名词复数形式的构成法

名词复数形式的构成法：

1． 在词尾加“s”：book-books，map-maps

2． 以“s”“x”“ch”结尾的词加“es”：bus-buses，box-boxes，watch-watches

3． 以辅音加“y”结尾的词，将“y”改为“ies”：city-cities，dictionary-dictionries

4． 以“f”或“fe”结尾的词，将它们改为“ves”：leaf-leaves，wife-wives

5． 以“o”结尾的词，有生命的后面加“es”，没生命的加“s”：hero-heroes，photo-photos

6． 单复数一样：fish-fish，deer-deer，sheep-sheep

7． 没有规则的，必须死记硬背的：man-men，woman-women，child-children，foot-feet，tooth-teeth，mouse-mice

I like apples. He likes apple.

He watches TV.

My mother washes my clothes.

疑问句和否定句的构成:

凡是含有be, can, may, must, shall, will等词的句子, 变为疑问句时, 就是将该此词移至句首, 变为否定句时就是在该词后面加 “not”:

You are a student. Are you a student? You are not a student.

She can dance. Can she dance? She can not dance.

没有含以上词的句子, 变为疑问句时, 在句首加 “do”(主语如果是第三人称单数则写成 “does”); 变成否定句时,在动词前加 “don’t”(主语如果是第三人称单数则写成 “doesn’t”)

You like English. Do you like English? You don’t like English.

He likes English. Does he like English? He doesn’t like English.

They are farmers. Are they farmers? They aren’t farmers.

He buys a car. Does he buy a car. He doesn’ t buy a car.

You play football. Do you play football? You don’t play football.

He can sing well. Can he sing well? He can’t sing well.

肯定句的主语如果是第一人称, 在疑问句中要改为第二人称.

We are students. Are you students?

I am a teacher. Are you a teacher?

I like my mother.

Do you like your mother?

肯定句中的 “some”, 在疑问句和否定句中都要改为 “any”

I have some money.

Do you have any money.

I don’t have any money.

There are some books.

Are there any books.

There aren’t any books.

I can see some stars in the sky.

We like our school.

We go to school every day.

He has a new computer.

The new bag is mine.

一般现在进行时: “be + 动词ing”

1. 表示该动作此时此刻正在发生,或正在进行.

We are learning English in the classroom now.

He is playing football on the playground.

2. 表示该动作计划好, 安排好在将来发生(只有少数动词可以这样用) They are coming here tomorrow.

I am leaving Xiamen tomorrow.

3.表示该动作在目前这段时间里频频地发生, 而不是每时每刻都在发生.

He is reviewing his lessons this week for the tests next week.

将来时: 在动词之前加shall(用于第一人称), 或will(用于其他人称)

I shall go to Beijing next week.

We shall go to Beijing next week.

They will go to Beijing next week.

还可以在动词前加 “be going to” 表示这个动作计划好,安排好在将来发生.

I am going to buy a car next year.

They are going to buy a new house next week.

He is going to play basketball tomorrow.

Red, green, blue, brown, black, white, pink, purple, gray

Yellow

Tiger, lion, bear, panda, parrot, whale, cock, rooster, goat, cow, koala, deer, giraffe, penguin, dog, cat, mouse, ant, snake, pig, rabbit,

Park, garden, library, museum, palace, post office, bank, factory,

Ruler, eraser, knife, bottle, shoe, shirt, skirt, suit, mobile phone, picture, bike, truck, watch, necklace, ring, bowl, towel, spoon, chopsticks, mirror, sofa, bed, chair, kite, key, lock, computer, motor-bike,

