初中英语应考短语——N开头
name...after 依……而命名
用法
name...after是动词name+介词after结构,其中的name表示“取名;命名”之意。在美语中,通常用name...for...结构。例如:
① That boy was named after/for his grandfather.
那个男孩以他爷爷的名字而命名。
② This island was named after/for its discoverer.
这个岛屿根据它的发现者的名字而命名。
near by 在附近
用法
near by是副词短语,后面不接宾语。例如:
① They just live near by.
他们就住在附近。
② That helicopter landed near by.
那架直升机在附近降落。
辨析
near nearby near by
它们都有“附近”之意,但是有区别:near可以作介词、副词或形容词,表示时间上或空间上的近;nearby是形容词,只能作定语。nearby作副词时,与near by一样,都表示空间上的近,两者可以互换。例如:
① There will be more families who can afford to buy expensive cars in the near future.
在不久的将来,将有更多的家庭能够买昂贵的汽车。(作形容词。)
② Be careful!The tiger is coming nearer and nearer.
当心!那只老虎越来越近了。(作副词。)
③ There is a bank near your home.
在你家附近有一家银行。(作介词。)
④ We can go out to dinners nearby/near by.
我们可以去附近吃晚饭。(作副词。)
⑤ You can send him to the nearby hospital.
你可以把他送到附近的医院。(作形容词。)
知识拓展
near和by的辨析:near表示“在……的附近”之意,不一定紧挨着,在周围都可以;by表示“在……的旁边”之意,强调距离近。例如:
① Most of my classmates live near.
我们班大多数同学都住在附近。
② They are taking a walk by the river.
他们正在河边散步。
need to do 需要做某事
近义短语
need doing
用法
need to do用于主动语态,to do是动词不定式。如果要表达“某事需要被做”之意,则用sth. need doing或sth. need to be done结构,其中doing是动名词,done是被动形式。例如:
① He has a toothache. He needs to see a dentist.
他牙疼,需要看牙医。
② They need to take out the trash.
他们需要倒垃圾。
③ The trash needs taking out.= The trash needs to be taken out.
垃圾需要被倒掉。
知识拓展
1.need可以用作动词,既可作情态动词,又可作实义动词。具体用法如下。
(1)作情态动词时,无人称、时态和数的变化,后面接动词原形。常用于否定句或疑问句,其否定形式是needn't, 表示“不必”之意。在一般疑问句中不要助动词,只把need提前,其肯定回答用情态动词must,而以must引导的一般疑问句的否定回答用needn't。例如:
① You needn't clean your room today.
你今天不必打扫你的房间。
② —Need I cook dinner by myself?
—我需要自己煮晚饭吧?
—Yes, you must./No, you needn't.
—是的,你必须。/不,你不必。
③ —Must they play football in the garden?
—他们必须在花园里踢足球吗?
—No,they needn't.
—不,他们不必。
(2)作实义动词时,其后可以直接接名词、代词、动词、动名词、双宾语或过去分词,用于肯定、否定或疑问句中。例如:
① We need your help.
我们需要你的帮助。
② The kids need them.
孩子们需要他们。
③ I need you to help us make up.
我需要你帮助我们化妆。
④ I need my clothes washed. = My clothes need to be washed. = My clothes need washing.
我需要洗衣服。
2.need还可以用作名词,表示“需要;需求”之意,可以作可数或不可数名词。例如:
① They are trying to earn enough money to satisfy their needs.
他们正试图挣足够的钱来满足他们的需求。
② There is a need for improving your eating habits.
你需要改进你的饮食习惯。
③ They are in need of money for school, but there is no need for them to bring cash.
他们需要钱上学,但是他们没有必要带现金。
neither...nor... 既不……也不……;两者都不
both...and...
用法
neither...nor...是连词短语,其中的neither表示“两者中没有一个”之意。neither 和nor连接两个对等的成分,当neither与nor连用作主语时,谓语动词的形式由邻近的主语形式决定。例如:
Neither he nor his friends like swimming.= Neither his friends nor he likes swimming.
他和他的朋友都不喜欢游泳。 (like的形式由nor后面的主语来决定。)
辨析
neither...nor either...or both...and
它们都用于连接句中两个对等的句子成分。具体区别如下。
(1)neither...nor否定两者;either...or...表示“或……或……;不是……就是……”之意,在两个中任意选一个;both...and表示“两者都;不但……而且……”之意,肯定两者。例如:
① I like neither swimming nor playing soccer.
我既不喜欢游泳,也不喜欢踢足球。(swimming和playing对等。)
② You can choose either the red one or the pink one.
你可以选择红色的这件,或者选择粉色的这件。
③ She is both pretty and clever.
她既聪明又漂亮。
(2)如果把两个主语连接起来时,谓语动词的人称和数与nor或or后面的主语保持一致,但是both...and连接两个主语时,不管and后面的名词是单数还是复数,谓语动词都用复数形式。例如:
① Neither I nor he knows how to do it. = Neither he nor I know how to do it.
