安徽省合肥市第一中学2015高考英语阅读理解选编（5）及答案（精品）
阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A,B,C或D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation(感觉) of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions—those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.
Psychologists have known that one person’s perception(感知) of another’s “warmth” is a powerful determiner in social relationships. Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primary consideration, even trumping evidence that a “
cold” person may be more capable. Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies’ conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth“mother” rather than one made of wire, even when the wire “mother” carried a food bottle. Harlow’s work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills.
Feelings of “warmth” and“coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries.
To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the study’s hypotheses(假设), handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form. The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate the personality of “Per
son A” based on a particular description. Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink.
“We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly,” says Bargh.
1. According to Paragraph 1, a person’s emotion may be affected by .
A. the visitors to his office B. the psychology lessons he has
C. his physical feeling of coldness D. the things he has bought online
2. The author mentions Harlow’s experiment to show that .
A. adults should develop social skills B. babies need warm physical contact
C. caregivers should be healthy adults D. monkeys have social relationships
3. In Bargh’s experiment, the students were asked to .
A. evaluate someone’s personality B. write down their hypotheses
C. fill out a personal information form D. hold coffee and cold drink alternatively
4. We can infer from the passage that .
A. abstract thinking does not come from physical experiences
B. feelings of warmth and coldness are studied worldwide
C. physical temperature affects how we see others
D. capable persons are often cold to others
5. What would be the best title for the passage?
A. Drinking for Better Social Relationships. B. Experiments of Personality Evaluation.
C. Developing Better Drinking Habits. D. Physical Sensations and Emotions.
【参考答案】1—5、CBACD
较难题目特训：科普知识类
阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A,B,C或D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Plants can’t communicate by moving or making sounds, as most animals do. Instead, plants produce volatile compounds, chemicals that easily change from a liquid to a gas. A flower’s sweet smell, for example, comes from volatile compounds that the plant produces to attract insects such as bugs and bees.
Plants can also detect volatile compounds produced by other plants. A tree under attack by hungry insects, for instance, may give off volatile compounds that let other trees know about the attack. In response, the other trees may send off chemicals to keep the bugs away—or even chemicals that attract the bugs’ natural enemies.
Now scientists have created a quick way to understand what plants are saying: a chemical sensor(传感器) called an electronic nose. The“e-nose” can tell compounds that crop plants make when they’re attacked. Scientists say the e-nose could help quickly detect whether plants are being eaten by insects. But today the only way to detect such insects is to visually inspect individual plants. This is a challenging task for managers of greenhouses, enclosed gardens that can house thousands of plants.
The research team worked with an e-nose that recognizes volatile compounds. Inside the device, 13 sensors chemically react with volatile compounds. Based on these interactions, the e-nose gives off electronic signals that the scientists analyze using computer software.
To test the nose, the team presented it with healthy leaves from cucumber, pepper and tomato plants, all common greenhouse crops. Then the scientists collected samples of air around damaged leaves from each type of crop. These plants had been damaged by insects, or by scientists who made holes in the leaves with a hole punch(打孔器).
The e-nose, it turns out, could identify healthy cucumber, peper and tomato plants based on the volatile compounds they produce. It could also identify tomato leaves that had been damaged. But even more impressive, the device could tell which type of damage—by insects or with a hole punch—had been done to the tomato leaves.
With some fine-tuning, a device like the e-nose could one day be used in greenhouses to quickly spot harmful bugs, the researchers say. A device like this could also be used to identify fruits that are perfectly ripe and ready to pick and eat, says Natalia Dudareva, a biochemist at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Ind. who studies smells of flowers and plants. Hopefully, scientists believe, the device could bring large benef
its t
o greenhouse managers in the near future.