Apple, orange, pear, peach, banana, watermelon, pineapple,

Speak, walk, run, swim, put on, take off, look for, look after, take care of, go to bed, get up, get on, get off, buy, sell, listen to, look at, give

art, activity, address, accident, accept, adult, advice, adjust, admire, achieve, accountant, affair, affect, afraid, Africa, again, age, agree, agriculture, airline, airport, allow, almost, alone, already, although, altogether, always, among, analyze,

ancient, application, balance, background, bank, band,basis, bath, beach, bear, beat, beauty, beef, beer, believe, bell, belong to, bend, benefit, beside, besides, between, beyond, Bible, bill, billion, biology, birthday, bite, blind, blood, boat, body, boil, bomb, bone, born, borrow, boss, bottle, bottom, bowl, brain, brave, bread, breathe, brick, bridge, bright, bring, brown, budget, build, burden, burn, bury, business, calculate, cake, calendar, calm, camera, campus, Canada, cancel, cancer, capital, captain, carbon, card, care, career, careful, careless, cash, cashier, cause, celebrate, center, century, ceremony, certainly, certificate, chain, chair, chairman, challenge, chat, cheap, cheat, check, cheer, chemistry, chicken, chief, child, childhood, chocolate, choose, choice, Christmas, church, cigarette, cinema, circle, classical, classmate, schoolmate, classroom, clean, clear, clerk, clever, climate, climb, clock, close, clothes, cloud, club, coach, coal, coast, coat, cock, coffee, coin, cold, colleague, collect, college, color, comb, combine

Habit，hobby，holiday，hospital，history，insurance，invite，

Invent，instead，island，issue，jump，join，joke，judge，

Kill，juice，labour，language，lady，leader，laugh，law，lecture，lazy，liquid，literature，lock，location，lonely，loud，machine，magazine，mail，main，mall，SM=shopping mall，male，female，meal，mean，meat，medicine，measure，mention，memory，menu，middle，million，mind，minute，

Mistake，modern，monitor，murder，music，nature，narrow，wide，need，necessary，near，neighbor，nervous，never，next，noise，notebook，novel，number，office，often，

Online，opera，opportunity，orange，outside，overcoat，

Owe，own，page，pain，paint，pair，paper，paragraph，

Parent，part，park，parking，partner，patient，peace，pear，

Percent，perfect，perhaps，

情态动词：may（可以，可能），can（能，会），must（必须，一定），need（必须，需要），shall（将，必须），will（将），ought to（应该）

1． May I use your ruler？You may use my ruler.

2． He may be a teacher but I am not sure.

3． He may not be teacher.

4． She can dance well. He can drive.

5． We must learn English.

6． He must be a black.

7． You need do it now.

8． I shall write to you.

9． He shall get here by 10:00.

10． They will come here tomorrow.

变为否定句时,在其后面加not, 变为疑问句时,将该词移至句首

May I use your pen?

Yes, you may/can

No, you can’t

每一个动词都有3种形式, 它们分别是

原形 过去时 过去分词

Read read read AAA

Come came come ABA

Buy bought bought ABB

Begin began begun ABC

英语动词的时态:

过去时: 表示该动词发生在过去, 句子中一般有表示过去的时间.

We went to the park yesterday.

They came to our school last week.

Did you hear me?

过去进行时:

1. 表示该动作在过去的某段时间内或某个时间点正在进行: We were playing basketball yesterday afternoon.

He was watching TV when I called him.

2. 可以表示该动作在过去某个时间的将来要发生(但是只限制于少数的动词).

He said yesterday that he was coming here next week.

3. 可以表示该动作在过去的某段时间内频频地发生,但并不是每时每刻都在发生.

We are reviewing our lessons this week for the exam next week.

We were reviewing our lessons last week for the exam this week.

过去将来时: “would do”

表示该动作要在过去某个时间的将来发生.

He told me yesterday that he would come to see me.

They said that they would help us with the work.

He will buy a car tomorrow.

He is going to buy a car tomorrow

He said last week that he would buy a car.

He said last week that he was going to buy a car.

现在完成时: “have + 过去分词” (中文中的 “已经”, “了”, “过”, 在英文中都必须用完成时来表示).

1. 表示该动作刚刚做过, 并且, 对目前产生一定的影响或结果. I have opened the door. 我把门打开了.

I have opened the book.我把书打开了.

