the front page lead*, and that's a major headache at the start of the day. Once that's been sorted out and I've checked that there's nothing distasteful or unethical going into the paper, then I come back to my office to get on with my Deputy Editor tasks.

Mary Keen: Which are?

Ray Jones: Taking care of readers' letters, for instance, and editing our Mailbag column. That can be great fun - we have a spiendidly eccentric bunch of regular readers, and, given the right subject, they often produce an extremely entertaining and well-written set of letters. Of course, dealing with the correspondence has its tedious side as well - I have to read every letter we get, and some of them, as you can imagine, are a bit of a pam.

Mary Keen: What else do you have to do?

Ray Jones: I also write the Leader column each day. That means I have to compose 300 words on some matter of public concern expressing the newspaper's opinion. And sometimes this, too, can be a real problem. More than once I've found myself half an hour before the deadline with no idea what my opfnion was going to be on what subject.

Mary Keen: How did you get into journalism, Ray?

Ray Jones: As an errand boy, actually, at the age of 15. I left school with no qualifications and was lucky enough to get a job with the Liverpool Echo, making tea, polishing floors and so on. After a year I became a junior reporter. I did the usual sort of training by attending day-release classes, gained some more experience as a reporter and then went from the Echo to the Birmingham Mail where I became a sub-editor, and then a chief reporter. I've been on a couple of other papers since the mail - I was News

Editor on my last paper - and I moved to the Evening Post three years ago.

Exercise

Directions: Listen to the dialogue and complete the following grids.

A. Ray Jones' Job Description

B. Ray Jones' Career Experience

Part2 passage

Learning from SARS

1. SARS is an effective model for a global "stealth bio" attack, which tested healthcare systems and from which we can learn and develop system improvement.

2. Lessons learned from the SARS experience were particularly important in understanding how doctrine and policies should be improved to deal with new infectious diseases of any origin.

3. There was some resistance to quarantines due to loss of freedom, boredom, concern for professional, family, or other responsibilities.

4. This would allow us to first simulate how one center under attack would use the resources from the other three responder medical centers to contain the event and treat the victims.

5. In this way, we can cycle the response system and keep it operating at a level that would make it ready to rapidly respond to bio-threats.

SARS is an effective model for a global "stealth bio" attack, which tested healthcare systems and from which we can learn and develop system improvements. SARS was caused by a new unknown organism, whose origin was unclear and could have been natural or modified. Detection and identification were not clear. Conditions in the starting country, such as closeanimal-human proximity, expected slow governmental response, and a tendency to suppress information on such health problems, encouraged development and spread of a new disease or bio-weapon. In addition,international travelled to rapid spread to other countries.

The most positive learning from the SARS experience was that well-known public health practices, such as quarantine, were effective. The SARS microbe was quickly identified, significant advances in microbiology enabled sequencing in less than two weeks, and screening tests developed rapidly.

Unfortunately, SARS spread easily, and healthcare workers were infected rapidly.

Quarantines and reduced staff forced some hospital closures. Compliance with warnings and quarantines became an issue, even among healthcare workers. No treatment or preventative has been identified. The latency period of 2-10 days allowed spread by travelers, and some infected travelers appear to have been "super vectors", to have caused a disproportionate number of infections.

Lessons learned from the SARS experience were particularly important in understanding how doctrine and policies should be improved to deal with new infectious diseases of any origin. Official reactions and communications were usually slower than media reports and at times were disruptive.Communications quality and credibility varied by country and agency. Media feeding frenzy fed public reactions and overwhelmed the healthcare system with the "worried well". There was some resistance to quarantines due to loss of freedom, boredom, and concern for professional, family, or other responsibilities. Systems were quickly developed to provide supplies to those isolated and deal with workers in critical jobs; however, logistics and supplies would become significant issues in more widespread situations.

Perhaps the greatest impact of SARS was the economic and societal disruption. Media amplifications and public and worker reactions could escalate a more serious natural health crisis or an attack with a bio-weapon, leading to a lasting impact at the national and strategic levels.

We have previously proposed a pilot connecting four major medical centers distributed around CONUS. This would allow us to first simulate how one center under attack would use the resources from the other three responder medical centers to contain the event and treat the victims. This could be scaled up to a larger number of medical centers using this new doctrine.

It is also clear that this doctrine based on information superiority and netcentric performance could be used for the treatment of individual diseases as well as disasters. It could increase the capacity of our overall healthcare system to deliver care to a large part of our public that is presently underserved. In this way we can cycle the response system and keep it operating at a level that would make it ready to rapidly respond to bio-threats.

