初中英语应考短语 - N开头

发布时间:2016-09-21 11:31:28   来源:文档文库   
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初中英语应考短语——N开头

  name...after 依……而命名

  用法

  name...after是动词name+介词after结构,其中的name表示“取名;命名”之意。在美语中,通常用name...for...结构。例如:

  ① That boy was named after/for his grandfather.

  那个男孩以他爷爷的名字而命名。

  ② This island was named after/for its discoverer.

  这个岛屿根据它的发现者的名字而命名。

  near by 在附近

  用法

  near by是副词短语,后面不接宾语。例如:

  ① They just live near by.

  他们就住在附近。

  ② That helicopter landed near by.

  那架直升机在附近降落。

  辨析

  near nearby near by

  它们都有“附近”之意,但是有区别:near可以作介词、副词或形容词,表示时间上或空间上的近;nearby是形容词,只能作定语。nearby作副词时,与near by一样,都表示空间上的近,两者可以互换。例如:

  ① There will be more families who can afford to buy expensive cars in the near future.

  在不久的将来,将有更多的家庭能够买昂贵的汽车。(作形容词。)

  ② Be careful!The tiger is coming nearer and nearer.

  当心!那只老虎越来越近了。(作副词。)

  ③ There is a bank near your home.

  在你家附近有一家银行。(作介词。)

  ④ We can go out to dinners nearby/near by.

  我们可以去附近吃晚饭。(作副词。)

  ⑤ You can send him to the nearby hospital.

  你可以把他送到附近的医院。(作形容词。)

  知识拓展

  near和by的辨析:near表示“在……的附近”之意,不一定紧挨着,在周围都可以;by表示“在……的旁边”之意,强调距离近。例如:

  ① Most of my classmates live near.

  我们班大多数同学都住在附近。

  ② They are taking a walk by the river.

  他们正在河边散步。

  need to do 需要做某事

  近义短语

  need doing

  用法

  need to do用于主动语态,to do是动词不定式。如果要表达“某事需要被做”之意,则用sth. need doing或sth. need to be done结构,其中doing是动名词,done是被动形式。例如:

  ① He has a toothache. He needs to see a dentist.

  他牙疼,需要看牙医。

  ② They need to take out the trash.

  他们需要倒垃圾。

  ③ The trash needs taking out.= The trash needs to be taken out.

  垃圾需要被倒掉。

  知识拓展

  1.need可以用作动词,既可作情态动词,又可作实义动词。具体用法如下。

  (1)作情态动词时,无人称、时态和数的变化,后面接动词原形。常用于否定句或疑问句,其否定形式是needn't, 表示“不必”之意。在一般疑问句中不要助动词,只把need提前,其肯定回答用情态动词must,而以must引导的一般疑问句的否定回答用needn't。例如:

  ① You needn't clean your room today.

  你今天不必打扫你的房间。

  ② —Need I cook dinner by myself?

  —我需要自己煮晚饭吧?

  —Yes, you must./No, you needn't.

  —是的,你必须。/不,你不必。

  ③ —Must they play football in the garden?

  —他们必须在花园里踢足球吗?

  —No,they needn't.

  —不,他们不必。

  (2)作实义动词时,其后可以直接名词、代词、动词、动名词、双宾语或过去分词,用于肯定、否定或疑问句中。例如:

  ① We need your help.

  我们需要你的帮助。

  ② The kids need them.

  孩子们需要他们。

  ③ I need you to help us make up.

  我需要你帮助我们化妆。

  ④ I need my clothes washed. = My clothes need to be washed. = My clothes need washing.

  我需要洗衣服。

  2.need还可以用作名词,表示“需要;需求”之意,可以作可数或不可数名词。例如:

  ① They are trying to earn enough money to satisfy their needs.

  他们正试图挣足够的钱来满足他们的需求。

  ② There is a need for improving your eating habits.

  你需要改进你的饮食习惯。

  ③ They are in need of money for school, but there is no need for them to bring cash.

  他们需要钱上学,但是他们没有必要带现金。

  neither...nor... 既不……也不……;两者都不

  both...and...

  用法

  neither...nor...是连词短语,其中的neither表示“两者中没有一个”之意。neither 和nor连接两个对等的成分,当neither与nor连用作主语时,谓语动词的形式由邻近的主语形式决定。例如:

  Neither he nor his friends like swimming.= Neither his friends nor he likes swimming.

  他和他的朋友都不喜欢游泳。 (like的形式由nor后面的主语来决定。)

  辨析

  neither...nor either...or both...and

  它们都用于连接句中两个对等的句子成分。具体区别如下。

  (1)neither...nor否定两者;either...or...表示“…………;不是……就是……”之意,在两个中任意选一个;both...and表示“两者都;不但……而且……”之意,肯定两者。例如:

  ① I like neither swimming nor playing soccer.

  我既不喜欢游泳,也不喜欢踢足球。(swimming和playing对等。)

  ② You can choose either the red one or the pink one.

  你可以选择红色的这件,或者选择粉色的这件。

  ③ She is both pretty and clever.

  她既聪明又漂亮。

  (2)如果把两个主语连接起来时,谓语动词的人称和数与nor或or后面的主语保持一致,但是both...and连接两个主语时,不管and后面的名词是单数还是复数,谓语动词都用复数形式。例如:

  ① Neither I nor he knows how to do it. = Neither he nor I know how to do it.