我和他都不知道怎么做。(由nor后面的人称决定know的形式。)
② Either I or he has to make the bed. = Either he or I have to make the bed.
不是我就是他不得不整理床。(由or后面的人称决定have的形式。)
③ Both he and I have to make the bed. = Both I and he have to make the bed.
他和我都不得不整理床。(I和he无论哪个在前面,谓语动词都用复数形式。)
知识拓展
(1)neither,either,both这三个词都可以与of搭配,组成neither of,either of, both of三个短语,of后面都用可数名词的复数形式。当这三个短语作主语时,both of后面的谓语用复数形式,either of和neither of后面的谓语必须用单数形式。例如:
① Neither of us wants to go shopping.
我们之中没有一个人想去购物。
② Either of them is friendly to me.
他们两个都对我友好。
③ Both of us are living in Chengdu.
我们两个都住在成都。
(2)neither或nor连接分句时,表示“两者都不行”之意,分句必须用倒装句。例如:
I haven't finished my homework.Neither/Nor has he.
我没有完成家庭作业,他也没完成。
next to 紧挨着;相邻;其次
用法
next to是固定搭配短语,其中的next用作形容词,表示“最近的;隔壁的;紧挨着的;下一次”之意。next to后可以接人或物。例如:
① There is a table next to me.
在我身边有一张餐桌。
② My math book is next to your glass.
我的数学书在你的玻璃杯旁边。
知识拓展
next也可以用作名词,表示“下一个人/物”之意;还可以用作副词,表示“随后;然后;下一步”之意。例如:
① My friend is the next to leave.
我的朋友是下一个离开的人。
② Next you should write it down.
下一步你应该把它记下来。
no longer 不再
近义短语
no more not...any longer not...any more
用法
no longer所表示的意思是过去和现在对比,用于表示否定意义的句子中,置于实义动词之前、be动词或情态动词之后。例如:
① He no longer lives in Chengdu.
他不再住在成都。
② Don't worry about them. They are no longer kids.
你不用担心他们,他们不再是小孩了。
辨析
no longer no more not...any longer not...any more
(1)它们在句中都作状语,都表示否定意义,意思都相同。no longer可以转换成not...any longer,no more可以转换成not... any more/anymore。但是not...any longer 和not...any more中的not必须放在be动词、情态动词或助动词do/does/did等之后,any longer 和any more位于句末。例如:
① He is no longer a teacher. = He is not a teacher any longer.
他不再是老师了。
② He can no longer wait for you.= He can't wait for you any longer.
他不能再等你了。
③ I can no more stand you.= I can't stand you any more.
我再也不能忍受你了。
(2)no longer和no more有区别:no longer一般修饰延续性动词,no more用于修饰终止性动词;no longer主要强调时间或状态,no more涉及数量或程度。但是在非正式文体中,no more也用于表示时间上“不再”之意。例如:
① China today is no longer the China of the past.
今天的中国不再是过去的中国。
② The barren hills don't exist any more in my hometown.
在我的家乡,那些荒山不再存在。
no matter how 无论怎样
用法
no matter表示“无论如何”之意,其后接以how为首的副词句子,与副词however相当,两者可以互换。例如:
① No matter how/However hard it was, he never gave up.
无论事情有多么困难,他从来不放弃。
② No matter how/However hard he tried,he couldn't learn English well.
无论他多么努力,他都不能把英语学好。
知识拓展
(1)当however表示“无论如何”之意时,虽然意思与no matter how相同,但是如果后面的从句没有可以提前的形容词或副词,则不能互换。例如:
No matter how he goes to work, he is never late.
无论怎么样去上班,他从不迟到。(该句不能用however。)
(2)however还可以表示“然而”之意,而no matter how却没有此意思。例如:
① I'd like to go with you,however,my mother is ill.
我很想和你一起去,但是我妈妈生病了。
② My sister didn't tell me that she would come.She may,however,come later.
我妹妹没有告诉我她要来。不过,她可能过一会儿就来。(该句不能用no matter how。)
no matter what 无论什么
用法
no matter what与whatever相当,用于引导状语从句,两者可以互换。例如:
① No matter what/Whatever the weather is like,I will go out to play volleyball.
无论天气怎样,我们都要去打排球。
② No matter what/Whatever he does, he always tries to do it well.
无论做什么事,他总是力求做好。
③ No matter what/Whatever happens, I will take your side.
无论发生什么事,我都将支持你。
知识拓展
类似no matter what的表达方式还有如下几种。
(1)no matter when表示“无论什么时候”之意,相当于whenever。例如:
No matter when/Whenever you leave,I will go with you.
无论你什么时候离开,我都将会和你一起去。
(2)no matter where表示“无论什么地方”之意,与wherever相当。例如:
No matter where/Wherever he goes, please let me know.
无论他去哪里,都请通知我。
(3)no matter who表示“无论谁”之意,相当于whoever。例如:
No matter who/Whoever gives a talk, we should listen carefully.
无论谁做报告,我们都应当认真听。
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