名词的词形变化
1.不规则复数形式
1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth goose---geese man---men woman---women mouse---mice louse---lice ox---oxen penny---pence analysis---analyses appendix---appendices parenthesis---parentheses basis---bases stimulus---stimuli ellipsis---ellipses axis---axes hypothesis---hypotheses oasis---oases crisis----crises criterion---criteria phenomenon---phenomena datum---data medium---media bacterium---bacteria nucleus---nuclei fungus---fungi alumnus---alumni focus---foci radius---radii terminus---termini larva---larvae alga---algae formula---formulae data---datas lens---lenses。
2)词尾读音为[f]并以-f 或 0-fe 结尾的名词复数形式有以下几种情况:
a)规则形式: belief---beliefs chief----chiefs cliff----cliffs grief----griefs b)
不规则形式,即把-f 或-fe 变成ves,读音为[vz]: calf---calves half---halves leaf----leaves life----lives loaf---loaves self---shelves thief---thieves wife---wives wolf---wolves
c)既可是规则形式又可是不规则形式:
dwarf---dwarfs/dwarves
hoof---hoofs/hoves
scarf---scarfs/scarves
wharf---wharfs/wharves
3)词干以-o 结尾的名次有三种情况:
a)附属形式为s:这类词包括缩略词 kilos, photos;表示国籍或民族的词
b)复数形式为 es,如:heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, Negroes。
c)复数有规则的和不规则的两种形式,如: Cargo---cargos/cargoes
mosquito---mosquitos/mosquitoes volcano---volacbos/volcanoes
2.单复数同形的名词
以下这些名词单复数同形: antelope 羚羊,bison 野牛,buffalo 水牛,crab 螃蟹,deer 鹿, fish 鱼,reindeer 驯鹿,sheep 绵羊;Burmese 缅甸人,Cantonese 广东人,Chinese 中国人,counsel 法律顾问,kin 亲属,Japanese 日本人,Swiss 瑞士人;aircraft 飞机,craft 飞机,spacecraft 太 空船;brance 双,score 二十;series 系列;species 种类;means 方法 只有复数形式的名词 trousers 裤子,pants 裤子,shorts 短裤 glasses 眼镜,compasses 圆规,scales 天平,pliers 钳子,clips 剪 子。traffic lights 交通灯(一般有三盏,这样理解)sports(运动) 3. 集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。 people,children,police, cattle 是复数 有时 family 也有此用法 表示国民总称时,作复数用。 (The Chinese are industrious and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢 的。) 英语中有些名词的单复数形式相同,主要有以下几类 1. 表示动物的名词:fish(鱼), bass(鲈鱼), carp(鲤鱼), cod(鳕鱼), crab(螃 蟹), eel(鳗鱼), flounder(比目鱼), herring(鲱鱼), halibut(大 比目鱼), hake(狗鳕), roach(泥鳅), skate(鳐鱼), sardine(沙丁鱼), salmon(大麻哈鱼), shark(鲨鱼), squid(鱿鱼), trout(鳟鱼), whale(鲸 鱼), antelope(羚羊), bison(野牛), buffalo(水牛), deer(鹿), elk(麋鹿), sheep(绵羊), swine(野猪)等。 The fish we caught is still alive. These fish are living deep under the sea. The swine enjoy rooting the earth.
2. 表示人的名词:buttons(侍者), corps(军团), counsel(法律顾问), lazybones(懒汉), help(佣人), offspring (后代), vermin(坏蛋;害虫), Chinese(中国人), Japanese(日本人), Lebanese(巴黎 人), Portuguese(葡萄牙人), Vietnamese (越南人)等. 3.其他常用的单复数同形的名词有:aircraft(飞机), barracks(营房), bob(美圆;先令), brace(双;对), chassis(车架;底架), craft(船;飞行器), head(牛羊等的头数), headquarters(司令部), hovercraft(气 垫 船), means(方法;手段), patois(方言), précis(文章梗概), series(丛书;系列), species(物种), works(工厂;工事), bellows(风箱)等。
3.不可数名词 不可数名词前一般不需要加定冠词,永远不能加不定冠词! 不可数名词作主语,谓语要用单数形式。 如:Water is important. 但如果不可数名词前面被 piece, drop, set 等词修饰时,谓语应该与 piece, drop, set 等的单复数形式保持一致 例如:Few drops of water are needed to save the flower. 下面是典型的不可数名词,是应该熟记的!! air,smoke,steam,vapor,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,water,oil,soup,juice,ink,rain, snow,ice,tea,coffee,wine,sunlight,sunshine, lightning,thunder,weather,darkness,heat,light,electricity,energy,power,sugar,s alt,rice,corn,powder,flour,sand,dust,dirt, garbage,grass,hair,furniture,luggage,clothing,mail,equipment,food,meat,fruit,b read,toast,stone,iron,copper,chalk,paper, glass,wood,money,poetry,jewelry,machinery,weaponry,personnel,scenery,ha ppiness,kindness,honesty,friendship,attention,wi sdom,success,courage,bravery,health,wealth,ignorance,trouble,ease,luck,lau ghter,love,peace,news,information,knowledge, intelligence,fun,pleasure,entertainment,enjoyment,recreation,relaxation,progre ss,room,work,homework,population,percent, mathematics,econmics,statistics,meteorology,anthropology,architecture,physi cs,photography,ethics,politics,mechanics, genetics,geology,geography,chemistry,philosophy,biology,history,music,Engli sh,measles,mumps,diabetes,malaria,pediatrics, obsterics
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