  我和他都不知道怎么做。(由nor后面的人称决定know的形式。)

  ② Either I or he has to make the bed. = Either he or I have to make the bed.

  不是我就是他不得不整理床。(由or后面的人称决定have的形式。)

  ③ Both he and I have to make the bed. = Both I and he have to make the bed.

  他和我都不得不整理床。(I和he无论哪个在前面,谓语动词都用复数形式。)

  知识拓展

  (1)neither,either,both这三个词都可以与of搭配,组成neither of,either of, both of三个短语,of后面都用可数名词的复数形式。当这三个短语作主语时,both of后面的谓语用复数形式,either of和neither of后面的谓语必须用单数形式。例如:

  ① Neither of us wants to go shopping.

  我们之中没有一个人想去购物。

  ② Either of them is friendly to me.

  他们两个都对我友好。

  ③ Both of us are living in Chengdu.

  我们两个都住在成都。

  (2)neither或nor连接分句时,表示“两者都不行”之意,分句必须用倒装句。例如:

  I haven't finished my homework.Neither/Nor has he.

  我没有完成家庭作业,他也没完成。

  next to 紧挨着;相邻;其次

  用法

  next to是固定搭配短语,其中的next用作形容词,表示“最近的;隔壁的;紧挨着的;下一次”之意。next to后可以接人或物。例如:

  ① There is a table next to me.

  在我身边有一张餐桌。

  ② My math book is next to your glass.

  我的数学书在你的玻璃杯旁边。

  知识拓展

  next也可以用作名词,表示“下一个人/物”之意;还可以用作副词,表示“随后;然后;下一步”之意。例如:

  ① My friend is the next to leave.

  我的朋友是下一个离开的人。

  ② Next you should write it down.

  下一步你应该把它记下来。

  no longer 不再

  近义短语

  no more not...any longer not...any more

  用法

  no longer所表示的意思是过去和现在对比,用于表示否定意义的句子中,置于实义动词之前、be动词或情态动词之后。例如:

  ① He no longer lives in Chengdu.

  他不再住在成都。

  ② Don't worry about them. They are no longer kids.

  你不用担心他们,他们不再是小孩了。

  辨析

  no longer no more not...any longer not...any more

  (1)它们在句中都作状语,都表示否定意义,意思都相同。no longer可以转换成not...any longer,no more可以转换成not... any more/anymore。但是not...any longer 和not...any more中的not必须放在be动词、情态动词或助动词do/does/did等之后,any longer 和any more位于句末。例如:

  ① He is no longer a teacher. = He is not a teacher any longer.

  他不再是老师了。

  ② He can no longer wait for you.= He can't wait for you any longer.

  他不能再等你了。

  ③ I can no more stand you.= I can't stand you any more.

  我再也不能忍受你了。

  (2)no longer和no more有区别:no longer一般修饰延续性动词,no more用于修饰终止性动词;no longer主要强调时间或状态,no more涉及数量或程度。但是在非正式文体中,no more也用于表示时间上“不再”之意。例如:

  ① China today is no longer the China of the past.

  今天的中国不再是过去的中国。

  ② The barren hills don't exist any more in my hometown.

  在我的家乡,那些荒山不再存在。

  no matter how 无论怎样

  用法

  no matter表示“无论如何”之意,其后接以how为首的副词句子,与副词however相当,两者可以互换。例如:

  ① No matter how/However hard it was, he never gave up.

  无论事情有多么困难,他从来不放弃。

  ② No matter how/However hard he tried,he couldn't learn English well.

  无论他多么努力,他都不能把英语学好。

  知识拓展

  (1)当however表示“无论如何”之意时,虽然意思与no matter how相同,但是如果后面的从句没有可以提前的形容词或副词,则不能互换。例如:

  No matter how he goes to work, he is never late.

  无论怎么样去上班,他从不迟到。(该句不能用however。)

  (2)however还可以表示“然而”之意,而no matter how却没有此意思。例如:

  ① I'd like to go with you,however,my mother is ill.

  我很想和你一起去,但是我妈妈生病了。

  ② My sister didn't tell me that she would come.She may,however,come later.

  我妹妹没有告诉我她要来。不过,她可能过一会儿就来。(该句不能用no matter how。)

  no matter what 无论什么

  用法

  no matter what与whatever相当,用于引导状语从句,两者可以互换。例如:

  ① No matter what/Whatever the weather is like,I will go out to play volleyball.

  无论天气怎样,我们都要去打排球。

  ② No matter what/Whatever he does, he always tries to do it well.

  无论做什么事,他总是力求做好。

  ③ No matter what/Whatever happens, I will take your side.

  无论发生什么事,我都将支持你。

  知识拓展

  类似no matter what的表达方式还有如下几种。

  (1)no matter when表示“无论什么时候”之意,相当于whenever。例如:

  No matter when/Whenever you leave,I will go with you.

  无论你什么时候离开,我都将会和你一起去。

  (2)no matter where表示“无论什么地方”之意,与wherever相当。例如:

  No matter where/Wherever he goes, please let me know.

  无论他去哪里,都请通知我。

  (3)no matter who表示“无论谁”之意,相当于whoever。例如:

  No matter who/Whoever gives a talk, we should listen carefully.

  无论谁做报告,我们都应当认真听。

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