Exercise B Sentence Dictation

Directions: Listen to some sentences and write them down. You will hear each sentence three times.

Exercise C Detailed Listening

Directions: Listen to the passage and choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.

1.A 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. C 8. D

Exercise D After-listening Discussion

Directions: Listen to the passage again and discuss the following questions.

1) The most positive learning from the SARS experience was that well-known public health practices, such as quarantine, were effective. Lessons learned from the SARS experience were particularly important in understanding how doctrine and policies should be improved to deal with new infectious diseases of any origin. Off\cial reactions and communications were usually slower than media reports and at times were disruptive. Communications quality and credibility varied by country and agency. There was some resistance to quarantines due to loss of freedom, boredom, and concern for professional, family, or other responsibilities. Systems were quickly developed to provide supplies to those isolated and deal with workers in critical jobs. Logistics and supplies would become significant issues in more widespread situations. Information superiority and netcentric performance could be used for the treatment of individual diseases as well as disasters.

2) (Open)

Section Three News

News Item 1

South Korean Economy

Former Duke University business professor Edward Graham says despite significant reform in some areas, the chaebols* are still too big and too powerful. The new South Korean president has promised to crack down on the practices of the chaebols. This week the government said it is investigating possible illegal securities transactions by the chaebols.

At the time of the 1997 crisis, the biggest conglomerates* or industrial holding companies were Hyundai, Samsung, Daewoo, LG, and SK. In 1999 Daewoo was permitted to fail or go bankrupt, with its auto manufacturing assets being sold off. South Korea's financial crisis occurred when the central bank was unable to stand behind the short-term debts of the chaebols, which had expanded aggressively and piled up a huge volume of debt.

Exercise A

Directions: Listen to the news item and complete the summary.

This news item is about chaebols in South Korea.

Exercise B

Directions: Listen to the news again and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).

l. F 2. T 3. T.4.T 5.T

News Item2

Latin American Economy

Latin American countries need to implement wide-ranging reforms to heal their ailing economies and stimulate growth. That's the assessment of Washington's Institute for International Economics, which issued a study Monday on economic policy in Latin America.

Banker and economist Pedro-Pablo Kuczynski, co-author of the study, says the failure of free market policies, since 1996, has produced not growth, but crises in Argentina and Brazil.

Mr Kuczynski, who in 2001 and 2002, was finance minister in Peru, says it is a mistake to blame the region's poor performance on the market opening and trade liberalization policies known as the Washington Consensus.

Mr Kuczynski and co-author John Williamson say Latin America is prone to economic crises.

Its collective economy is relatively small, with a gross domestic product one fifth the size of that of the United States.

Exercise A

Directions: Listen to the news item and complete the summary.

This news item is about economic crises in Latin America, which was due to the failure of free market policies.

Exercise B

Directions: Listen to the news again and choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.

l.C 2. D 3. B 4. A

News Item 3

Immigrant Remittances

Trinity University economics professor Jorge Gonzalez says these immigrant remittances* exceed the international development assistance available to Latin American countries.

And ironically, Mr Gonzalez says, in some ways, this haphazard form of financial aid may be even more effective than government-to-government assistance.

Penn State anthropology professor Jeffrey Cohen, who works with several rural communities in Mexico, agrees the effects of the immigrant remittances are generally beneficial.

However, he says, they can change the nature of a local economy. In previously cashless communities, which had only traded goods, he says, the sudden arrival of dollars can disadvantage residents who do not have relatives working in the United States.

Fortunately, he says, many Latin American immigrant workers in the United States are not only sending money to their families, but are also uniting to fund community-wide projects.

In fact, Economist Jorge Gonzalez says, immigrant remittances to Latin America are giving governments there a free welfare system.

Exercise A

Directions: Listen to the news item and complete the summary.

This news item is about the effects of immigrant remittances in Latin American countries.

Exercise B

Directions: Listen to the news again and fill in the blanks.

The Immigrant Remittances

Effects: generally beneficial

Influence on local economy: changing the nature of a local economy

Methods: not only sending money to their families, but also uniting to fund community-wide projects

Additional contributions: giving governments there a free welfare svstem

Section four Supplementary exercises

Part 1 Feature Report

Starbucks in Mexico

The popular US coffee shop chain Starbucks has begun an ambitious push into the Latin American market, opening its first shop in the region this week in Mexico City.

They are steaming up the milk for the lattes *, cappuccinos* and other special coffee drinks offered at Starbucks. Judging by the long lines, the operation is already a success.