2. 表示该动作发生在过去, 但是, 它主要是要说明对目前产生的影响和结果. I have seen the movie.我看过这部电影.

3. 表示该动作从过去的某个时间开始发生, 一直延续到现在(只限制于可延续性的动词).

I have lived in Xiamen for 10 years.我在厦门住了10年了.

We have learned English for one month.

He has come into the room for an hour.

He has been in the room for an hour.

I have borrowed the book for one week.

I have kept the book for one week.

He has bought the bike for one year.

He has had the bike for one year.

He has left Xiamen for 10 years.

He has been away from Xiamen for 10 years.

He has had his supper. Has he had his supper? He has not had his supper.

Breakfast, lunch, supper

Dinner

Have, eat, drink

He has an apple and some water.

He eats an apple.

He drinks some water.

I eat breakfast at home.

Have gone to…去了某地(人目前没在说话现场)

Have been to…去过某地(人目前已经没在那里)

Have been in…在某地(已有一段时间了)

He has gone to Beijing.

He has been to Beijing. He went to Beijing.

He has been in Beijing for one week.

现在完成进行时: “have+been+doing”

表示该动作从过去某段时间开始发生, 延续至今, 并且还要再继续延续下去.

I have waited for the bus for twenty minutes. The bus is coming. I will get on the bus. Bye!

I have been waiting for the bus for twenty minutes, but the bus hasn’t come yet. I have to go on waiting.

过去完成时: “had + 过去分词”

表示这个动作在过去的某个时间之前就发生过了.

He told me yesterday that he had seen the movie.

Tom had learned Chinese before he came to China.

被动语态: “be + 过去分词”

I like English. English is liked by me.

He plays football. Football is played by him.

They bought a car yesterday. A car was bought by them yesterday.

情态动词后的被动语态: “情态动词+be+过去分词”

The work can be finished in an hour.

A new hospital will be built here next year.

The work must be done right away.

正在进行时的被动语态: “be+being+过去分词”

The house is being built.

The students are being praised by the teacher.

My watch is being repaired.

Cars are being made in the factory.

完成时的被动语态: “have+been+过去分词”

The movie has been shown many times.

Many trees have been planted this year.

The e-mail has been sent to Tom.

A lot of new buildings have been built since 2000.

By the time + 过去时的句子或过去的时间, 主句一定要用过去完成时:

By the time I got home, my parents had gone to bed.

By the time of last month, we had learned 200 English wor

ds.

By the time + 将来的时间, 主句一定用将来完成时:

By the time of next year, we will have learned 800 English words.

This is the first time that I have been late for school.

This is the second time that he has eaten the food.

This was the third time that I had made mistakes.

It + takes +某人+时间+to do…: 花某人时间做某事

It usually takes me two hours to do my homework.

It took him an hour to clean the house yesterday.

人+spend+时间+(in) doing…: 人花时间做某事

I usually spend two hours doing my homework.

He spent an hour cleaning the house yesterday.

Had better do…最好做…

You had better take off your shoes.

Had better not do…最好不要做…

You had better not take off your shoes.

Happen(意外地)发生

A traffic accident happened in the street yesterday.

Take place(有计划地)发生: The event took place in 1980.

I often hear of her, but I never hear her.

There is a pen and some books on the desk.

There are some books and a pen on the desk.

Use to do…过去经常做…

He used to get up late but now he is used to getting up early.

Be used to doing…习惯于做…

Used to be:过去是(但是,现在已经不是)

He used to be a teacher. She used to be shy.

“疑问词+ever” 不管…, 无论…, = “no matter+疑问词”

Whoever =no matter who

Whatever=no matter what

Whenever

Wherever

However

Whichever

两个句子不可能都是进行时, 除了这两个句子是由while连接, 且它的意思是 “然而…却…”

She is busy cooking, while her husband is watching TV.

As soon as…一…就…

It began to rain as soon as I got home.

Take one’s temperature: The doctor took my temperature.

Not …until…直到…才…: I did not go to bed until my mother came back.

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