1. We learn from the text that plants communicate with each other by .
A. making some sounds B. waving their leaves
C. producing some chemicals D. sending out electronic signals
2. What did the scientists do to find out if the e-nose worked?
A. They presented it with all common crops.
B. They fixed 13 sensors inside the device.
C. They collected different damaged leaves.
D. They made tests on damaged and healthy leaves.
3. According to the writer, the most amazing thing about the e-nose is that it can .
A. pick out ripe fruits B. spot the insects quickly
C. distinguish different damages to the leaves D. recognize unhealthy tomato leaves
4. We can infer from the last paragraph that the e-nose .
A. is unable to tell the smell of flowers B. is not yet used in greenhouses
C. is designed by scientists at Purdue D. is helpful in killing harmful insects
【参考答案】1—4、CDCB
较难题目特训：科普知识类
阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A,B,C或D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not I. Q. , a generally bad predictor of success. Instead, it’s purposeful practice. Top performers spend more hours practising their craft. If you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you’d take a girl who possessed a slightly above average language ability. It wouldn’t have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar qualities. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same family background, or, shared the same birthday.
This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self. It would give her some idea of a fascinating circle she might someday join. It would also help if one of her parents died when she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fuelling a desperate need for success. Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary know-ledge of her
field. She’d be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings.
Then she would practise writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error-focused. By practising in this way, she delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious, automatically performed skills. By practising slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repeating, she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of performance. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance from the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problems—how do I get characters into a room—dozens and dozens of times. She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems.
The primary quality our young writer possesses is not some mysterious genius. It’s the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine. The latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglected. Public discussion is affected by genetics and what we’re “hard-wired” to do. And it’s true that genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behaviour.
1. The passage mainly deals with .
A. the function of I. Q. in cultivating a writer
B. the relationship between genius and success
C. the decisive factor in making a genius
D. the way of gaining some sense of distinction
2. By reading novels and writers’ stories, the girl could .
A. come to understand the inner structure of writing
B. join a fascinating circle of writers someday
C. share with a novelist her likes and dislikes
D. learn from the living examples to establish a sense of security
3. In the girl’s long painstaking training process, .
A. her adviser forms a primary challenging force to her success
B. her writing turns into an automatic pattern of performance
C. she acquires the magic of some great achievements
D. she comes to realize she is “hard-wired” to write
4. What can be concluded from the passage?
A. A fuelling ambition plays a leading role in one’s success.
B. A responsible adviser is more important than the knowledge of writing.
C. As to the growth of a genius, I. Q. doesn’t matter, but just his/her efforts.
D. What really matters is what you do rather than who you are.
【参考答案】1—4、CABD
较难题目特训：科普知识类
阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A,B,C或D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Find Which Direction Is South
Do you have a good sense of direction?If not,please take with you a compass. But if you forget to take a compass,you can still find your way.
It’s never a good idea to imagine that the family member who was entrusted(委托)with the job of map-reading actually knows where the family is. You can tell by the slightly confused look on their faces that nothing on the ground seems to match the map. Never mind. The sun is shining and it’s still morning. If you don’t know the exact time,you can still find out where south is,but you’ll need to be patient.
①Find a straight stick and put it in the ground in a place where you can mark its shadow.
②Try to position the stick as vertically(垂直)as you can. You can check this by making a simple plumb line(铅锤线) with a piece of string and weight. You haven’t got any string?OK,use a thread from your clothes with a button tied at the end to act as a weight.
③Mark the end of the shadow cast by the stick.
④Wait approximately half an hour and mark the end of the shadow again.
⑤Keep doing this until you have made several marks.
⑥The mark nearest the stick will represent the shortest shadow,which is east at midday,when the sun is highest in the sky and pointing to the exact south.
⑦Pick a point in the distance along the line between the shortest shadow and the stick.
⑧That point is south of where you are.
⑨Now you can turn the map,like you did before,and find which way you should be travelling.
1. To find the direction,we ought to be patient probably because .
A. it is not easy to find a proper stick B. it is not easy to position the stick
C. it takes hours to make the marks D. it takes about half an hour to make the marks
2. The passage would probably be most helpful to .
A. those who draw maps B. those who get lost
C. those who make compasses D. those who do experiments
3. Which of the following pictures best shows the way of finding the direction of south?
4. The author presents this passage by .
A. telling an interesting story B. describing an activity in a lively way
C. testing an idea by reasoning D. introducing a practical method
【参考答案】1—5、CBAD
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