Mexico City Starbucks manager Ivan Alvarado says customers are trying the full range of Starbucks offerings.

He says they are drinking cappuccinos, lattes and other drinks as well as sampling some of the store's pastries. He says the featured coffee of the day is Mexican Shade-grown coffee, which comes from the southern state of Chiapas. To get off to a good start, the Mexico Starbucks is offering free samples of many products to all customers.

For its first coffee shop in Mexico and in all of Latin America, Starbucks chose an ideal location, right across from the US embassy in the ground floor of a hotel frequented by both business people and tourists.

There were tourists from the United States, Europe and Japan on hand Friday, but the majority of people in the shop were Mexicans who were either curious and wanted to try the Starbucks products or were familiar with them from having gone to a Starbucks in the United States.

Francisco Quiroz usually meets with his friends at a nearby Mexican restaurant called Sanborn's, but they decided to try something new.

He says he tried Starbucks in Atlanta and that the coffee being offered here in Mexico is of the same quality. He says Sanborn's also has good coffee, but that Starbucks is slightly better.

Although Mexico is the fifth largest coffee-producing nation, it is not known as a big coffee-consumer country. Per capita coffee consumption in Mexico is around half a kilogram a year, while in the United States it is more than five kilograms a year. The high cost of Starbucks coffee could also be a problem in a nation where the annual average salary is around six thousand dollars. A regular coffee at Starbucks costs nearly three dollars. The price at most Mexican coffee shops is half that, but the quality of the product varies.

Starbucks executives say they hope to follow the lead established by other US franchises that have been coming to Mexico since it dropped restrictions and started opening its economy nearly two decades ago. Hamburger restaurants like McDonalds and Burger King are now seen all over Mexico and many people here have developed a taste for Pizza, delivered to their doorstep by Dominos*, Papa Johns* and Pizza Hut.

Exercise A

Directions: Listen to the news report and complete the summary.

This news report is about the opening of its first shop in Mexico City by a popular US coffee shop chains - Starbucks.

Exercise B

Directions: Listen to the news again and complete the following passage.

The popular US coffee shop chain Starbucks opened its first shop in the region this week in Mexico City. Judging by the long lines, the operation is already a success. To get off to a good start, the Mexico Starbucks is offering free samples of many products to all customers. For its first coffee shop in Mexico and in all of Latin America, Starbucks chose an ideal location, right across from the US embassy in the ground floor of a hotel frequented by both business people and tourists. There were tourists from the United States, Europe and Japan on hand Friday, but the majority of people in the shop were Mexicans who were either curious and wanted to try the Starbucks products or were familiar with them from having gone to a Starbucks in the United States.

Although Mexico is the fifth largest coffee-producing nation, it is not known as"a big coffee-consumer country. Per capita coffee consumption in Mexico is around half a kilogram a year, while in the United States it is more than five kilograms a year. Starbucks executives say they hope to follow the lead established by other US franchises that have been coming to Mexico, like McDonalds and Burger King.

Part 2 passage

Eating Disorder

1) As the name suggests, those with binge-eating disorders will eat large quantities of food in a short period of time.

2) The development of an eating disorder appears to be a complex process.

3) In various studies, a significant number of women talk of getting messages about food from their mothers, or a critical husband or boyfriend.

4) We spent in excess of $34 billion on weight loss products and services in 1999, and spending on diet pills and meal replacements have increased 160% since 1996.

5) Eating disorders are killers. An estimated 50,000 people currently suffering from such disorders will die from them.

There are three main types of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge -eating disorders.

Those with anorexia nervosa will starve their bodies of food. Those with bulimia will eat a large quantity of food and then take laxatives or induce vomiting. As the name suggests, those with binge-eating disorders will eat large quantities of food in a short period of time.

According to the National Institute of Mental Health, 0.5 to 3.7% of women will develop anorexia in their lifetime. An estimated 1.1 to 4.2% of women will develop bulimia at some point. Somewhere between 2 to 5% of Americans will experience a binge-eating disorder in a 6 month period.

How does one develop an eating disorder? It appears to be a complex process. In various studies, a significant number of women talk of getting messages about food from their mothers. Some mothers may be openly critical of their daughter's weight. Other messages involve family meals. No one leaves the table until everyone's plate is cleared. No snacks. Dessert with every dinner. Or worse, mother herself is anorexic or bulimic, and the daughters continue the cycle.

But it isn't just Mom's fault. For some, it is a critical husband or boyfriend. For others, a psychological response to their changing adolescent body.

Society is a factor as well. To be thin is to be attractive. We spent in excess of $34 billion on

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